DOCSLIB.ORG

“Getting Rid of the Line:” Toward an American Infantry Way of Battle, 1918-1945

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“Getting Rid of the Line:” Toward an American Infantry Way of Battle, 1918-1945 “GETTING RID OF THE LINE:” TOWARD AN AMERICAN INFANTRY WAY OF BATTLE, 1918-1945 ________________________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board ________________________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Earl J. Catagnus, Jr. May, 2017 Examining Committee Members: Dr. Gregory J.W. Urwin, Advisory Chair, Department of History Dr. Jay Lockenour, Department of History Dr. Beth Bailey, Department of History Dr. Timothy K Nenninger, National Archives and Records Administration ii © Copyright 2017 By _Earl J. Catagnus, Jr._ All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the development of America’s infantry forces between 1918-1945. While doing so, it challenges and complicates the traditional narrative that highlights the fierceness of the rivalry between the U.S. Army and Marine Corps. During the First World War, both commissioned and enlisted Marines attended U.S. Army schools and served within Army combat formations, which brought the two closer together than ever before. Both services became bonded by a common warfighting paradigm, or way of battle, that centered upon the infantry as the dominant combat arm. All other arms and services were subordinated to the needs and requirements of the infantry. Intelligent initiative, fire and maneuver by the smallest units, penetrating hostile defenses while bypassing strong points, and aggressive, not reckless, leadership were all salient characteristics of that shared infantry way of battle. After World War I, Army and Marine officers constructed similar intellectual proposals concerning the ways to fight the next war. Although there were differences in organizational culture, the two were more alike in their respective values systems than historians have realized. There was mutual admiration, and targeted attempts to replicate each other’s combat thinking and spirit. They prepared for battle by observing each other’s doctrine, and sharing each other’s conception of modern combat. When preparation turned to execution in World War II, they created solutions for battlefield problems that evolved from their near-identical way of battle. At the conclusion of the war, the common bonds between the Army and Marine Corps were all but forgotten. This, ultimately, led to increased friction during the Congressional defense unification battles in 1946. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A dissertation is the capstone project of a terminal degree that symbolizes the end of a journey as a student, and the beginnings of a scholarly life. For those who have never undertaken this endeavor, too often a dissertation is seen as an individual’s accomplishment, the culmination of one’s years of research, study, writing, revising, and editing. No dissertation, however, represents the achievement of an individual. Rather, it is the triumph of a group of people intimately connected to the dissertator. Friends, family, peers, colleagues, and professors, particularly my dissertation advisor, Dr. Gregory J.W. Urwin, all had a hand in making this project happen,. Within the lines below, I am supposed to thank all those who helped me along the way, and communicate how important their contribution was to the finished product. Unfortunately, nothing I write can come close to describing the debts I owe these people. I would like to thank the organizations and people who sponsored much of my research. Lou Namm, my vocational rehabilitation counselor at the Veterans Administration, proved instrumental in making sure that my financial obligations were taken care of at Temple University. Mr. Namm pushed the limits of the Veterans Administration to make sure that despite my disabilities they would continue to support my doctoral studies. The U.S. Army Center of Military History graciously awarded me a dissertation completion grant in 2013, an honor that few receive. I am indebted to Drs. Richard Stuart and Brian Newman who made sure that I worked through the bureaucracy, and actually received the funding. In that same year, I received Temple University’s Center for the Study of Force and Diplomacy’s Jeffrey Bower Endowed Research Fellowship, another honor for which I am ever grateful. Next, I