DOCSLIB.ORG

Lesson 2: the Early Days of Flight

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lesson 2: the Early Days of Flight 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 12 Chapter 1, Ancient Flight Lesson 2: The Early Days of Flight A. Define, Describe, or Identify: 1. Lift 2. Aerial reconnaissance 3. Dirigible 4. Rudder 5. Keel 6. Internal-combustion machine 7. Aeronaut 8. Drag Lesson 2, The Early Days of Flight 12 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 13 Chapter 1, Ancient Flight 9. Thrust 10. Biplane 11. Patent 12. Monoplane Lesson 2, The Early Days of Flight 13 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 14 Chapter 1, Ancient Flight B. Matching: Match the definition in Column A with the name in Column B. You may use each name only once. Column A Column B 1. He organized the Rough Riders to a. Count von Zeppelin help Cuba win independence from b. Henri Giffard Spain. c. Laurenço Gusmão d. Abraham Lincoln 2. He is credited with inventing the hot- e. Alberto Santos-Dumont air balloon. f. Theodore Roosevelt 3. His observations before the fireplace g. Paul Haenlein led to the first manned balloon flight. h. J. A. C. Charles i. Joseph Montgolfier 4. He and a passenger made the first j. Thaddeus Lowe manned hydrogen balloon flight. 5. Most historians give him credit for inventing the first successful dirigible. 6. In 1872, he built a dirigible with an internal-combustion engine. 7. He became famous for flying an airship around the Eiffel Tower. 8. He built and flew the first successful dirigible. 9. He made President Lincoln realize how useful balloons could be in wartime. 10. It took a note from him to get General Scott to meet with Thaddeus Lowe. Lesson 2, The Early Days of Flight 14 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 15 Chapter 1, Ancient Flight C. True/False: Put a T in the blank if the sentence is true and an F if it is false. 1. During the Battle of San Juan Hill, the Army had plenty of balloons in reserve because the government had just taken over a defunct balloon factory. 2. In the early days, balloonists had to carry fuel with them. 3. In their research on balloons, the Montgolfier brothers discovered a new gas. 4. A breakthrough in aeronautics came when balloonists started using pure oxygen instead of hydrogen for their balloons. 5. The Zeppelin rigid dirigibles had roomy wood-paneled cabins and carried 20 or more passengers. 6. When a balloon section was established in the US Army in 1892, the United States was the only country to have balloons in its armed services. 7. Sir George Cayley came up with the idea of using a fixed wing for lift and a separate system for propulsion. 8. John J. Montgomery and Otto Lilienthal both died in glider accidents. 9. In 1848 John Stringfellow’s steam-driven model airplane made the first successful powered flight by a heavier-than-air craft. 10. Historians fault Samuel Langley for spending too much time trying to control his aircraft and not enough on powering it. Lesson 2, The Early Days of Flight 15 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 16 Chapter 1, Ancient Flight D. Word Find: Unscramble the words below and write them in the blanks. Then find and circle the words in the puzzle. 1. DELBIGERI 2. DURRED 3. NEONAPLOM 4. EIRANESNOCSNAC 5. ELEK 6. PLENIPEZ 7. GRAD 8. STRUTH 9. RISCAREW 10. NAPETT 11. TARAUNOE 12. ELANBIP 13. MILEUH 14. ENYDGHOR Lesson 2, The Early Days of Flight 16 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 17 Chapter 1, Ancient Flight EARETHGHKGERDI LK P AERONAUTAFDYOUP T ACHE TANT EMN I DOR E NOTUR I ENAL PONOM OLNI LEPPEZEENFED P ENDARB I TKS AAENX AVATRENI AEMUI LEH WA I R T E OU P E G T R E GP OES IHWEDRLUHSEOW I TSURHTRUNAECTRT N EARE TDADAGNR EDT P UNNDR I PDEALEOYE OECRSERREEREWNHE NUELB IGI R IDETTER EELKAPICNICDREAM Lesson 2, The Early Days of Flight 17 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 18 Chapter 1, Ancient Flight E. Multiple Choice: Circle the letter that provides the best answer. 1. Who was the American diplomat who observed J. A. C. Charles’s demonstration of a hydrogen balloon? a. Theodore Roosevelt. b. Benjamin Franklin. c. John Adams. d. Abraham Lincoln. 