DOCSLIB.ORG

Shallow Alluvial Aquifers for SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION (With Referen.Ce to Zimbabwe)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Shallow Alluvial Aquifers for SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION (With Referen.Ce to Zimbabwe) "1he use of Shallow Alluvial Aquifers for SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION (with referen.ce to Zimbabwe) t -=--- =-.!.....: - --~-'I- - -- - -- t t --=-~-----=-=------==!F-= - --- -- t t H --------- j+ - -- ------- -----------_------ it . .... '. '. ' . ' . t t . .' '. '. .... .... ... t t _.;...;,...... _~ ... "",: ,.;' .,;.... ...... ~ '. '. t t - ,.,..,..."""" -r '""V'" -.r _,..",. ,....,..,...,.. """""'" "...,.. ................... "..."...,.,..-r,..".. t t ,...."-,....,,.... ,..,.. .,..,.."..,.. "'\I- .......... ,........ .."...,..,.. ,..,.. t ,...,.............. ~~ ,...,..-,.. """-IY"" -r -.r -.r" -.r -r -r,;::(2.... t t -.,. ~ -.,-. ,...,.. ..... -.-........ ..."... -.". -r .......... -.r ,..,.. ,.."... -r""" -.... i -.,. """"~ "'Y""....,. "'-~ ...,-...,.. ",.,.. ,.".. "V" ,.."..,.",. ,.". ,.",.. -r ......... t t "",,,,,,"""V ........ -r ........ ....,.. -v-r~""'" t t t -- "Y"__ ............. --"'" -rv.... __ V' y-.r -or ,.,...r~ ' t t t t t -tttttttttt tttttttttittttt tt t ttit t tttt t ttt tittt tttt. i tt ttt tttttttttttttttttttttl t tt tt t t t t t t t . t t t t t t t r tit i t 1- t tt t t +t t t tt t ttt-tttttt ttt t j t t t t t t t L/IIIIVERSITY OF ZIM8ABWE 1989 t t 1- \ t t t t t t t t t t SOUTHAMPTON UNIVERSITY t t t t r i t t t tt t-\tt tttt tttHttttttttttHt THE USE OF SHALLOW ALLUVIAL AQUIFERS FOR SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION with reference to Zimbabwe by Richard 1. S. OWEN. Senior Research Fellow Civil Engineering Department. University of Zimbabwe. in association with: Janusz Rydzewslci Director, InstitUle of Irrigation Studies. Southampton University. UK. Alan Windram Irrigation Consultant. Zimbabwe. Final Repon of ODA Project R4239. November 1989 SUMMARY This report presents the results ora research projcctjoinLly funded by the University of Zimbabwe (UZ) and the Overseas Development Administration (ODA) of UK. The wor1c was carried out by !.he Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zimbabwe with supervision from the Institute of Irrigation Studies (liS), University of Southampton. It arosc from the concept of shallow ground-water as a widely dispersed, easily cx.pioiLed water resource and complements other ODA-UZ funded research such as the Dambo (wcLJand) Project and the Simple Irrigation Pumps project 'The report investigated shallow alluvial aquifers associated with present day river systems in the communal areas of Zimbabwc. The purpose afLhe investigation was to ascertain the extent of the walCrresourccs in these aquifers and to establish their suitability for use in small scale irrigation development projects. The occurrence of alluvial deposits in the specified areas has been mapped using aerial photography and parameters relating to their deposition have been identified. AQuifervolumcs and available water resources have tx:en estimated. Two alluvial aquifers havc becn developed using different tcehniques of drilling and well digging. These excavations have been geologically logged and the aquifer sediments have tx:en sieve analysed. TIle holes have been pump tested to ascertain well yields and water samples have been tested for irrigation water qUality. Agricultural soil surveys and geophysical surveys have been carried oulon these two aquifers. Different types of manual pumps were installed and small garden irrigation systems were developed. The institutional and community aspects of this type of development have been considered. The report is intended to fonn the basis for the funherdevelopmem ofinfonnal garden/subsistence irrigation from shallow ground water in alluvial aquifers. b CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS vii LIST OF APPENDlCIES VIII PREFACE ix Participants and Staffing. Funding. Duration. Structure of Report. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION. J. 1 Zimbabwe. Climate and Agm-ecological EnvironmenL 1.2 AgriculturaJ Production in Zimbabwe. 4 1.2. 1 Role of Irrigation. 4 1.3 Demand for Agriculural Produce. 6 1.4 Objectives of the Research. 7 1.5 Review of Similar DcvelpomenlS. 8 J .5. ) Infonnal Irrigation Develpomcm. 8 1.5.2 Irrigation Systems using Shallow Ground-water. 9 GIAPTER 2: METHODS FOR LOCATING ALLUVIAL AQUIFERS. 11 2.1 Definition of Alluvia] Aquifers. 1I 2.2 Review of Available Techniques. 11 2.2. 1 Macro-survey of the Occurcncc of Alluvial Aquifers. 12 2.2.2 Geometry and Physical Characteristics of Alluvium. 12 2.2.3 Techniques for Exploiling Alluvial Aquifers. 14 2.2.4 Quantification of the Water Resources. 14 2.3 Reasons for Methodology Adopted. 15 CHAPTER 3: RESOURCE INVESTIGATION. 17 3.1 Desk Study. 17 3.1.1 Literature Review. 17 3.1.2 Map Studies. 18 3. 1.3 Aerial Photography Analysis. 20 3.2 Field Invcstigations. 23 3.2.1 Geological and Geomorphological Invcstigations. 23 3.2.2 Sediment Sampling. 24 3.2.3 Water Sampling. 24 3.2.4 Physical Probing and Hand Augering. 24 3.2.5 Geophysical Investigalions. 24 iv CHAPTER 4: ALLUVIAL AQUIFER OCCURRENCE IN ZIMBABWE. 27 4.1 Factors Effecting the Distribution of Alluvium. 27 4.1.1 Mature River Alluvium. 28 4.1.2 Scarp Alluvium. 29 4.1.3 Kalahari Sand Alluvium. 30 4.2 The Distribution of Alluvium in Zimbabwe. 30 4.3 The Characteristics of Alluvial Sediments. 32 4.3.1 Sieve Analysis of Alluvial Sedimcnts. 35 4.3.2 The Alluvial Sedimentary Column. 41 4.4 The Geometry of Alluvial Dcplsits. 44 4.4.1 Geophysical Analysis of Alluvial Geometry. 49 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS: WATER RESOURCES ESTIMATES. 54 5.1 The Irrigation PmcnLial of Saturated Alluvial Aquifers. 54 5.2 The Specific Yield of the Aquifers. 56 5.2.1 Comparison of Sand Size Analyses. 56 5.2.2 Pump TcSI Data. 57 5.2.3 Application of Specific Yield Data. 59 5.3 Recharge. 60 5.4 Water Storage and Aquifer Losses. 66 5.4.1 Evaporation. 66 5.4.2 Transpiration and Seepage. 66 5.4.3 Groundwalcr Flow. 68 5.4.4 Aquifer Models. 68 5.5 Well Yield s. 70 5.6 Water Quality. 73 CHAPTER 6: WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS AND COSTS. 75 6.1 Alluvial Plains. 75 6.1.1 Dug WcBs. 75 6.1.2 Hand Drilled WeD s. 78 6.1.3 M otorized Drilling. 80 6.1.4 Collector Wells. 81 6.2 Alluvial Olanncls. 81 6.2.1 Channel Wells. 82 6.2.2 Channel Tube Wells. 83 6.2.3 Drive Points. 83 6.2.4 Groundwatcr Dams. 84 6.2.5 Infiltration Galleries. 85 6.3 WeLl Completion. 86 6.3.1 Screening. 86 6.3.2 Filter Packs. 87 6.3.3 Well Dcvclpoment. 87 v CHAPTER 7.POTENTIAL OF ALLUVIAL WATER FOR IRRIGATION. 89 7. 1 Agricultural Conditions. 89 7.1.1 Sites without Alluvial Plains. 89 7.1.2 Alluvial Plain Sites. 89 7.2 Pumping Technologies. 90 7.2.1 Sites without Alluvial Plains. 90 7.2.2 Alluvial Plain Sites. 94 7.2.3 Costs of Pumping. 96 7.3 Irrigation System Designs. 96 CHAPTER 8: STRATEGIES FOR RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT. 98 8. 1 Development Costs. 98 8.2 Legislation. 98 8.3 Local Government Agencies and Non Governmental Organisations. 100 8.4 A Development Strategy. 101 8.5 Integrated Rural Development. 102 CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 103 9.1 Alluvial Water Resources. 103 9.2 Irrigation Devclpoment. 103 9.3 Futhcr Studies. 104 REFERENCES \07 APPENDICES VOLUME (The material in this volume is very site-specific. so only a few copies are available. Anyone interested should contact Mr Richard Owen, Department of Geology. University of Zimbabwe. PO Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Hararc. Zimbabwe.) Appendix A: An Atlas of Alluvial Aquifers in Zimbabwe 3 Appendix B: Sieve Analyses of Alluvial Samples 173 Appendix C: Geophysical Surveys of the Projcct Areas 185 Appendix 0: Alluvial Water Quality 191 Appendix E: Alluvial Soils 195 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Natural Regions and Agriculture. 