would like to thank Dr. v Charles Neimeyer and the Marine Corps Heritage Foundation for their awarding me a dissertation completion fellowship in 2012. Dr. Neimeyer’s skillful rhetoric and bureaucratic management created the opportunity for me to receive the funding, and I am humbled by his efforts. After receiving the U.S. Army’s Heritage and Education Center’s Robert L. and Robert C. Ruth Fellowship in 2012, Jeff Hawks, the Education Director, not only helped me navigate the vast holdings at Carlisle, but the town as well. His kindness toward my wife and daughter who met with me at lunch during the long days of research was truly heartfelt, and I thank him for making them feel welcome. At the very beginning of graduate school in 2010, Drs. Michael Lynch and Richard Sommers took a gamble and awarded me a U.S. Army Military History Institute General and Mrs. Matthew B. Ridgway Research Grant. Without this grant, I may not have pursued the project that ultimately led to my dissertation. Throughout this process, there were those who guided me through the hundreds of linear feet of archival material, telling me where to look, what to discard, and what was underused. There are too many of these archivists and historians to mention by name. Some have no idea of the impact they had on me, nor did I at the time. David Keough of the U.S. Army Military History Institute at Carlisle, Pennsylvania was the first archivist I ever met. His immeasurable knowledge of the archive’s holdings cannot be overstated. He guided me towards all the “right” sources, and, when he retired five years after I began my research, I was still referring to the notes I took when he spoke to me. Dr. Edgar Raines from the Center of Military History was another historian who sent me on a hunt to find original sources. He also sent numerous publications to me, and I am still honored that he invested his time in helping me. Dr. Timothy K. Nenninger, who is also vi the outside reader on my dissertation committee, sent me down all the right “rabbit holes” and shared information he compiled throughout his years of dedicated service at National Archives and Records Administration II in College Park, Maryland. Dr. Nenninger commented on a paper I presented at the 2011 Naval History Symposium, and from then on he has been one of my benefactors. The Marine Corps History Division and Marine Corps Archives personnel were no less instrumental in producing this dissertation. Chief Historian of the Marine Corps Chuck Melson and Reference Historian Annette Amerman were two of the people on whom I leaned the most. They answered my phone calls and emails, and sat with me for hours discussing my project. Annette sent me to Archivist Greg Cina of the Marine Corps Archives who guided me through the massive History Amphibious File Collection. Greg sent me digital copies of files when I had to leave my research trip early because my wife was sick. Although I did not know it at the time, it turned out to be morning sickness, signaling my wife’s second pregnancy, so Greg’s efforts made my stress level drastically lower. All of those, and many others who I did not mention, I owe an incredible debt. Dr. Urwin’s graduate students have a special bond. I do not know of any other graduate department where students could be competing for the same fellowship, grant, or award, and still help make each other’s proposals better. It was nothing for Dr. Martin Clemis and I to exchange helpful information while submitting for the same awards. When one of us finished the program and moved on, our friendship did not dwindle, and we always were ready to assist. Drs. Michael Dolski and Eric Klinek let me spend weeks with them free of charge in their hotel rooms to conduct research at National Archives and Records Administration II in College Park, Maryland. Dr. Dave Ulbrich has used vii every position he attained to help me advance my doctoral studies and professional life. Dr. Ulbrich is truly a selfless person, and I am grateful to call him my friend. Jean- Pierre Beugoms, Chris Golding, and Drs. Josh Wolf and Jason Smith have spent countless hours with me in cars and hotel rooms attending conferences, and endured my “type” of humor. We all brought our families together, attended each other’s weddings, dissertation defenses, parties, and have created lives together. I do not know where I would be without their support. Thank you. I was fortunate to be given a