2. Who discovered steam power? a. Henri Giffard. b. Joseph Montgolfier. c. Benjamin Franklin. d. James Watt. 3. When he gave a demonstration of a surveillance balloon over the National Mall in Washington, how did Thaddeus Lowe transmit messages to the ground below? a. By sending over a telegraph wire. b. By using signal flags. c. By using signal lanterns. d. By blowing on a special Army bugle in Morse code. 4. Who picked up where Leonardo da Vinci left off in developing gliders? a. Benjamin Franklin. b. Otto Lilienthal. c. Sir George Cayley. d. Alberto Santos-Dumont. Lesson 2, The Early Days of Flight 18 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 19 Chapter 1, Ancient Flight 5. Who received a patent for designing an aircraft theoretically capable of carrying a man? a. The Wright brothers. b. W. S. Henson and John Stringfellow. c. The Montgolfier brothers. d. Thaddeus Lowe and Joseph Henry. 6. What provided the power for Samuel Langley’s first flying models? a. Compressed gas. b. Small mechanical springs. c. Rubber bands. d. Small internal-combustion machines. Lesson 2, The Early Days of Flight 19 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 20 Chapter 1, Ancient Flight F. Optional Activity: Hot-Air Balloons Today hot-air balloons are made of nylon or polyester, and are filled with hot air from a propane burner. The main body of the balloon is known as an envelope and is built in sections called gores. In this activity, you will combine a series of gores to build a tissue-paper balloon. Materials: • Hot-air balloon kit (Note: This kit can be ordered from the Civil Air Patrol Supply Depot (1-800-858-4370) for around $5.00.) Procedure: 1. Lay one gore (color panel) on top of the other allowing a half-inch margin to show on the bottom panel. 2. Apply a heavy line of stick glue to the half-inch margin on the bottom panel. 3. Fold this half-inch portion over and seal it to the top panel. 4. Repeat the process of bonding the gores together. 5. Bond gores #1 and #7 to close the balloon. Lesson 2, The Early Days of Flight 20 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 21 Chapter 1, Ancient Flight 6. Tie the top of the balloon with a string or piece of fish line. 7. Use masking tape around the bottom opening. This adds weight and strengthens the opening. 8. Allow the balloon to dry for about two hours. 9. You can use a hair dryer later to inflate the balloon and to check for holes. 10. For the actual launch, an electric paint-removing gun works best. Optional Activity adapted from Millspaugh, Ben P. (n.d). AEX II, Volume I, Activity 18. Maxwell AFB, AL: Civil Air Patrol. Lesson 2, The Early Days of Flight 21 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 22 Chapter 1, Ancient Flight G: Optional Activity: Build a Glider The primary objective is for students to build a flying foam replica of the Air Force Academy’s TG-4A Glider. Materials: • Two foam meat trays per student (The real USAF Academy glider is yellow, so try to find yellow trays) • A hot-glue gun • A hobby knife • Coffee stirring sticks • One penny per student for nose weight • Waxed paper Procedure: 1. Remove the template page in the Student Workbook. It can be enlarged or diminished in size depending upon your meat tray. 2. Put the template down on the outside surface of the foam tray. 3. Use a hobby knife to cut out the glider’s parts. 4. Optional: make a sanding stick using #80-100 sanding paper. 5. Using a sanding stick, sand the edges of the glider’s wing and tail pieces so that they look like elongated tear drops. 6. Position the horizontal stabilizer to the fuselage. Make sure that it is perpendicular to the fuselage. Run a bead of hot glue along the back end of the fuselage and mount the horizontal stabilizer into the glue centering it. Lesson 2, The Early Days of Flight 22 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 23 Chapter 1, Ancient Flight 7. Mount the vertical stabilizer onto the horizontal stabilizer using hot glue. Make sure the vertical stab is perpendicular to the horizontal stab. 8. Glue together the wing halves at their roots. It is a good idea to put a piece of waxed paper under the wings so the wings won’t be glued to the table. When set, glue the wing to the fuselage so that the leading edge of the wing will fit into the notch just behind the cockpit. 