3 Table 1.2 The Distribution of the Natural Regions. 4 Table 1.3 Irrigation in Zimbabwe. 6 Table 3.1 Irrigation Schemes in Zimbabwe using Alluvial Water. 18 Table 5.1 Irrigation Potential from Alluvial Aquifers in the Communal Areas of Zimbabwe. 55 Table 5.2 Alluvial Aquifer Data from Botswana. 57 Table 5.3 Test Pump Rcsuhs from Groolvlci, Zimbabwe. 58 Table 5.4 Average Alluvia] Aquifer Values in Bauchi State. Nigeria. 59 Table 5.5 Average Specific Yield Values used for Alluvial Aquifers in Zimbabwe. 60 Table 5.6 Water Resources in Channel Aquifers at Different Levels of Depiction. 70 Table 5.7 Yields of Wells in Lhe Ruodc and Scssami Project Areas. 72 Table 5.8 Summary of Water Quality Results. 74 Table 6.1 Comparison between Otanncl and Alluvial Plain Wells. 75 Table 6.2 Comparison between Dug and Drilled Wells. 81 Table 6.3 Yiclds from Olanncl BorehoJcs, MahaJapyc River, OOL'iwana. 83 Tablc 6.4 % Open Area for PVC Screens in Zimbabwc. 86 Tablc 7.1 Cost Analysis of Pumping Systcms. 96 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig 1.1 Monthly Rainfall Deficits for the Rainy Season in Zimbabwe. 2 Fig 1.2 Natura] Regions and Fanning Areas in Zimbabwe. 5 Fig 4.1 Example of a 250 000 Map Sheet. 31 Fig 4.2 Alluvial Provinces in Zimbabwe. 33 Fig 4.3 TypeS of Alluvial Deposit. 35 Fig 4.4 Estimated Values of Hydraulic Conductivity (K) Based on Grain Size Distribution. 37 Fig 4.5 Comparison of Botswana and Zimbabwe Grading Curves for Typical Alluvial Channel Sands. 38 Fig 4.6 Alluvial Channel Sand. Runde River. 39 Fig 4.7 Channel Sand from Borehole on AUuviai Plain. Runde River. 39 Fig 4.8 Fining Upward Alluvial Deposit. 40 Fig 4.9 Cross-bedded AUuvial Sand of Kalahari/Scarp Origin. 40 Fig 4.10(a, b) Stylized Borehole Logs of lhe Alluvial Sequences at the Project Areas. 42/43 Fig 4.1 1(a-d) Common Types of Alluvial Deposits found in Zimbabwe. 45/46 Fig 4.12 Typical Longitudinal and Cross-sections from a Botswana Sand River. 47 Fig 4.13 Seismic Cross-section through the Runde River Project Area. 50 Fig 4.14 Seismic Cross-section through the Sessami River Project Area.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mississippi Alluvial Plain
    Mississippi Alluvial Plain Physical description This riverine ecoregion extends along the Mississippi River, south to the Gulf of Mexico. It is mostly a flat, broad floodplain with river terraces and levees providing the main elements of relief. Soils tend to be poorly drained, except for the areas of sandy soils. Locations with deep, fertile soils are sometimes extremely dense and poorly drained. The combination of flat terrain and poor drainage creates conditions suitable for wetlands. Bottomland deciduous forest vegetation covered the region before much of it was cleared for cultivation. Winters are mild and summers are hot. The wetlands of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain are an internationally important winter habitat for migratory waterfowl. The White River National Wildlife Refuge alone offers migration habitat to upwards of 10,000 Canada geese and 300,000 ducks every year. These large numbers account for one-third of the total found in Arkansas, and 10% of the waterfowl found in the Mississippi Flyway. At one time, wetlands were very abundant across the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. The decline in wetlands began several centuries ago when the first ditches were dug to drain extensive areas. Clearing bottomland hardwood forests for agriculture and other activities resulted in the loss of more than 70% of the original wetlands. Presently, most of the ecoregion is agricultural, cleared of natural vegetation and drained by a system of ditches. Dominant vegetation On the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, changes in elevation of only a few inches can result in great differences in soil saturation characteristics, and therefore the species of plants that thrive.
