(" 26( The Red Alga Greville K "Put () from Carrie Bow Cay and Vicinity, Belize

Donald F. Kapraun Laboratorro de Fr I andJames N Norris Departamento de e~orog~S Facurta fO·C'gla d de C/enl;.;/as UNAM

Several detailed studies of the , dis­ ABSTRACT tribution, and geographic variation of Polysiphonia Seven taxa of the red alga Polysiphonia Greville have increased our knowledge of its members. In (Rhodomelaceae; ) were found near the Pacific Ocean, studies have covered the coasts Carrie Bow Cay and Twin Cays in the central of North America (Hollenberg, 1942, 1944), in­ region of the Belizean barrier reef. Polysiphonia cluding Mexico (Hollenberg, 1961), and the exilis and P. Jlaccidissima are new records for the northern Gulf of California (Hollenberg and Nor­ Caribbean marine flora, P. atlantica, P. denudata, P. ferulacea, P. scopulorum var. uillum, and P. sphaer­ ris, 1977); Hawaii (Meiiez, 1964); the central and ocarpa are new to Belize. Polysiphonia atlantica is western tropical Pacific (Hollenberg, 1968a, given as a new name for the preoccupied name 1968b); southern Australia (Womersley, 1979); P. macrocarpa Harvey. Most species occur as epi­ and Japan (Segi, 1951). In the Atlantic Ocean, phytes on other , commonly on Sargassum work has focused on the coasts of North Carolina and Dictyota. Polysiphonia ferulacea and P. sphaero­ carpa are also found entangled in algal turfs, and and Texas (Kapraun, 1977, 1979); Brazil (Oliv­ P. scopulorum var. inllum also occurs on mangrove eira Filho, 1969); Portugal (Ardre, 1970); and the roots. western Mediterranean (La uret, 1967, 1970). We relied mainly on the following morpholog­ ical features in distinguishing the taxa of Polysi­ phonia: number of pericentral cells ; presence or Introduction absence of cortication; kind and position oforigin of the attachment rhizoids; nature and position Only two species of Polysiphonia Greville (1824) of trichoblasts; and nature of the spermatangial have been recorded previously from Belize (Brit­ branchlets. Material for this study was collected ish Honduras): P. hauanensis Montagne (Taylor, from intertidal and subtidal habitats near Carrie 1935; 1960) and P. scopulorum Harvey (Tsuda and Bow Cay and Twin Cays. These habitats are Dawes, 1974). In our present study of Polysiphonia described and illustrated by Riitzler and Macin­ from Carr~ 130w Cay and vicinity, we report six tyre (herein: 9), Rutzler and Ferraris (herein: additional species and one variety new to the 77) and Norris and Bucher (herein: 167). Spec­ marine flora of Belize. imens, which were obtained by J . Norris (March­ April, 1976), J. Norris and K. Bucher (April Donald F. Kapraun, Department of Biology, University of Norin 1977), and D. Kapraun (March 1978), were Carolina, Wilmington, N. C, 28401.James N. Norm, Department mainly epiphytic on other algae. Collections are of Botany, National Museum uf Natural History, Smithsonian 111S11­ tution, Washington, D.C. 20560. designated as follows : DK for D. F. Kapraun, IN 225

1 9 g 2 • P p • 2 2 5 - 2 3 8 i .!! l ~ ii t z 1 e r , iC • and I. G• ~ a c i n t y r e (cds.) The Atlantic Barrier Uecf Ecosystem at Ca~rie Dow Cay, Delize 1: Structure and Communities. ll~~i~£ ------Smithsonian ------Contributions --to ---the ~£i~~££~, 12:xiv + 539 pp. 226 SMITHSON IAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES for J. N . Norris, and KB for K. E. Bucher. The ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.-We wish to thank K . E. prefix initials of the numbers cited correspond to Bucher for assistance in collecting and processing the collector's field notebooks. Reproductive con­ Belizean epiphytes, including Polysiphonia. We are dition is designated by ED for tetrasporangia, 'i' for grateful to G. J. Hollenberg, C. Schneider, and cystocarps, and 0 for sperrnatangia. Specimens E. Menez for their reviews and comments on the studied are deposited in the Algal Collection, manuscript. Finally, we thank D . Nicholson for United States National Herbarium, Smithsonian discussion and review of the nomenclatural re­ In stitution (US). marks, particularly on "P. macrocarpa, "