9. Once the wing sets, install the small wing struts. Coffee-stirring sticks work well for these. 10. Hot-glue a penny to the front of the fuselage. This will give the right amount of weight to make the glider fly! Optional Activity adapted from Millspaugh, Ben P. (n.d). AEX II, Volume I, Activity 14. Maxwell AFB, AL: Civil Air Patrol. Lesson 2, The Early Days of Flight 23 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 24 (This page intentionally left blank.) 24 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 25 Chapter 1, Ancient Flight The Fuselage Template for the Glider Lesson 2, The Early Days of Flight 25 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 26 (This page intentionally left blank.) 26 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 27 Chapter 1, Ancient Flight The Wings Template for the Glider Lesson 2, The Early Days of Flight 27 6420304_CH01_p001-028.pdf 7/6/07 11:02 AM Page 28 (This page intentionally left blank.) 28.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 32 ROMANIAN CONTRIBUTIONS in AERONAUTICS Adrian NECULAE
    ROMANIAN CONTRIBUTIONS IN AERONAUTICS Adrian NECULAE West University of Timisoara, ROMANIA A short history of the flight From the earliest days, humans have dreamed of flying and have attempted to achieve it. The dream of flight was inspired by the observation of the birds even from the early times and was illustrated in myths, fiction (fantasy, science fiction and comic book characters) and art. Greek, Roman or Indian mythology have examples of gods who were gifted with flight. Daedalus and Icarus flew through the air, and Icarus died when he flew too close to the sun. Daedalus and Icarus (Greek) Pushpaka Vimana of the Ramayana (Indian) Religions relate stories of chariots that fly through the air and winged angels that join humans with the heavens. Flying creatures that were half human and half beast appear in legends. Birds and fantastic winged creatures pulled boats and other vehicles through the air. Let’s see some relevant examples: 32 From the top left corner: Angel, Pegasus, Dragons, Superman, Santa Claus, Dumbo. My talk is about progress in science, and more specific, about progresses in human fight against gravity. An illustration in art of the idea of what it means the progress in flight is given in the picture below, painted at the end of the 19th Century: The human dream of flight: Utopian flying machines from the 18th Century. The image and the title of this art work express, maybe better than other words, the idea of progress in flight, especially in modern and present history: things that seemed to be pure utopia a century
    [Show full text]
  • ARE DRONES a FORCE for GOOD? How Drones Are Being Used to Benefit Society
    BRIEF FOOD AND DRINK CULTURE GEAR SPORTS STYLE WOMEN HOME > BANNER- HOME > MAGAZINE ARE DRONES A FORCE FOR GOOD? How drones are being used to benefit society By Matthew Priest Words: Max Mueller NEWSLETTER SUBSCRIPTION Get the lowdown on the week ahead to your inbox, together with reviews, exclusive competitions and the occasional funny list. Enter Your Email SUBSCRIBE MOST POPULAR THIS WEEK Read Shared Galleries HOW TO BULK UP LIKE A RUGBY PLAYER Drones usually feature in the news due to their controversial use as weapons of war or, more prosaically, for their use as fun but largely impractical toys. But what if the technology could be used to help the environment or save lives? This month, the UAE is again promoting the humanitarian use of drones with a $1 million competition that features the best designs from around the world. Here is a bird’s eye view of the technology and its pitfalls, in the Middle East and beyond. *** WHAT I’VE LEARNT: FLAVIO BRIATORE Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station, April 10, 2015. Four years after the March 2011 meltdown, a stream of images is being recorded inside reactor No 1, one of three that was badly damaged after the plant was hit by a devastating tsunami. As the remote-controlled robot crawls through debris, the on-board searchlight struggles to penetrate a thick dust cloud. It also has to navigate charred concrete girders coated in solidified molten metal that now resemble warped stalactites. CESARO: 8 THINGS WE’VE At the bottom of the video screen is a digital display of the radiation exposure.