professorship at Valley Forge Military College while I was completing my doctorate. Dr. Kathleen Anderson took a chance on a young scholar who had a vision for creating innovative programs at the college. There are no words to describe the debt I owe her for bring me in as an assistant professor, and allowing me to stay in the field to complete my dissertation. Having a family and being a graduate student comes with a price, and if Dr. Anderson did not give me this position, I probably would have had to work outside academia, making my doctoral studies incalculably harder. My mentor and colleague at the college has been Dr. G. Patrick Murray, a Russell Weigley doctoral student. Dr. Murray walked me through many trying times when dissertation work conflicted with my professorial duties. Fortunately, he taught me how to become more efficient, freeing up more time for writing. Perhaps the most important thing Dr. Murray and his good friend Mr. Dennis Levitt did for me was to pay for a new air conditioning unit so I could write in my office when the heat was unbearable.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Eugene B. Sledge MBM August 2020 FINAL.Pdf (3.688
    HISTORY | LEGENDS Eugene B. Sledge and Mobile: 75 Years After “The War” Mobilian Eugene Sledge is recognized the world over as a USMC combat veteran of World War II, but there is even more to know, and admire, about “Ugin” of Georgia Cottage. text by AARON TREHUB • photos courtesy AUBURN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES xactly 75 years ago this spring, in May and June 1945, Mo- bile native and U.S. Marine Corps PFC Eugene Bondurant Sledge was fighting on Okinawa as a mortarman with Com- pany K, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment of the 1st Ma- Erine Division. Sledge was already a combat veteran by this time, having received his baptism of fire on Peleliu in September and October 1944. He was 21 years old. Years later, Sledge described the fighting on Okinawa in mid-May 1945 and the recurring nightmares that it inspired. “The increasing dread of going back into action obsessed me,” he wrote. “It became the subject of the most tortuous and persistent of all the ghastly war nightmares that have haunted me for many, many years. The dream is always the same, going back up to the lines during the bloody, muddy month of May on Okinawa. It remains blurred and vague, but oc- casionally still comes, even after the nightmares about the shock and violence of Peleliu have faded and been lifted from me like a curse.” Nightmares haunted Sledge for decades after the war: as a com- bat veteran and student attending Alabama Polytechnic Institute (Auburn University) on the G.I. Bill in the late 1940s; as a young husband and father pursuing graduate degrees at API and the Uni- versity of Florida in the late 1950s; and as a professor of biology at the University of Montevallo from the 1960s through the 1980s.
    [Show full text]
  • Colby Alumnus Vol. 60, No. 1: Fall 1970
    Colby College Digital Commons @ Colby Colby Alumnus Colby College Archives 1971 Colby Alumnus Vol. 60, No. 1: Fall 1970 Colby College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/alumnus Part of the Higher Education Commons Recommended Citation Colby College, "Colby Alumnus Vol. 60, No. 1: Fall 1970" (1971). Colby Alumnus. 72. https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/alumnus/72 This Other is brought to you for free and open access by the Colby College Archives at Digital Commons @ Colby. It has been accepted for inclusion in Colby Alumnus by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Colby. COLBY COLLEGE LIBRARY Waterville, Maine 0 The Issue Fall 1970 f/111111·111111111g . I ht· \H·tkc11d l11lo11gC'd to J. li1·el)e ancl \f,11\ Bi,ln, .111d \\ould h,t\L t\tll if tile footli.dl 1l·:1m h.tcl llJ"t'l tilt· mo.,l powtilttl Bowdo111 'lf"·'d i11 lll< lll\ a )l':1r. (l L Ill.II I) did.) I he pH·,ide11t t•111t·1 itm .111cl hi., wife were ho1101ecl 011 Colin l'\1g ht. .111d 1c,po11dul ''ith the w.umth, chatm :t11cl wit whith d1.11';1ttc111ccl the 18 \it.ti Bl\.kr )Car� at Colb)- (Pages 1-3) The /5Jul cl11.11 a11it•1·1 .. I'rt�idc11t .Strider, in his tradi­ tional aclcln·.,� lo f1c.,hmu1 011 tlwi1 f11.,t cl.n 011 c.tmpus. <lb- c m�td ,..-h:1l the tollege "ffu., .111cl \\h.1t <.111 be C\.pectcd of '>tudt•11L-.: i11tl'llcctu:tl ch.tllu1gl. \Oti.tl ad.1ptil1ilit) .•1 rc'>pect fot Colb) ·, hcrit.1gc .