Key to the Species of Polysiphonie from Carrie Bow Cay and Vicinity

1. Pericentral cells 4 (subgenus Oligosiphonia ) ...... 2 Pericentral cells 5 or more (subgenus Polysiphonias 6 2. Branches arising in th e axil s of trichoblasts . .P. flaccidissima Branches developmentally replacing trichoblasts 3 3. Rhizoids in open connection with pericentral cells 4 Rhizoids cut off from pericentral cells 5 4. Scar cells common in decumbent axes ; trichoblasts In erect filaments branched 1-2 times ...... P. atlantica Scar cells absent in decumbent axes; trichoblasts in erect filaments highly branched to several orders . . P. scopulorum var. villum 5. Plants small, to 1.5 em tall, and delicate, main filaments less than 100 p.m in diameter; often epiphytic, erect filaments arising from a rhizoidal disc '.. . . P. sphaerocarpa Plants larger, to 4 em tall, and coarse, decumbent axes to 250 /.Lm in diameter; erect filaments from entangled decumbent branches P. ferulacea 6. Pericentral cells 5 (-6) P. denudata Pericentral cells 8 P. exilis

Polysiphonia atlantica, new name TYPE-LOCALITY.-Portstewart; Miltown Mal­

FIGURES 107a- c bay, Ireland. Polysiphonia macrocarpa Harvey in Mackay, 1836:206 [non DISTRIBUTION .-Tropical western Atlantic Polysiphonia macrocarpo (C . Agardh) Spreng el 1827:350].­ (Virgin Islands, Barbados, Curacao, Costa Rica, Collin s and Her vey, 1917: 123.-B¢rgesen , 1918:274, figs. Cuba, Jamaica); temperate eastern Atlantic; In­ 272-276.-Taylor, 1928: 184; 1960:578.-01iveira Filho, dian Ocean. 1977: IS3.-Kapraun, 1977:31 7, figs. 14-21,57; 1979: 107, figs. 10-1 2. SPECIMENS STUDlED.-Twin Cays: IN-6292 DESCRIPTION. - Thalli minute, forming enta n­ (ED), epiphytic on Viva, I In depth, among man­ gled mats to I em tall; erect filaments sparsely groves on E side of eastern half of Twin Cays, 31 subdichotomously branched; branches replacing Mar 1976. trichoblasts in development; pericentral cells 4; REMARKs.-Reluctantly we abandon the name erect filaments arising in unilateral fashion from Polysiphonia macrocarpa Harvey, because it has been prostrate axes; rhizoids remaining in open con­ widely applied to this neotropical species. Re­ nection with pericentral cells. Tetrasporangia in cently, Womersley (1979:471 ) noted that P. ma­ long straight series in the branch tips. crocarpa Harvey in Mackay (1836) is a later hom­ NUMBER 12 227