    [Show full text]
  • Planning of Nuclear Power Systems
    ASKO VUORINEN Planning of Nuclear Power Systems To Save the Planet Ekoenergo Oy August, 2011 The nuclear power could generate 27 % of electricity by 2050 and 34 % by 2075. Nuclear electricity generation can make the biggest change in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and it would be possible to limit the global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius by the year 2100. 1 Copyright © 2011 Ekoenergo Oy Lokirinne 8 A 25, 02320 Espoo, Finland Telephone (+358) 440451022 The book is available for internet orders www.optimalpowersystems.com Email (for orders and customer service enquires): [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, scanning or otherwise, except under terms of copyright, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the publisher should be addressed to Ekoenergo Oy, Lokirinne 8 A 25, 02320 Espoo, Finland or emailed to [email protected]. Comments to the author can be sent directly to [email protected]. Cover page: the Planet and Atoms. Created by my son Architect Teo-Tuomas Vuorinen 2 Table of Contents PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 13 .ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Wright Stuff
    1203cent.qxd 11/13/03 2:19 PM Page 1 n a chilly North Carolina edge. It is likely that this informa- Omorning 100 years ago, two tion became the basis for the design brothers from Dayton, Ohio, at- of their early gliders. It also led them tempted a feat others considered im- to contact Octave Chanute, an possible, and their success changed American engineer who was the world. leading the way for experiments in Today we take air travel for aeronautics. granted, and rarely give a second thought to our capability to fly liter- Three problems ally anywhere in the world. But one The Wrights realized from the be- hundred years ago, the endeavors ginning that they had to solve three of the Wrights and other aeronau- problems: tical pioneers were widely viewed • Balance and control. as foolhardy. Although some of the THE WRIGHT • Wing shape and resulting lift. world’s most creative minds were • Application of power to the converging on a solution to the flight structure. problem, well-respected scientists STUFF: Of the three, they correctly recog- such as Lord Kelvin thought flight Materials in the Wright Flyer nized that balance and control were impossible. the least understood and probably In fact, Simon Newcomb, pro- The flight of the Wright Flyer was the most critical. To solve that fessor of mathematics and as- the “first in the history of the world problem, they turned to gliding ex- tronomy at Johns Hopkins Univer- periments. sity and vice-president of the in which a machine carrying a man National Academy of Sciences, had had raised itself by its own power The 1900 glider declared only 18 months before the into the air in full flight, had sailed After a few preliminary experi- successful flight at Kitty Hawk, forward without reduction of speed, ments with small kites, they built “Flight by machines heavier than air and had finally landed at a point as their first glider in 1900.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Envelope Applications Utilizing Drone Technologies
    Raymond Engineering – Georgia, Inc. 401104237 DRONING ON ABOUT DRONES Ray Ramos, PE July 12, 2017 Credit(s) earned on completion of this course will be reported to AIA CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and non-AIA members are available upon request. This course is registered with AIA CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. __________________________________________ Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. Copyright Materials This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited. Course This course gives the audience an understanding of the history of drones and associated technology; and how the development and use of drones have evolved over time. Additionally, the course includes performing an actual drone demonstration showing how a drone currently works and how they can be used by building/property owners, architects, engineers, consultants, and/or contractors. Learning At the end of the this course, participants will be able to: • Learning Objective 1: Understanding how drones got their start and have evolved over time. • Learning Objective 2: Overview of the types of drones and uses. • Learning Objective 3: Use and operations issues and how to resolve them • Learning Objective 4: To perform a drone demonstration in order to showcase it’s capabilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the History of Engineering at the Linda Hall Library
    Exploring the History of Engineering at the Linda Hall Library Benjamin Gross, Ph.D. VP for Research & Scholarship Linda Hall Library September 18, 2018 City of Fountains,Engineers, HeartHeart ofof thethe NationNation https://www.kauffman.org/ https://http://commons.wikimedia.orgeclubofkc.org/ / City of Engineers, Heart of the Nation https://www.kctechcouncil.com/ Engineering Triumphs Kansas City Bridge (1869) Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts (2011) LHL https://www.azahner.com/ …and Tragedies Kemper Arena (1979) Hyatt Regency Hotel (1981) http://www.kcur.org/ https://www.kansascity.com/ Recent Achievements Google Fiber (2012) KC Streetcar (2016) https://www.nytimes.com/ https://www.nytimes.com/ Linda Hall Library A Plenary in Three Parts 1) The Roots of American Engineering 2) A Remarkable Gift 3) New Frontiers in the History of Engineering LHL I. The Roots of American Engineering Images from The Panorama of Professions and Trades (Edward Hazen, 1836) The Middlesex Canal • 1793: Formation of Middlesex Canal Company • Goal: Linking Charles and Merrimack Rivers (27 miles) • Loammi Baldwin (1744-1807) • Cabinetmaker and Revolutionary War veteran • No experience building canals • Reliance on foreign expertise (William Weston) ”The greatest work of the kind which has been completed in the United States.” –Albert Gallatin http://www.middlesexcanal.orghttps://en.wikipedia.org/ European Engineering Traditions British civil engineers French military engineers LHL LHL British Civil Engineers • Characteristics • Open to all social classes
