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The European Union and Nato Maritime Security Cooperation in the Mediterranean

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The European Union and Nato Maritime Security Cooperation in the Mediterranean KADIR HAS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES DISCIPLINE AREA THE EUROPEAN UNION AND NATO MARITIME SECURITY COOPERATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SELEN BALDIRAN SUPERVISOR: PROF. DR. SINEM AKGUL ACIKMESE MASTER’S THESIS ISTANBUL, JUNE, 2020 THE EUROPEAN UNION AND NATO MARITIME SECURITY COOPERATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SELEN BALDIRAN SUPERVISOR: PROF. DR. SINEM AKGUL ACIKMESE MASTER’S THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Kadir Has University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s Discipline Area of Social Sciences and Humanities under the Program of International Relations ISTANBUL, JUNE, 2020 i I, SELEN BALDIRAN; Hereby declare that this Master’s Thesis is my own original work and that due references have been appropriately provided on all supporting literature and resources. SELEN BALDIRAN __________________________ DATE AND SIGNATURE ii ACCEPTANCE AND APPROVAL This work entitled THE EUROPEAN UNION AND NATO MARITIME SECURITY COOPERATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN prepared by SELEN BALDIRAN has been judged to be successful at the defense exam held on JUNE 30, 2020 and accepted by our jury as MASTER’S THESIS. PROF. DR. SINEM AKGUL ACIKMESE (Advisor) Kadir Has University PROF. DR. SERHAT GUVENC Kadir Has University PROF. DR. MUNEVVER CEBECI Marmara University I certify that the above signatures belong to the faculty members named above. SIGNATURE PROF. DR. SINEM AKGUL ACIKMESE Dean School of Graduate Studies DATE OF APPROVAL: iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………vi ÖZET…………………………………………………………………………………..vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………………………..viii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………ix INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………...1 1. MARITIME SECURITY……………………………………………………………9 1.1. The Evolution of Maritime Security as a Concept ………...…………………….10 1.2. Definition of Maritime Security………………………………………………….13 1.3. Maritime Security versus Maritime Safety………………………………….......15 1.4. Maritime Security Operation (MSO)……………………………………………17 1.5. Migrant Smuggling and Human Trafficking as Contemporary Maritime Security Challenges……………………………………………………………………19 1.5.1. Migrant smuggling…………………………………………………………...…..20 1.5.2. Human trafficking……………………………………………………………......21 1.5.3. Differences between smuggling and trafficking………………………………….23 1.5.4. Migrant smuggling and human trafficking in the Central Mediterranean….……..25 2. NATO AS A MARITIME SECURITY ACTOR………………………………….28 2.1. The Maritime Security Dimension of NATO…………………….………………28 2.2. NATO Initiatives in the Mediterranean…………………………...…………….31 2.2.1. The Mediterranean Dialogue……………………………………………………..33 2.2.2. Istanbul Summit in 2004………………………………………………………….37 2.2.3. Operation Active Endeavour……………………………………………...……...39 2.2.4. Operation Sea Guardian……………………………………………...…………..43 3. THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A MARITIME SECURITY ACTOR…………...50 3.1. The Maritime Security Dimension of the European Union………………….….50 3.2. The European Union Initiatives in the Mediterranean…………………………54 3.2.1. The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership………………………...…………………..55 3.2.2. The European Neighbourhood Policy………………………………...………….60 iv 3.2.3. The Union for the Mediterranean……………………………………………...…65 3.2.4. The Road to the European Union Naval Force Mediterranean “Operation Sophia”…………………………………………………………………………………69 4. THE EUROPEAN UNION AND NATO MARITIME SECURITY COOPERATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN……………………………………85 4.1. The European Union and NATO Maritime Security Cooperation………….…85 4.2. Effectiveness of the European Union and NATO Maritime Security Cooperation in the Mediterranean: “Operation Sophia” and “Operation Sea Guardian”……...90 4.2.1. Political willingness at national and international level…………………………..91 4.2.2. Cooperation with international organizations…………………………………….98 4.2.3. Maximum maritime domain awareness…………………………………………105 4.2.4. The deployment from high seas to territorial waters and the need for jurisdictional arrangements……………………………………...…………………………………...111 4.2.5. Cooperation and partnership with commercial shipping agencies………………117 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………....124 SOURCES...……...…………………………………………………………………..129 CURRICULUM VITAE……………...