FIGURE 107.-Polysiphonia atlantica: a, rhizoids in open connection with pericentral cells UN­ 6292); b, prostrate axis with unilateral development of erect filaments UN-6292) ; c, tetraspor­ angia in long straight series UN-6292). Polysiphonia denudata : d, rhizoids cut off at or near the end of pericentral cells (IN-6805)j e, branch arising in axil of trichoblast (IN-6805); J, mature pericarp UN-6805). 228 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB UTI ONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES onym of P. macrocarpa (C. Agardh) Sprengel coming decumbent in old er parts and attached (1827: 350) [basionym: Hutchinsia macrocarpa C. to the substratum; rhizoids cut off at or near the Agardh, 1824: 157]. Pending further studies, we end of pericentral cells; peric entral cells 5 (- 6); propose a new name, P. atlantica Kapraun and J. branches arising in axils of trichoblasts. Pericarps Norris, for Harvey's taxon. Parke and Dixon spherical , 200-250 p.m in diameter. (1976:537) pointed out that this taxon is in need TYPE-LocALlTy.-Southhampton, England. oftaxonomic and nomenclatural re-investigation. DISTRIBUTloN.-Atiantic: North America, Car­ In this treatment we follow Bergesen (1918), ibbean (Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe, Barbados, Ardre (1970), and Kapraun (1977, 1979) in their Netherland Antilles, Colombia), England, Por­ interpretation of P. macrocarpa Harvey. Reported tugal. Mediterranean. elsewhere in the Caribbean as P. macrocarpa (for SPECIMENS STUDlED.-Carrie Bow Cay: IN­ instance, Taylor, 1960), the occurrence of this 6686 (ED), epiphytic on Stypopodium zonale, 20-23 taxon in Belize is not surprising. m depth, fore reef slope, 27 Apr 1977; IN-6805 Polysiphonia macrocarpa (C. Agardh) Sprengel (ct, E9), 18 m depth, outer ridge of fore reef, legit (1827) may well be an overlooked name for one IN and KB, 27 Apr 1977; IN-6842a (ED), epiphy­ of the several taxa described or reported in the tic on Dictyota, 10 m depth, spur and groove zon e Caribbean. Hutchinsia macrocarpa C. Agardh of inner fore reef, legit IN and KB , 29 Apr 1977. (1824) was or iginally described "In mari Antil­ REMARKS.-The publication date of Dillwyn 's larum, 'Port au Pray'." It is interesting that for British Conferuae , in which Conferua denudata was other taxa in his Systema algarum , C. Agardh latin­ first validly published, has been the subject of ized localities, yet for II. macrocarpa he placed debate. We follow Dixon 's (1960:309 , 317) inter­ Port au Pray in quotation marks, leaving it in pretation that publication date of the work is French form . By not using Latin for its locality, probably the late autumn (?) of 1809. he may have wished to suggest something was Apparently a physiologically tolerant species, wrong with the local ity name. Could it be Port Polysiphonia denuda occurs in North American and de Pa ix or Port au Prince (H aiti)? The type Eu rop ean temperate wat ers (Taylor, 1962; Pa rke specimen (probably locat ed at the Botanical Mu­ and Dixon , 1976), as well as in th e American seum Lund) should be re-examined to determine tropi cs. th e identity of this taxon, and compared to those taxa recorded from the Caribbean. Polysiphonia exilis Harvey

FIGURE 108 Polysiphonia denudata (Dillwyn) Greville ex Harvey Polysiphonia exilis Harvey, 1853:47.-Howe, 1920:570 .- T ay­ lor, 1928:183; 1960:58 1-Hollenberg, 1968b:200, figs. Ie, F IGUR E 10 7d-J 3e.-O liveir a Filh o, 1977: 151. ConJerva denudata Dillwyn 1809:85. DESCRIPTION .- Thalli dark brown, with an ex­ Polysiphonia denudata (Dillwyn) Greville ex Har vey in W . J. tensive creeping system ; tricho blasts form ed in Hooker, 1833:332. ra di al sequence in erect an d prostrate axes, but Polysiphonia denudate (Dillwyn) Kiitzing, 1849:824; 1863:28, pI. go.-T aylor, 1960:580.-J oly, 1965:22 1, pI. 47: figs. erect filaments ari sing cicatrigenously and more 586 -590.- Taylor and Ber nat owicz, J 969:3 7.-T aylor , or less unilaterally from adaxial scar cells; 1969: 183.- La urel, 1970: 123, pI. I: figs. 1- 20, pI. 2: figs. branches replacing trichoblasts developmentally; 20-22.- Ka prau n, 1977:321, figs. 38- 42, 58; 1979: 109, rhizoids cut off from pericentral cells ; pericentral figs. 24-27.- 0 Iiveira Filho, 1977:151.-Sehneller and cells 8 (- 10). Spermatangial branches oblong, 50 Bula Meyer, 1977:89, fig. 17. . X 150 p.m, and sometimes sub tended by trichob ­ DESCRIPTION.- Thalli dark red , to 3 em tall last s, which arise one per segmen t. from a discoidal base; erect filaments dichoto­ TVPE-LocALlTv.-Key West, Florida. mously branched; branches widely divergent, be­ DISTRIBUTlON.- Tropical Atl antic (except Car­ NUMBER 12 229