    [Show full text]
  • John Joseph Montgomery 1883 Glider
    John Joseph Montgomery 1883 Glider An International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark Designated by ASME International The American Society of Mechanical Engineers May 11, 1996 at Hiller Aircraft Museum and Santa Clara University INTERNATIONAL HISTORIC MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LANDMARK JOHN J. MONTGOMERY HUMAN PILOTED GLIDER 1883 THIS REPLICA THE FIRST HEAVIER - THAN - AIR CRAFT TO ACHIEVE CONTROLLED. PILOTED FLIGHT. THE GLIDER'S DESIGN BASED ON THE PIONEERING AERODYNAMIC THEORIES AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES OF JOHN JOSEPH MONTGOMERY (1858-1911). WHO DESIGNED, BUILT, AND FLEW IT. THIS GLIDER WAS WAY AHEAD OF ITS. TIME . INCORPORATING A SINGLE PARABOLIC. CAMBERED WING. WITH STABILIZING AND CONTROL SURFACES AT THE REAR OF THE FUSELAGE. WITH HIS GLIDER'S SUCCESS, MONTGOMERY DEMONSTRATED AERODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES AND DESIGNES FUNDAMENTAL TO MODERN AIRCRAFT. THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGS 1996 2 Historical Background Montgomery was the first to incorporate On Aug. 28, 1883, at Otay Mesa near San Diego, a manned successfully the wing glider left the surface of the earth and soared in a stable, con- airfoil parabolic shape trolled flight. At the controls was John Joseph Montgomery, in a heavier-than-air aged 25, who had designed and built the fragile craft. After the man-carrying aircraft. launching, John and his brother James, who had helped launch His glider also had its the glider, paced off the distance of the flight as 600 feet. In ad- stabilizing and con- dition to James, several local ranchers and others in John’s fam- trol surfaces at the ily witnessed the construction and flight of the 1883 glider. rear of the aircraft, This 1883 flight of Montgomery’s glider was the first manned, the placement of controlled flight of a heavier-than-air machine in history.
    [Show full text]
  • Was the Airplane an American Invention?
    International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 4, No. 13; November2014 Was the Airplane an American Invention? Susan Kelly Archer, Ed.D. Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Ph.D. in Aviation Program, College of Aviation 600 South Clyde Morris Blvd. Daytona Beach, FL 32224 Abstract The airplane was not essentially an American invention; it was a World invention. One cannot attribute the invention of the airplane solely to the Wright brothers. The Wright brothers were voracious readers of a variety of articles written by or about other great names in aviation development, among them Otto Lillienthal, Octave Chanute, Sir George Cayley, and John Stringfellow. Lillienthal, Cayley, and Stringfellow were European and Chanute was born in France. Cayley’s work in aeronautics, Lillienthal’s gliders, Stringfellow’s engine, and Chanute’s coordination of aviation development literature provided a solid foundation for the historic moment in December 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Keywords:aviation, invention, Wright brothers, history Invention of the Airplane The airplane was not essentially an American invention; it was a World invention. One cannot attribute the invention of the airplane solely to the Wright brothers. Their success at powered flight was certainly a crossroads event in the development of aviation, but it was part of an historical progression rather than a singular event. The Kitty Hawk flight was memorable and remarkable, but it cannot be described in the context of aviation development as solely American. Multiple sources recognized that the Wright brothers were voracious readers of a variety of articles written by or about other great names in aviation development (Gibbs-Smith, 1970; Shipman, 1998; Whelan, 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • The Historic “Aerodrome A”
    Politically Incorrect The Flights and Fights Involving the Langley Aerodrome By Nick Engler As morning dawned on 28 May 1914, the “Aerodrome A” perched like a giant dragonfly on the edge of Lake Keuka, surrounded by journalists, photographers, even a videographer. Members of the scientific elite and Washington DC power structure were also there, among them Charles Doolittle Walcott, the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and Albert Zahm, the director of the recently reopened Langley Aerodynamical Laboratory. They carefully spun the event for the media, explaining why they were attempting to fly the infamous Langley Aerodrome eleven years after two highly-publicized, unsuccessful, and nearly- catastrophic launch attempts. A cool breeze blew down the lake, gently rocking the four tandem wings that sprouted from the Aerodrome’s central framework. It was time to go. As the sun crept higher in the sky the winds would kick up. With a pronounced 12-degree dihedral between the pairs of 22-foot wings, even a modest crosswind could flip the old aircraft if it got under a wing. Workmen from the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company of Hammondsport, New York lined up along the pontoons and outriggers recently added to the airframe. They lifted the half-ton aircraft a foot or so above the ramp, duck-walked it into the water and turned it into the wind. 1 Glenn Curtiss waded out, stepped onto the braces between the forward pontoons and climbed into the nacelle that hung beneath the framework. He settled into the cockpit and tested the familiar Curtiss controls – wheel, post and shoulder yoke borrowed from one of his early pushers.1 This system had replaced the dual trim wheels that had steered the original Aerodrome.