……………………………………………...151 v ABSTRACT BALDIRAN, SELEN. THE EUROPEAN UNION AND NATO MARITIME SECURITY COOPERATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN, MASTER’S THESIS, Istanbul, 2020. Today, Europeans are facing a large migration crisis in the Mediterranean. To tackle this humanitarian crisis, while the European Union (EU) decides maritime security operation called “Sophia” in 2015, NATO has played a supportive and complementary role to Operation Sophia in the Mediterranean with its maritime security operation called “Sea Guardian” since 2016. In this connection, the objective of the thesis work has tried to answer this research question: “To what extent is the EU and NATO maritime security cooperation effective with a specific focus on Operation Sophia and Operation Sea Guardian in the Mediterranean?” In this thesis work, for measurement of this effectiveness, the criteria based on six strategic actions for maritime security operations which are framed by the “Maritime Security Operations (MSO) Concept”. In addition, for the answering of this research question, the research has made use of qualitative research methods. The data is derived from primary and secondary resources. Two organizations’ official documents and presidents’ speeches of both organizations’ member states are used as the primary resources. Books and articles from social sciences databases are used as secondary resources. When the criteria based on six actions for MSO are analyzed, this analysis shows as follows: lack of political willingness; NATO as not the right partner for non-military issues like migration crisis; lack of maximum maritime domain awareness due to the inability of information sharing; lack of consent of the UNSCR or Libyan government for Operation Sophia’s deployment from high seas to Libyan territorial waters and so the existence of some problems related to jurisdictional arrangements; and lastly even if both organizations have cooperated with commercial shipping agencies in the Mediterranean, these agencies are not the right partner for the humanitarian crisis in the Mediterranean. The result is that while the EU and NATO have very ambitions both on declarations and at summits, there are factors limiting their ongoing maritime security cooperation in the Mediterranean. In addition, the limitations of Operation Sophia have a negative effect on the EU’s maritime cooperation with NATO. Keywords: European Union, Mediterranean, Maritime Security, Maritime Security Operation, Operation Sea Guardian, Cooperation, NATO, Operation Sophia. vi ÖZET BALDIRAN, SELEN. AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ VE NATO’NUN AKDENİZ’DEKİ DENİZ GÜVENLİĞİ İŞBİRLİĞİ, YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ, İstanbul, 2020. Günümüzde, Avrupalılar Akdeniz’de büyük bir göç krizi ile karşı karşıya kalmaktadırlar. Bu insanı krizle başa çıkmak için 2015 yılında Avrupa Birliği (AB) “Sophia” adında bir deniz güvenliği operasyonu düzenlemeye karar verirken, 2016 yılından itibaren NATO “Deniz Muhafızı” adındaki deniz güvenliği operasyonu ile Akdeniz’deki Sophia Operasyonuna yardımcı ve tamamlayıcı rol oynamaktadır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmanın amacı “Avrupa Birliği ve NATO’nun Akdeniz’deki deniz güvenliği operasyonlarına (Sophia Operasyonu ve Deniz Muhafızı Harekâtı ) dayanan işbirliği ne ölçüde etkilidir?” sorusuna cevap aramaktır. Çalışmada, bu etkililiğin ölçümü için “Deniz Güvenliği Operasyon” kavramının çerçevelediği etkili deniz güvenliği operasyonları için altı stratejik aksiyon kriterleri kullanılmıştır. Aynı zamanda bu araştırma sorusuna cevap verebilmek için çalışma nitel araştırma yöntemine dayanmaktadır. Veriler birincil ve ikincil kaynaklardan elde edilmiştir. İki örgütün resmi belgeleri ve üye devletlerin devlet başkanlarının konuşmaları birincil kaynak olarak, sosyal bilimler veri tabanlarından ulaşılan kitaplar ve makaleler ikincil kaynak olarak kullanılmıştır. Deniz güvenliği operasyon konseptinin 6 stratejik aksiyon kriteri analiz edildiği zaman, politik istekliliğin olmadığı; NATO’nun göç krizi gibi askeri olmayan bir sorunda doğru partner seçimi olarak görülmediği; deniz farkındalığı alanında maksimum etkililiğin yakalanmadığı ve bunun bilgi paylaşımı konusunda yetersizliklerden kaynakladığı; Sophia Operasyonu’nun Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi ya da Libya’dan açık denizlerden Libya karasularına konuşlanabilme konusunda onay alamadığı ve doğal olarak gerekli olan yasal arka planda sorunlar olduğu; ve son kriter olarak hem AB hem NATO ticari denizcilik acentaları ile işbirliği yapmaya çalışsa da bu gemi topluluklarının bölgedeki krizde uygun partner olmadığı sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda görülmektedir ki, her iki uluslararası örgüt deniz güvenliği alanında işbirliklerini hem resmi dokümanlarda hem de zirvelerde hırslı bir şekilde dile getirse de, şu anda Akdeniz bölgesinde deniz güvenliği alanında işbirliklerini sınırlayan faktörler vardır. Aynı zamanda Operasyon Sophia’nın kendi sınırlamaları NATO ile yaptıkları işbirliği üzerinde etki yaratmaktadır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Avrupa Birliği, Akdeniz, Deniz Güvenliği, Deniz Güvenliği Operasyonu, Deniz Muhafızı Harekâtı, İşbirliği, NATO, Sophia Operasyonu. vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMS Alliance Maritime Strategy CSDP Common Foreign Defence Policy CFSP Common Foreign Security Policy CPG Comprehensive Political Guidance ECSA European Community Ship-Owners Association EDC European Defence Community EEAS European
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