50,um

a 501Jm

FIGURE 108.-Polyslphoma exilis: a, prostrate axis with adventitious branch development, rhizoids cut off from pericentral cells (jN·6342); b, spermatangial branches, note trichoblasrs arising one per segment (jN-6342). ibbean, up to now) and Pacific oceans. 280.-Howe, 1920:570.-Taylor, 1928:183, pl. 24: figs. SPECIMENS STUDlED.-Carrie Bow Cay: IN­ 16-18, pI. 25: fig. 15, pI. 26: figs. II, 15; 1960:578.­ 6342a-c (0), epiphytic on Dictyota dichotoma, -20 Oliveira Filho, 1969: 128, pl. 24: figs. 141-144; 1977:151.­ Taylor and Bernatowicz, 1969:36.-Taylor, 1969: 183.­ m depth, outer ridge of fore reef, 5 Apr 1976. Taylor and Rhyne, 1970:15.-Yoneshigue-Beraga, 1972: REMARKS.-This is the first record of this spe­ 27, pl. 6: figs. 30-31.-Richardson, 1975:130, pl. 23: fig. cies in the Caribbean Sea. The Carrie Bow Cay 7.-Kapraun, 1977:320, figs. 32-37. specimens apparently also represent the first sper­ matangial plants observed in this species (Taylor, DESCRIPTION.-Thalli erect, to 4 em tall, from 1960; Hollenberg, 1968b). a discoidal base; alternately branched from a distinct main axis; older plants with extensive ,.I'Polysiphonia £erulacea Suhr decumbent branches secondarily attached by rhi­ zoids cut off from pericentral cells; branches re­ FIGURE 109 placing trichoblasts in development; pericentral Polysiphonia ferulacea Suhr in J. Agardh, 1863:980.-Collins cells 4; branches characteristically basally con­ and Hervey, 1917: I 24.-Bl'lrgesen, 1918:277, figs. 277­ stricted; spermatangial branches cylindrical, 50 UT IO NS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB 230