    [Show full text]
  • The American Army Air Service During World War I's Hundred Days
    University of Washington Tacoma UW Tacoma Digital Commons History Undergraduate Theses History Winter 3-12-2020 The American Army Air Service During World War I's Hundred Days Offensive: Looking at Reconnaissance, Bombing and Pursuit Aviation in the Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Operations. Duncan Hamlin [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/history_theses Part of the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Hamlin, Duncan, "The American Army Air Service During World War I's Hundred Days Offensive: Looking at Reconnaissance, Bombing and Pursuit Aviation in the Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Operations." (2020). History Undergraduate Theses. 44. https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/history_theses/44 This Undergraduate Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the History at UW Tacoma Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Undergraduate Theses by an authorized administrator of UW Tacoma Digital Commons. The American Army Air Service During World War I's Hundred Days Offensive: Looking at Reconnaissance, Bombing and Pursuit Aviation in the Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Operations. A Senior Paper Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation Undergraduate History Program of the University of Washington By Duncan Hamlin University of Washington Tacoma 2020 Advisor: Dr. Nicoletta Acknowledgments I would first like to thank Dr. Burghart and Dr. Nicoletta for guiding me along with this project. This has been quite the process for me, as I have never had to write a paper this long and they both provided a plethora of sources, suggestions and answers when I needed them.
    [Show full text]
  • HOUSE of REPRESENTATIVES Charles K
    l1146 CQNGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE DECEMBER 8 Officers of the Supply Corps · Clifton B. Cates Lemuel C. Shepherd~ To Be Commanders Leo D. Hermie . Jr. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Charles K. Phillips To be brigadier generals MONDAY, DECEMBER 8, 1947 Allen .B. Reed, Jr. · Alfred H. Noble Omar T. Pfeiffer Officers of the Dentat Corps Graves B. Erskine William E. Riley The House met at 12 o'clock noon. To Be Commanders Louis E. Woods Merwin H. Silverthorn Franklin A. Hart Ray A. Robinson The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera John P. Jarabak Field Harris Gerald C. Thomas Montgomery, D. D., offered the follow­ Herman K. Rendtorff William J. Wallace Henry D. Linscott ing prayer: Robert D. Wyckoff Oliver P. Smith Dudley S. Brown Almighty God, our Father, we bring Officers of the line Robert Blake Robert H. Pepper our sins and our virtues into Thy re­ To Be Lieutenant Commanders William A. Worton William P. T. Hill William T. Clement Andrew E. Creesy vealing light and pray Thee to skill us John L. Hutchinson Ogle W. Price, Jr. Louis R. Jones Leonard E. Rea in those purposes which make for a world Walter F. V. Bennett William E. Hoppe John T. Walker Merritt B. Curtis of love, of contentment and peace. Be James F. Wheeler Robert M. Ross Francis A. Lewis William J. Hagerty The following-named officers for appoint­ not far away, but continue to create Frederick W. Zigler Harry S. Warren ment in the United States Marine Corps in within us the ·finest conceptions of duty Willard H. Davidson James H.
    [Show full text]
  • Spearhead-Fall-Winter-2019.Pdf
    Fall/Winter 2019 SpearheadOFFICIAL PUBLICATION of the 5TH MARINE DIVISION NEWS“Uncommon Valor was a Common Virtue” ASSOCIATION OCTOBER 22 - 25, 2020 71ST ANNUAL REUNION DALLAS, TEXAS Sons of Iwo vets take the helm of FMDA Bruce Hammond and statue in Semper Fi Tom Huffhines, both Memorial Park at the native Texans and sons Marine Corps War of Iwo Jima veterans Museum at Quantico, who previously (Triangle) Va., and served as Association had long worked with presidents and reunion the FMDA. hosts, were selected to Continuing his lead the Fifth Marine father’s work with the Division Association Association, President as president and vice Bruce Hammond said, president, respectively, “It is important that we for the next year. channel our passion, Additionally, move forward and lifetime FMDA mem- President Bruce Hammond and Vice President Tom Huffhines focus on our mission ber, Army helicopter for our Marine veterans.” pilot and Vietnam veteran John Powell volunteered to Vice President John Huffhines agreed and said, host the next FMDA reunion from Oct. 22-25, 2020, in “Communication with the membership, as good and Dallas. as often as possible, is extremely key to its existence. Hammond’s father, Ivan (5th JASCO), hosted the Stronger fundraising ideas and efforts should be the 2016 reunion in San Antonio, Texas, when John Butler main thing on each of our agendas.” was president, and in Houston, Texas, in 2009 when he Hammond graduated from the University of Texas, was president himself. Austin, in 1989 with a bachelor’s degree in psychology. Huffhines’ father, John (HS 2/3), hosted the 2006 He worked for 24 years as a well-site drilling-fluids reunion in Irving, Texas, when he was president.