    [Show full text]
  • How Geography "Mapped" East Asia, Part One: China by Craig Benjamin, Big History Project, Adapted by Newsela Staff on 01.26.17 Word Count 1,354 Level 1020L
    How Geography "Mapped" East Asia, Part One: China By Craig Benjamin, Big History Project, adapted by Newsela staff on 01.26.17 Word Count 1,354 Level 1020L TOP: The Stalagmite Gang peaks at the East Sea area of Huangshan mountain in China. Photo by: Education Images/UIG via Getty Images MIDDLE: Crescent Moon Lake and oasis in the middle of the desert. Photo by: Tom Thai, Flickr. BOTTOM: Hukou Waterfall in the Yellow River. Photo by: Wikimedia The first in a two-part series In what ways did geography allow for the establishment of villages and towns — some of which grew into cities — in various regions of East Asia? What role did climate play in enabling powerful states and civilizations to appear in some areas while other locations remained better suited for a nomadic lifestyle? Let's begin to answer these questions with a story about floods in China. China's two great rivers — the Yangtze and the Yellow — have flooded regularly for as long as we can measure in the historical and geological record. Catastrophic floodwaters This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. Nothing can compare, though, to the catastrophic floods of August 19, 1931. The Yangtze river rose an astonishing 53 feet above its normal level in just one day. It unleashed some of the most destructive floodwaters ever seen. The floods were caused by a "perfect storm" of conditions. Monsoon rains, heavy snowmelt, and unexpected rains pounded huge areas of southern China. All this water poured into the Yangtze. The river rose and burst its banks for hundreds of miles.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecoregions of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain
    92° 91° 90° 89° 88° Ecoregions of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Cape Girardeau 73cc 72 io Ri Ecoregions denote areas of general similarity in ecosystems and in the type, quality, and quantity of This level III and IV ecoregion map was compiled at a scale of 1:250,000 and depicts revisions and Literature Cited: PRINCIPAL AUTHORS: Shannen S. Chapman (Dynamac Corporation), Oh ver environmental resources; they are designed to serve as a spatial framework for the research, subdivisions of earlier level III ecoregions that were originally compiled at a smaller scale (USEPA Bailey, R.G., Avers, P.E., King, T., and McNab, W.H., eds., 1994, Omernik, J.M., 1987, Ecoregions of the conterminous United States (map Barbara A. Kleiss (USACE, ERDC -Waterways Experiment Station), James M. ILLINOIS assessment, management, and monitoring of ecosystems and ecosystem components. By recognizing 2003, Omernik, 1987). This poster is part of a collaborative effort primarily between USEPA Region Ecoregions and subregions of the United States (map) (supplementary supplement): Annals of the Association of American Geographers, v. 77, no. 1, Omernik, (USEPA, retired), Thomas L. Foti (Arkansas Natural Heritage p. 118-125, scale 1:7,500,000. 71 the spatial differences in the capacities and potentials of ecosystems, ecoregions stratify the VII, USEPA National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (Corvallis, Oregon), table of map unit descriptions compiled and edited by McNab, W.H., and Commission), and Elizabeth O. Murray (Arkansas Multi-Agency Wetland Bailey, R.G.): Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Agriculture - Forest Planning Team). 37° environment by its probable response to disturbance (Bryce and others, 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristics of the Distribution-Initiation-Motion-And
    Characteristics of the Distribution, Initiation, Motion, and Evolution of the Thunderstorms over the Yangtze River Delta Region DAI Jianhua*, TAO Lan, and SUN Min Shanghai Central Meteorological Observatory China Meteorological Administration Shanghai, China * [email protected] Abstract —Using the WSR-88D Doppler Weather radar and Topography, surface features and the urban heat island all the Vaisala lightning detection data, some characteristics (the play important roles in YRD’s weather. In the YRD, for spatiotemporal distributions and motion features) of example like Shanghai, receives an average annual rainfall of thunderstorms over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region are 1,200 mm; nearly 60% of the precipitation comes during the investigated. Local storms tend to be cluster over cities, isolated April-September warm season. During July and September, mountains or hills, and water-land borders. Storm intensifying thunderstorms with lightning strikes, heavy rain, hail and centers are found about 10-30 km downwind of the city centers, damaging winds (squalls) become frequent. On average there