-===-----­

a

•

FIGUR.E I09-Polysiphoniafaulaua: a, b, variation in erect filaments on (he same plan! in respect to cell height-width ratios (D K·s.n., 21 Mar 1978); c, rhizoids cut. off from pericentral cells (DK-s.n ., 21 Mar 1978); d, teirasporangia in spiral series (DKvs.n., 2 1 Mar 1978); e, sperrnatan­ . gial branches with cha racteristic enlarged sterile tip cells (IN-6938). NUMBER 12 231 x 150 p.m, with 1-2 conspicuous, thick-walled 1975: 128, figs. 2-4.-Abboll and Hollenberg, 1976:688. sterile tip cells. Tetrasporangia in spiral series in fig. 634.-Hollenberg and Norris, 1977:4, fig. 2E.-Ka­ branch tips. . . praun, 1979:107, figs. 8-9. TVPE-LoCALlTY.-Atlantic Coast of Mexico. r( DESCRIPTION.-Thalli minute, extensive creep­ DISTRIB UTION.-Widespread in subtropical and ing system giving rise to erect filaments up to 1.5 tropical seas; Caribbean: Puerto Rico, Virgin em tall; pericentral cells 4; erect and prostrate Islands, St. Kitts, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Domin­ axes with radial development of branch primor­ ica, Barbados, Trinidad, Venezuela, Curacao, dia; branches arising in axils of trichoblasts; rhi­ Costa Rica, Cayman Islands, Jamaica, and His­ zoids cut off from the proximal end of pericentral paniola. cells. Tetrasporangia to 75 p.m in diameter, in SPECIMENS STUDlED.-Carrie Bow Cay: IN­ spiral series in branch tips; spermata ngial 6334 (2) and IN-6335 (2), epiphytic on Dictyota branches oblong, 40 X 170 p.m, lacking sterile tip cervicornis, 20 m depth, outer ridge of fore reef, 5 cells and subtended by a trichoblast; mature Apr 1976; IN-6335 (ED), epiphytic on Lobophora pericarps oval, 150 X 175 p.m. ua riegata , 25 m depth, fore reef slope, 5 Apr 1976; TVPE-LoCALlTY.-Laguna Beach, Orange IN-6410 (61), epiphytic on Valonia uentricosa, and County, California. IN-6413 , epiphytic on Caulpera uerticillata, both DISTR1BUTION.-Atlantic: North Carolina, Gulf from high-relief spur and groove zone (vicinity of of Mexico; Pacific: Southern California, Hawaii, IMSWE transect, between 300-400 m markers), Phoenix and Marshall Islands. 5-6 m depth, legit IN and KB, 27 Apr 1977; IN­ SPECIMENS STuDIED.-Carrie Bow Cay: IN­ 6691 b , 20 m depth, fore reef slope, 27 Apr 1977; 6351 (0, .~) and IN-6353 (61), both epiphytic on IN-6938 (0), epiphytic on Udotea, 10 m depth, Sargassum hystnx, 16-20 m depth, outer ridge and low-relief spur and groove zone of inner fore reef fore reef slope, 5 Apr 1976; IN-6842b (ED, 2, 0), (- 10 m S of IMSWE transect line between the epiphytic on Dictyota, 10 m depth, spur and 400 -500 m markers), legit IN and KB , 23 Apr groove zone of inner fore reef, legit IN and KB , 1977; IN-6987, 0.5 m depth, entangled with turf 29 Apr 1977. Twin Cays: IN-6886 (2, ED), epiphy­ of Jania, Centroceras, and Wrangelia , reef crest in tic on Anadyomene stellata, 1 m depth, among man­ front ofCarrie Bow Cay Laboratory, legitJN and groves on E side of eastern half of Twin Cays, 26 KB, 22 Apr 1977; DK-s.n. (0, ED), eulittoral on Apr 1977. cinderblock wall, 21 Mar 1978. REMARKS .-Polysiphonia flaccidissima is recorded REMARKS.-The close resemblance and hence for the first time in the Caribbean Sea. Superfi­ possible taxonomic confusion between Polysiphonia cially, it resembles P. hauanensis sensu B~rgesen ferulacea Suhr in J. Agardh and P. sparsa (Setchell) (1918:266) (see Kapraun, 1977:316), which is Hollenberg has been previously noted (Hollen­ widely distributed in the Caribbean; however, P. berg, 1968a; Kapraun, (977) . In the present flaccidissima is clearly distinguished from this study, specimens of P. [erulacea varied greatly in taxon by its rhizoids, which are cut off from the trichoblast development and cell length to width proximal end of the pericentral cells rather than ratios of erect filaments. Although some individ­ occurring in open connection with pericentral uals had short segments as in P. sparsa, the pres­ cells as in P. haoanensis. Taylor's (1935) specimens ence of characteristic sperrnatangial branches identified as P. hauanensis could possibly belong with sterile tip cells seems to confirm our identi­ here; they need to be re-examined to verify its fication as P. ferulacea. presence in Belize . Womersley (1979:479) compared descriptions Polysiphonia Ilsccidissim« Hollenberg of Polysiphonia flaccidissima (H ollenberg, 1942, FIG URE 110 1968a; Abbott and Hollenberg, 1976) with south­ Polysiphonia flaccidissima Hollenberg, 1942:783, figs. 8, 19; ern Australian and Mediterranean specimens 1961:351, pI. 2: fig. 2; 1968a:63, figs. 2a, 1I.-Brauner, identified as P. sertularioides (GratcIoup) J. Agardh 232 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES

50,um

FIL;IJKt: IIO.-Pulysiphollia [laccidissima : a, terrasp or an gia in spira l series (jN-635I); b, rhizoids cui orr from peri cerural cells (jN-63:>1 ); c, sperm atangia l branches (IN-6:.l 51); d, developing pericarps, not e developing vege tative b ranch ill axil of tri choblast (jN-fil:l8 6). NUMBER 12 233