    [Show full text]
  • Closingin.Pdf
    4: . —: : b Closing In: Marines in the Seizure of Iwo Jima by Colonel Joseph H. Alexander, USMC (Ret) unday, 4 March 1945,sion had finally captured Hill 382,infiltrators. The Sunday morning at- marked the end of theending its long exposure in "The Am-tacks lacked coordination, reflecting second week ofthe phitheater;' but combat efficiencythe division's collective exhaustion. U.S. invasion of Iwohad fallen to 50 percent. It wouldMost rifle companies were at half- Jima. By thispointdrop another five points by nightfall. strength. The net gain for the day, the the assault elements of the 3d, 4th,On this day the 24th Marines, sup-division reported, was "practically and 5th Marine Divisions were ex-ported by flame tanks, advanced anil." hausted,their combat efficiencytotalof 100 yards,pausingto But the battle was beginning to reduced to dangerously low levels.detonate more than a ton of explo-take its toll on the Japanese garrison The thrilling sight of the Americansives against enemy cave positions inaswell.GeneralTadamichi flag being raised by the 28th Marinesthat sector. The 23d and 25th Ma-Kuribayashi knew his 109th Division on Mount Suribachi had occurred 10rines entered the most difficult ter-had inflicted heavy casualties on the days earlier, a lifetime on "Sulphurrain yet encountered, broken groundattacking Marines, yet his own loss- Island." The landing forces of the Vthat limited visibility to only a fewes had been comparable.The Ameri- Amphibious Corps (VAC) had al-feet. can capture of the key hills in the ready sustained 13,000 casualties, in- Along the western flank, the 5thmain defense sector the day before cluding 3,000 dead.
    [Show full text]
  • WHO's WHO in the WAR in EUROPE the War in Europe 7 CHARLES DE GAULLE
    who’s Who in the War in Europe (National Archives and Records Administration, 342-FH-3A-20068.) POLITICAL LEADERS Allies FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT When World War II began, many Americans strongly opposed involvement in foreign conflicts. President Roosevelt maintained official USneutrality but supported measures like the Lend-Lease Act, which provided invaluable aid to countries battling Axis aggression. After Pearl Harbor and Germany’s declaration of war on the United States, Roosevelt rallied the country to fight the Axis powers as part of the Grand Alliance with Great Britain and the Soviet Union. (Image: Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-128765.) WINSTON CHURCHILL In the 1930s, Churchill fiercely opposed Westernappeasement of Nazi Germany. He became prime minister in May 1940 following a German blitzkrieg (lightning war) against Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. He then played a pivotal role in building a global alliance to stop the German juggernaut. One of the greatest orators of the century, Churchill raised the spirits of his countrymen through the war’s darkest days as Germany threatened to invade Great Britain and unleashed a devastating nighttime bombing program on London and other major cities. (Image: Library of Congress, LC-USW33-019093-C.) JOSEPH STALIN Stalin rose through the ranks of the Communist Party to emerge as the absolute ruler of the Soviet Union. In the 1930s, he conducted a reign of terror against his political opponents, including much of the country’s top military leadership. His purge of Red Army generals suspected of being disloyal to him left his country desperately unprepared when Germany invaded in June 1941.