    [Show full text]
  • 165 Romanian Modern Associations (Sports Clubs
    IDEAS • BOOKS • SOCIETY • READINGS © Philobiblon. Transylvanian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Humanities ROMANIAN MODERN ASSOCIATIONS (SPORTS CLUBS) FROM THE LATE 19TH CENTURY TO THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR I: TOURISM AND PUBLIC UTILITY * COSMIN-ȘTEFAN DOGARU Abstract: The Romanian elites, educated abroad, acknowledged the necessity towards major changes in different areas concerning the society and the state. Since the second half of the 19th century, the local elites following the European pattern, gradually, also founded associations (sports clubs) in order to get closer to the West, while also modernising the Romanian state. Our paper explicitly aims to investigate how particular associations (sports clubs) encouraged the development of tourism and public utility in modern Romania. Therefore, Jockey Club Român (1875) [the Romanian Jockey Club], Automobil-Club Român (1904) [the Romanian Automobile Club], Liga Națională Aeriană (1912) [the National Air League] were societies created by some ardent people, attaining a more consolidated position over time. Naturally, the leisure perspective was essential, but, gradually, the economic dimension found its place in the concerns of certain members of the Romanian elites. Helping the tourism and the public utility routes develop in the country was also present among the concerns of the Romanian leading classes. Keywords: Romanian elites, 19th century, World War I, modern associations (sports clubs), tourism, public utility. Inspired by the Western pattern, the Romanian elites aimed to reach a certain level of personal and social evolution, namely state organization, mentality etc., pursuing the modernisation of the country. In this matter, in the second half of the 19th century and especially at the beginning of the 20th century, we can detect various sports, social and political clubs, as key elements in this puzzle.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of the Temperature Sensor
    WHITE PAPER A Brief History of the Temperature Sensor The sensations of hot and cold are fundamental to the human That was answered by Gay-Lussac and other scientists experience, yet finding ways to measure temperature has working on the gas laws. During the 19th century, while challenged many great minds. It’s unclear if the ancient Greeks investigating the effect of temperature on gas at a constant or Chinese had ways to measure temperature, so as far as pressure, they observed that volume rises by the fraction of we know, the history of temperature sensors began during the 1/267 per degree Celsius, (later revised to 1/273.15). This led Renaissance. to the concept of absolute zero at minus 273.15°C. This OMEGA white paper summarizes the known history OBSERVING EXPANSION: LIQUIDS AND BIMEtaLS of temperature measurement. After addressing briefly the challenges involved, it goes through the development of Galileo is reported to have built a device that showed changes devices based on: in temperature sometime around 1592. This appears to have used the contraction of air in a vessel to draw up a column of • Observation of expansion water, the height of the column indicating the extent of cooling. However, this was strongly influenced by air pressure and was • The effect of temperature on electrical conductivity little more than a novelty. and resistance • Detection of radiated thermal energy Finally, a note on the origin and development of various temperature scales is provided. THE MEASUREMENT CHALLENGE Heat is a measure of the energy in a body or material — the more energy, the hotter it is.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Pontsioen
    Robert Pontsioen The Alexander Graham Bell Collection of Japanese Masks at the Smithsonian Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 17, no. 2 (Autumn 2018) Citation: Robert Pontsioen, “The Alexander Graham Bell Collection of Japanese Masks at the Smithsonian,” Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 17, no. 2 (Autumn 2018), https://doi.org/ 10.29411/ncaw.2018.17.2.8. Published by: Association of Historians of Nineteenth-Century Art Notes: This PDF is provided for reference purposes only and may not contain all the functionality or features of the original, online publication. License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License Creative Commons License. Pontsioen: The Alexander Graham Bell Collection of Japanese Masks at the Smithsonian Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 17, no. 2 (Autumn 2018) The Alexander Graham Bell Collection of Japanese Masks at the Smithsonian by Robert Pontsioen The ethnological collections of the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) contain approximately 9,100 Japanese objects, primarily from the late Tokugawa period (1603–1868) through the Showa era (1926–89). While aspects of the collection have been previously researched, including the materials amassed during Commodore Matthew Perry’s expedition to Japan (which was the first set of ethnological objects accessioned by the Smithsonian), [1] the masks presented for the first time here demonstrate that new discoveries await even within well-known legacy collections. This group of seven highly evocative masks was collected by famed inventor Alexander Graham Bell during his only journey to Japan, undertaken in 1898. In order to situate the collection historically and artistically, I outline Bell’s ties to Japan and to the Smithsonian before considering the nature and significance of the objects themselves.
    [Show full text]