while the medium-path storms also show a downwind effect with are 15 rainy days and 8 thunderstorm days per month in the a distance of from medium-sized cities and centers of larger cities warm seasons. about 10 km farther than those of local storms. In Shanghai, sea- breeze front is found to be more important for local Using the WSR-88D Doppler Weather radar and the thunderstorm initiation and development than the urban heat Vaisala lightning detection data, some characteristics (the island effect. Vertical structure of storm cell and lightning spatiotemporal distributions and motion features) of activity during the evolutionary stages of several types of thunderstorms over the Yangtze River Delta region are thunderstorms are also analyzed, and a basic conceptual model investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • “Major World Deltas: a Perspective from Space
    “MAJOR WORLD DELTAS: A PERSPECTIVE FROM SPACE” James M. Coleman Oscar K. Huh Coastal Studies Institute Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………4 Major River Systems and their Subsystem Components……………………..4 Drainage Basin………………………………………………………..7 Alluvial Valley………………………………………………………15 Receiving Basin……………………………………………………..15 Delta Plain…………………………………………………………...22 Deltaic Process-Form Variability: A Brief Summary……………………….29 The Drainage Basin and The Discharge Regime…………………....29 Nearshore Marine Energy Climate And Discharge Effectiveness…..29 River-Mouth Process-Form Variability……………………………..36 DELTA DESCRIPTIONS…………………………………………………………..37 Amu Darya River System………………………………………………...…45 Baram River System………………………………………………………...49 Burdekin River System……………………………………………………...53 Chao Phraya River System……………………………………….…………57 Colville River System………………………………………………….……62 Danube River System…………………………………………………….…66 Dneiper River System………………………………………………….……74 Ebro River System……………………………………………………..……77 Fly River System………………………………………………………...…..79 Ganges-Brahmaputra River System…………………………………………83 Girjalva River System…………………………………………………….…91 Krishna-Godavari River System…………………………………………… 94 Huang He River System………………………………………………..……99 Indus River System…………………………………………………………105 Irrawaddy River System……………………………………………………113 Klang River System……………………………………………………...…117 Lena River System……………………………………………………….…121 MacKenzie River System………………………………………………..…126 Magdelena River System……………………………………………..….…130
    [Show full text]
  • Alluvial Fans
    GY 111 Lecture Notes D. Haywick (2008-09) 1 GY 111 Lecture Note Series Sedimentary Environments 1: Alluvial Fans Lecture Goals A) Depositional/Sedimentary Environments B) Alluvial fan depositional environments C) Sediment and rocks that form on alluvial fans Reference: Press et al., 2004, Chapter 7; Grotzinger et al., 2007, Chapter 18, p 449 GY 111 Lab manual Chapter 3 Note: At this point in the course, my version of GY 111 starts to diverge a bit from my colleagues. I tend to focus a bit more on sedimentary processes then they do mostly because we live in an area that is dominated by sedimentation and I figure that you should be as familiar as possible with the subject. As it turns out, the web notes are also more comprehensive than what you'll find in your text book A) Depositional/sedimentary environments Last time we met, we discussed how sediment moved from one place to another. Remember that sediment is produced in a lot of different locations, but it seldom stays where it is produced. The action of water, wind and ice transport it from the sediment source to the sediment sink. The variety of sediment sinks that exist on the planet is truly amazing. There are river basins, lakes, deserts, lagoons, swamps, deltas, beaches, barrier islands, reefs, continental shelves, the abyssal plains (very deep!), trenches (even deeper!) etc. As we discussed last time, these places are called depositional environments (also known as sedimentary environments). Each depositional environment may also have several subdivisions. For example, there are open beaches, sheltered beaches, shingle beaches, sand beaches, strandline beaches, even mud beaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Geography of the Punjab