    [Show full text]
  • A Chronology of the UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS 1965
    MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL REFERENCE PAMPHLE T A Chronology Of The UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS 1965-1969 VOLUME I V HISTORICAL DIVISION HEADQUARTERS, U . S. MARINE CORP S WASHINGTON, D. C. 1971 HQMC 08JUNO2 ERRATUM to A CHRONOLOGY OF USMC (SFTBOUND ) 1965-1969 1 . Change the distribution PCN read 19000318100 "vice" 19000250200. DISTRIBUTION: PCN 19000318180 PCN 19000318180 A CHRONOLOGY OF THE UNITED STATE S MARINE -CORPS, 1965-196 9 VOLUME I V B Y GABRIELLE M . NEUFEL D Historical Divisio n Headquarters, United States Marine Corp s Washington, D . C . 20380 197 1 PCN 19000318100 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAV Y HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS WASHINGTON . D . C. 20380 Prefac e This is the fourth volume of a chronology of Marin e Corps activities which cover the history of the U . S . Marines . It is derived from unclassified official record s and suitable published contemporary works . This chronology is published for the information o f all interested in Marine Corps activities during the perio d 1965-1969 and is dedicated to those Marines who participate d in the. events listed . J . R . C H Lieute O" General, U . S . Marine Corp s Chief of Staf f Reviewed and approved : 2 September 1971 ABOUT THE AUTHO R Gabrielle M . Neufeld has been a member of the staff o f the Historical Division since January 1969 . At the presen t time she is a historian in the Reference Branch of th e Division . She received her B .A . in history from Mallory College, Rockville Centre, N .Y ., and her M .A . in Easter n history from Georgetown University, Washington, D .
    [Show full text]
  • WWII Pacific PP.Pdf
    Short Documentaries on War in the Pacific • The Pacific: Historical Background Part 1 (HBO) • The Pacific: Anatomy of a War (HBO) Japanese Aggression Builds • In the early 1900s Japan had a severe lack of natural resources. • Their plan was to invade and conquer neighboring lands that had the natural resources that they wanted. • Japanese expansion in East Asia began in 1931 with the invasion of Manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on China. • On September 27, 1940, Japan signed a pact with Germany and Italy, thus entering the military alliance known as the “Axis Powers.” • The United States wanted to curb Japan Vs. the Japan’s aggressive actions. • They also wanted to force a United States withdrawal of Japanese forces from Manchuria and China. • So, the United States imposed economic sanctions on Japan. • Japan now faced severe shortages of oil, along with their shortage of other natural resources. • The Japanese were also driven by the ambition to displace the United States as the dominant Pacific power. • To solve these issues, Japan decided to attack the United States and British forces in Asia and seize the resources of Southeast Asia. Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor • However, because America is bigger and more powerful than Japan, a surprise assault is the only realistic way to defeat the U.S. • Japanese planes attacked Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands on December 7, 1941. • When the first Japanese bombs struck Pearl Harbor shortly before eight in the morning, the American forces were utterly unprepared. • Anchored ships, such as the Nevada, the Utah, and the Arizona, provided easy targets for bombs and torpedoes.
    [Show full text]
  • %E Fftwida !/Late O!Hu~T'1l
    A RCH1VES f. S. U. LIBRARY .%e fftwida !/late O!hu~t'1l YatuIJldall1 ~ .A{nth" Jf/~ Yt:nriPed ff+e~t GRADUATION EXERCISES Westcott Auditorium Saturday Afternoon, August Ninth, Three o'Clock PRO CE S SI 0 N AL ____________ __ ______ ________ __________ __ ______________ __ ____ _______ _________ H andel Ramona Cruikshank Beard, Organist INVOCATION _______________ ________ __ ~ ________ ___ _______ __ __ __ ______________ EDWIN R. HARTZ Chaplain, The Florida State University SPECIAL MUSIC "The Shepherd on the Rock" ___________________ __ __________ __ ______ ____ 8chubert Edith Campbell Kaup. Soprano Harry Schmidt, Clarinet Robert Glotzbach, Piano AD D RE S S __ _____________ _______ ___ __ _____________________ ____ ___________ ___ __CHARLES S. D AVIS Dean of the Faculties, The Florida State University CONFERRING OF DEGREES _____ __________ __ __ Robert Manning Strozier President, The Florida State University BE NE D I CTI 0 N ____________ _________ ________________ _____ ____ ______________ ____________ MR. HARTZ RE CESS IONAL ___ __ __ ______ ___ ________ _____ ___________ __ -----___________ _______________ _____ 8 tan ley Mrs. Beard, Organist President and Mrs. Stozier invite the graduates, members of their families, and friends to a reception in the President's Home after the graduation exercises. ACADEMIC REGALIA Three academic degrees are generally recognized: the bachelor, the master, and the doctor. The name of each degree seems to have been determined by medieval university custom. The bachelor's degree, the baccalaureate, takes its name directly from the medieval practice of "bachelors" wearing a garland of bayberries. The master's degree was equivalent to a license to teach, and sometimes was followed by the express words Licentia Docendi.