and concluded that the two species may be syn­ ships. The presence ofvar. oillum in the Caribbean nonymous. Until the exact relationship of P. Jlae­is now confirmed. cidissima to P. sertularioides has been determined, we refer material from our present study to P. flaccidissima, the name well established in the New Polysiphonia sphaerocarpa Bprgesen World literature (see for instance, Hollenberg, FIGUR E 112 1942, 1961, 1968a; Hollenberg and Norris, 1977; Brauner, 1975; Kapraun, 1979). Polysiphonia sphaerocarpa Bergesen, 1918:271, figs, 267-27 1.­ Taylor, 1960:576,-HoJlenberg, 1968a:87, figs, 21,26,­ Taylor, 1969:183,-Taylor and Rhyne, 1970:15.-Ka­ Polysiphonia scopulorum var. vi11um / praun, 1977:318, figs, 26- 31, 56, (J. Agardh) Hollenberg DESCRIPTION.-Thalli small epiphytes, to 1.5 FIGURE III cm tall from a discoidal base; branches dichoto­ Polysiphonia oil/urn J. Agardh, 1863:941. mous, becoming decumben t' a'nd attached to the Lophosiph onia all/urn (j, Agardh) Serchell and Gardner 1903: substratum ,by rhizoids cut off from pericentral 329, cells ; branches replacing trichoblasts in develop­ Poiysiphonia scopulorum var . oillum (J Agardh) Hollenberg, ment; pericentral cells 4. Sperrnatangial branches 1968a:81, fig, h,-Hollenberg and Norris, 1977:1( fig, Bs. figs, 640-641. cylindrical, 50 X 250 J.Lm, lacking sterile tip cells, with subtending trichoblasts; pericarps spherical, DESCRIPTION.-Thalli minute, to 0.5 em tall, 250 J.Lm diameter, with ostiole of large cells. Te­ extensive creeping system giving rise to erect fil- < trasporangia in spiral series .' aments; pericentral cells 4; erect filaments arising TVPE-LoCALlTv.-Store Nordsidebugt, St. endogenously in unilateral fashion, at regular Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. intervals of 2-4 segments, from prostrate axes; Drsrarau'rrox.c-Widespread in tropical Atlan­ erect filaments with conspicuous trichoblasts di­ tic , including the Caribbean (Virgin Islands, An­ chotomously branching up to the fourth order; tigua, Dominica, Barbados, Hispaniola) , and erect branches replacing trichoblasts in develop­ tropical Pacific oceans. ment; rhizoids in open connection with pericen­ SPECIMENS STUDlED.-Carrie Bow Cay: IN­ tral cells. Tetrasporangia in long straight series. 6746 (

.....

(f) c: 0­ (f) a- ('1)- 08

FIGURE 111 .-Po/ysiphonia scopularum var .liillrun: a, prostrate axis with rhizoid s in open connection with pericentra1 cells (DK-s.n., 24 Mar 1978); b, erect filament with conspicuous trichob1asts and tetrasporangia in straight series (OK-s.n., 24 Mar 1978). NUMBER 12 235

FIGURt: 112 P , b-, sperrnaran iaoliysip )i onia' sphaerocarpa: a CU I off fro m g . branchcees ll( sOK ( OK -s .-ns. n "21 2 M1retr Mar asp 1978orangra) ' C, millatu spir. rea pcrl senica es rp (OK -s.n , 21 , M ,rarh, 1978)zo,ds pericen iral . ., ar 1978). (jN-69 11) d . . ' 236 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MARINE SCIENCES

Conclusions macrocarpa (C. Agardh) Sprengel. The identity of C. Agardh's Hutchinsia macrocarpa, described from Our collections from Carrie Bow Cay add seven the Antilles but never reported since, remains taxa of Polysiphonia to the previously reported unknown. marine flora of Belize. Five species belong to the Although members of the genus Polysiphonia subgenus Oligosiphonia-P. atlantica, Pi ferulacea, P. occur predominantly in tropical waters, Pi ferula­ Jlaccidissima, P. scopulorum var. oillum, and P. sphaer­cea ranges into the subtropical Atlantic and P. ocarpa-and two to the subgenus Polysiphonia-P. atlantica and P. denudata extend even into the denudata and P. exilis. Polysiphonia exillis and P. temperate Atlantic. The latter two species, at [laccidissima are found in the Caribbean Sea for least, are remarkable for their physiological tol­ th e first time. Prior to this study only P. haoanensis erance of such a large range of environmental and P. scopulorum were known from Belize, neither conditions. of which appeared in our collections. Although All our collections were made close to Carrie we cannot exclude the possibility that P. scopulo­Bow Cay, during March and April. We expect rum reported by Tsuda and Dawes (1974) from that material sampled during other seasons and Glover's reef, only 25 km east ofCarrie Bow Cay, at different localities along the barrier reef, on the ma y belong to var, uillum. atolls, and along the mainland coast will contain Polysiphonia atlantica is a new name proposed for interesting new finds and will help solve taxo­ P. macrocarpa Harvey, a later homonym for P. nomic problems.

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