    19 Gosal: Physical Geography of Punjab Physical Geography of the Punjab G. S. Gosal Formerly Professor of Geography, Punjab University, Chandigarh ________________________________________________________________ Located in the northwestern part of the Indian sub-continent, the Punjab served as a bridge between the east, the middle east, and central Asia assigning it considerable regional importance. The region is enclosed between the Himalayas in the north and the Rajputana desert in the south, and its rich alluvial plain is composed of silt deposited by the rivers - Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chanab and Jhelam. The paper provides a detailed description of Punjab’s physical landscape and its general climatic conditions which created its history and culture and made it the bread basket of the subcontinent. ________________________________________________________________ Introduction Herodotus, an ancient Greek scholar, who lived from 484 BCE to 425 BCE, was often referred to as the ‘father of history’, the ‘father of ethnography’, and a great scholar of geography of his time. Some 2500 years ago he made a classic statement: ‘All history should be studied geographically, and all geography historically’. In this statement Herodotus was essentially emphasizing the inseparability of time and space, and a close relationship between history and geography. After all, historical events do not take place in the air, their base is always the earth. For a proper understanding of history, therefore, the base, that is the earth, must be known closely. The physical earth and the man living on it in their full, multi-dimensional relationships constitute the reality of the earth. There is no doubt that human ingenuity, innovations, technological capabilities, and aspirations are very potent factors in shaping and reshaping places and regions, as also in giving rise to new events, but the physical environmental base has its own role to play.
    [Show full text]
  • MIS 6) Loess (Dust) Accumulation in the Lower Danube at Harletz (Bulgaria
    Quaternary Science Reviews 207 (2019) 80e100 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quascirev A remarkable Late Saalian (MIS 6) loess (dust) accumulation in the Lower Danube at Harletz (Bulgaria) * Pierre Antoine a, , France Lagroix b, Diana Jordanova c, Neli Jordanova c, Johanna Lomax d, Markus Fuchs d, Maxime Debret e, Denis-Didier Rousseau f, g, Christine Hatte h, Caroline Gauthier h, Olivier Moine a, Samuel N. Taylor b, Jessica L. Till b, i, Sylvie Coutard j, a a Laboratoire de Geographie Physique: Environnements Quaternaires et Actuels, CNRS-Univ. Paris 1-UPEC, 92195, Meudon, France b Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Univ Paris Diderot, UMR 7154 CNRS, 75005, Paris, France c National Institute of Geophysics, Geodesy and Geography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 3, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria d Department of Geography, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35390, Giessen, Germany e UFR Sciences et Techniques, Universite de Rouen, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France f Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique, UMR CNRS-ENS 8539, Institute Pierre Simon Laplace, IPSL, Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL) Research University, 75231, Paris, France g Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA h Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France i Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland j INRAP Hauts-de-France, 32 Avenue de l’Etoile du Sud, 80440, Glisy, France article info abstract Article history: While numerous high-resolution studies concerning Last Glacial aeolian sequences are available for Received 16 April 2018 Europe, the approach of the penultimate glacial in this geographical area is still poorly developed.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluvial Landscapes of the Harappan Civilization PNAS PLUS
    Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization PNAS PLUS Liviu Giosana,1, Peter D. Cliftb,2, Mark G. Macklinc, Dorian Q. Fullerd, Stefan Constantinescue, Julie A. Durcanc, Thomas Stevensf, Geoff A. T. Dullerc, Ali R. Tabrezg, Kavita Gangalh, Ronojoy Adhikarii, Anwar Alizaib, Florin Filipe, Sam VanLaninghamj, and James P. M. Syvitskik aGeology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543; bSchool of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, United Kingdom; cInstitute of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DB, United Kingdom; dInstitute of Archaeology, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom; eDepartment of Geography, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, 70709, Romania; fDepartment of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom; gNational Institute of Oceanography, Karachi, 75600, Pakistan; hSchool of Mathematics and Statistics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom; iThe Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai 600 113, India; jSchool of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220; and kCommunity Surface Dynamics Modeling System (CSDMS) Integration Facility, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0545 Edited by Charles S. Spencer, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, and approved March 20, 2012 (received for review August 5, 2011) The collapse of the Bronze Age Harappan,
    [Show full text]
  • Front Cover.Pub