    [Show full text]
  • Purple Heart - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Page 1 of 12
    Purple Heart - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 12 Purple Heart From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Purple Heart is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the President to Purple Heart those wounded or killed, while serving, on or after April 5, 1917, with the U.S. military. With its forerunner, the Badge of Military Merit, which took the form of a heart made of purple cloth, the Purple Heart is the oldest military award still given to U.S. military members; the only earlier award being the obsolete Fidelity Medallion. The National Purple Heart Hall of Honor is located in New Windsor, New York. Contents ◾ 1 History ◾ 2 Criteria Purple Heart ◾ 3 Appearance Awarded by United States Armed Forces ◾ 4 Devices Type Military medal (Decoration) ◾ 5 Presentation Eligibility Military personnel ◾ 6 Requests Awarded for "Being wounded or killed in any action against an enemy of the ◾ 6.1 Retroactive requests United States or as a result of an ◾ 6.2 Destroyed record requests act of any such enemy or ◾ 7 Notable recipients opposing armed forces" ◾ 7.1 Most Purple Heart awards Status Currently awarded ◾ 8 In popular culture Statistics ◾ 9 See also First awarded February 22, 1932 Total awarded Approximately 1,910,162 (as of ◾ 10 References 5 June 2010) [1] ◾ 11 External links Precedence Next (higher) Bronze Star Medal [2] History Next (lower) Defense Meritorious Service Medal [2] The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit, was established by George Washington—then the commander-in-chief of the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart 6/ 17/ 2014 Purple Heart - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 2 of 12 Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York headquarters on August 7, 1782.
    [Show full text]
  • EXTENSIONS of REMARKS November 10, 1993 EXTENSIONS of REMARKS
    29012 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS November 10, 1993 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS WELFARE REFORM Today, either through ignorance or apathy, sponsored by a Democrat, African-American parents are failing to get their children immu­ Assemblyman, adopted by New Jersey's HON. MARGE ROUKEMA nized, making these children the victims. The Democratic legislature, and signed into law by OF NEW JERSEY Roukema amendment requires that parents, in a Democratic Governor. The Bush administra­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES order to qualify for AFDC benefits, must have tion gave Federal approval to this provision their children properly immunized and up to last year. This was a key component of New Wednesday, November 10, 1993 date on the vaccinations. My amendment Jersey's pioneering welfare reform package of Mrs. ROUKEMA. Mr. Speaker, I am pleased makes State compliance mandatory. 2 years ago, and garnered national attention. to join with over 150 of my Republican col­ In addition, our bill requires that day care Perhaps most important, earlier this week, leagues this morning in introducing com­ and child care centers which receive Federal New Jersey's welfare administration reported prehensive welfare reform legislation. moneys must certify that these same immuni­ that in the first 2 months of this program, preg­ The legislation we introduce today address­ zation requirements are met before enrolling a nancies among welfare mothers decreased 18 es the central crisis of our welfare system; child. percent. This fact alone indicates that these namely, that welfare was intended to be a For generations we have taken this ap­ provisions must be included in any full-scale temporary safety net-not a perpetual web of proach in requiring immunizations for school reform that comes before the House of Rep­ dependency.
    [Show full text]