    AUTOCYCLIC AND ALLOCYCLIC CONTROLS ON THE ORIGIN OF THE DUNKARD GROUP Cecil, C. Blaine, William DiMichele, Nick Fedorko, and Vik Skema INTRODUCTION Beerbower (1964) developed the concepts of autocyclic and allocyclic controls on sedimentation and stratigraphy on the basis of his work on the origin of the Dunkard Group and the voluminous previous work on the origin of Pennsylvanian cyclothems (Beerbower, 1961). According to Beerbower (1964) autocyclic processes include the redistribution of energy and materials within a sedimentary system such as stream meandering, channel avulsion, delta switching, etc. In contrast, allocyclic processes include changes in energy and materials within a sedimentary system induced by processes external to the sedimentary system. Allocyclic processes include eustatic, tectonic, and climatic change. Beerbower (1969, p. 1843) summarized his concepts as follows: In a general sedimentary model, cyclic deposits may be regarded as autocyclic or allocyclic (Beerbower, 1964, p. 32). The former are generated changes in sedimentary environment inherent in the sedimentation process, for example, delta switching. The latter are independent of particular depositional events, are generated outside the depositional unit and include tectonic, eustatic, and climatic cycles. Therefore, full interpretation of an alluvial cyclic deposit requires separation of autocyclic and allocyclic phenomena and isolation of the several particular causes of cyclicity. The concepts of autocyclic and allocyclic processes are perhaps the most powerful diagnostic methods available to stratigraphers and sedimentologists for the analysis of the origin of sedimentary rocks because these concepts provide a comprehensive, integrated, diagnostic, analytical framework (e.g., Busch and Rollins, 1984). Sequence stratigraphy, which has come into vogue amongst stratigraphers during the past two decades, evaluates the eustatic variable of allocyclic analysis while overlooking climatic and tectonic change as well as autocyclic processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Sediment Transport Processes in Coarse Gravel- Bed Rivers: an Example from Costa Rica
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1997 Sediment Transport Processes in Coarse Gravel- Bed Rivers: An Example From Costa Rica. Karolien Johanna zita Debusschere Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Debusschere, Karolien Johanna zita, "Sediment Transport Processes in Coarse Gravel-Bed Rivers: An Example From Costa Rica." (1997). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 6415. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6415 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the tect directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter free, while others may be from any type o f computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecoregions of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain
    O O LIN IS LIN IS IL IL Summary Table: Characteristics of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain Quaternary geology and chemical analysis from herbicide and pesticide applications in the Mississippi Embayment Study Unit KENTUCKY KENTUCKY IS IS IS MISSOURI MISSOURI O O O LLIN LLIN LLIN 7 3 . MISSISSIPPI ALLUVIAL PLAIN I I I Level IV Ecoregions Physiography Geology Soils Climate Vegetation Land Use and Land Cover KENTUCKY KENTUCKY KENTUCKY MISSOURI MISSOURI MISSOURI Area Elevation/ Surficial and Bedrock Order (Great Group) Common Soil Series Temperature/ Precipitation Frost Free Mean (square Local Relief Moisture Mean annual Mean annual Temperature miles) (feet) Regimes (inches) (days) January min/max; July min/max (oF) TENNESSEE TENNESSEE MISSISSIPPI MISSISSIPPI 73a. Northern Holocene 10869 Broad, flat alluvial plain, with point bar 50-320 Holocene alluvial sand, silt, clay, and Inceptisols (Endoaquepts, Commerce, Crevasse, Thermic / 44-56 190-240 26/58; Bottomland hardwood forests and woodlands. Sandbars Cropland of mostly cotton and soybeans, Meander Belts deposits, meander belts, oxbows, levees / gravel. Dystrudepts), Entisols Convent, Robinsonville, Udic, Aquic 70/91 dominated by pure stands of black willow, while point bars with areas in corn, wheat, rice, and sorghum. and abandoned channels. Large rivers and 5-20 (Udifluvents, Udipsamments), Dubbs, Beulah, Dundee, have diverse forests of cottonwood, sugarberry, sycamore, Commercial catfish production. Some areas of some smaller low gradient streams, often Alfisols (Hapludalfs, Sharkey green ash, and pecan. Sugarberry, American elm, and green deciduous forest and forested wetlands. TENNESSEE TENNESSEE TENNESSEE channelized. Endoaqualfs), Vertisols ash dominate broad, flood-prone, flats and willow oak, water (Epiaquerts) oak, swamp chestnut oak, and cherry bark oak dominate drier sites on the margins of floodplains.
    [Show full text]