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Alluvial Architecture of the Holocene

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Alluvial Architecture of the Holocene Alluvial architecture of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta (The Netherlands) and the Lower Mississippi Valley (U.S.A.) Nederlandse Geografische Studies / Netherlands Geographical Studies Redactie / Editorial Board Drs. J.G. Borchert (Editor in Chief ) Prof. Dr. J.M.M. van Amersfoort Dr. P.C.J. Druijven Prof. Dr. A.O. Kouwenhoven Prof. Dr. H. Scholten Plaatselijke Redacteuren / Local Editors Drs. R. van Melik, Faculteit Geowetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht Dr. D.H. Drenth, Faculteit der Managementwetenschappen Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen Dr. P.C.J. Druijven, Faculteit der Ruimtelijke Wetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Drs. F.J.P.M. Kwaad, Fysich-Geografisch en Bodemkundig Laboratorium Universiteit van Amsterdam Dr. L. van der Laan, Economisch-Geografisch Instituut Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam Dr. J.A. van der Schee, Centrum voor Educatieve Geografie Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Dr. F. Thissen, Afdeling Geografie, Planologie en Internationale Ontwikkelingsstudies Universiteit van Amsterdam Redactie-Adviseurs / Editorial Advisory Board Prof. Dr. G.J. Ashworth, Prof. Dr. P.G.E.F. Augustinus, Prof. Dr. G.J. Borger, Prof. Dr. K. Bouwer, Prof. Dr. J. Buursink, Dr. J. Floor, Prof. Dr. G.A. Hoekveld, Dr. A.C. Imeson, Prof. Dr. J.M.G. Kleinpenning, Dr. W.J. Meester, Prof. Dr. F.J. Ormeling, Prof. Dr. H.F.L. Ottens, Dr. J. Sevink, Dr. W.F. Sleegers, T.Z. Smit, Drs. P.J.M. van Steen, Dr. J.J. Sterkenburg, Drs. H.A.W. van Vianen, Prof. Dr. J. van Weesep ISSN 0169-4839 Netherlands Geographical Studies 364 Alluvial architecture of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta (The Netherlands) and the Lower Mississippi Valley (U.S.A.) Marc Gouw Utrecht 2007 Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap Faculteit Geowetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht This publication is identical to a dissertation submitted for the title of Doctor at Utrecht University, The Netherlands. The public defence of this thesis took place at December 7, 2007 Promotor: Prof. dr. E.A. Koster Co-promotores: Dr. H.J.A. Berendsen † Dr. E. Stouthamer ISBN 978-90-6809-406-0 Graphic design: GeoMedia (Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University) Cover illustration: Marc Gouw Copyright © Marc Gouw, c/o Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 2007 Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden vermenigvuldigd en/of openbaar gemaakt door middel van druk, fotokopie of op welke andere wijze dan ook zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgevers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, by print or photo print, microfilm or any other means, without written permission by the publishers. Printed in the Netherlands by Thieme GrafiMedia Groep (Deventer) Contents Figures 9 Tables 11 Acknowledgments 13 1 General introduction 15 1.1 Research goals 18 1.2 Outline of the thesis 18 References 19 2 Alluvial architecture of fluvio-deltaic successions: a review with special reference to Holocene settings 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Architectural elements 24 2.2.1 Channel-belt deposits 24 2.2.2 Overbank deposits 26 2.2.3 Organics 29 2.3 Controls on alluvial architecture 29 2.3.1 Sea level 29 2.3.2 Climate 30 2.3.3 Tectonics 31 2.3.4 Aggradation 32 2.3.5 Avulsion 33 2.3.6 Compaction 37 2.4 Process-based alluvial-architecture models 37 2.4.1 Two-dimensional models of alluvial architecture 38 2.4.2 Three-dimensional alluvial-architecture model of Mackey and Bridge (1995) 40 2.5 Challenges and future work 41 Acknowledgments 42 References 42 3 Variability of channel-belt dimensions and the consequences for alluvial architecture: observations from the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta (The Netherlands) and Lower Mississippi Valley (U.S.A.) 49 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Geological setting 52 3.2.1 Rhine-Meuse delta (The Netherlands) 52 3.2.2 Southern Lower Mississippi Valley (U.S.A.) 54 3.3 Methods 54 5 3.3.1 Channel-belt width 55 3.3.2 Channel-belt width/thickness ratio 56 3.4 Results 57 3.4.1 Cross sections 57 3.4.2 Channel-belt width 62 3.4.3 Channel-belt width versus channel width 62 3.4.4 Channel-belt thickness and width/thickness ratio 63 3.5 Discussion 63 3.5.1 Explanation of the observed downstream changes in channel-belt geometry 64 3.5.2 Conceptual model explaining the observed trends in channel-belt width 68 3.5.3 Consequences for alluvial architecture 70 3.6 Conclusions 71 Acknowledgments 71 References 71 4 Architecture of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta (The Netherlands): a result of changing external controls 75 4.1 Introduction 76 4.2 Geological setting and lithostratigraphy 77 4.3 Methods 78 4.3.1 Borings and cross sections 78 4.3.2 14C and OSL-dating 80 4.3.3 Time lines 82 4.4 Results 83 4.4.1 Description of cross sections 83 4.4.2 Time lines 92 4.5 Discussion: relative influence of external controls 92 4.6 Conclusions 95 Acknowledgments 96 References 96 5 Alluvial architecture of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta (The Netherlands) 101 5.1 Introduction 102 5.2 The Rhine-Meuse delta 103 5.2.1 Architectural elements 105 5.3 Methods 108 5.3.1 Definition of alluvial-architecture parameters 109 5.4 Results 110 5.4.1 Cross sections 110 5.4.2 Spatial variations in alluvial architecture 114 5.4.3 Temporal variations in alluvial architecture 115 5.4.4 Integration of results 115 5.5 Discussion of factors influencing alluvial architecture 119 5.5.1 Explanation of the observed spatial trends in alluvial architecture 119 5.5.2 Explanation of the observed temporal trend in alluvial architecture 121 6 5.6 Alluvial-architecture modelling: constraints from the Rhine-Meuse geological record 124 5.7 Conclusions 131 References 132 6 Alluvial architecture of the Holocene Lower Mississippi Valley (U.S.A.) 137 6.1 Introduction 138 6.2 Holocene geology and architecture of the Lower Mississippi Valley 138 6.3 Lithogenetical units in the study area 140 6.3.1 Channel-belt deposits 140 6.3.2 Channel-fill deposits 140 6.3.3 Natural levee and crevasse-splay deposits 141 6.3.4 Flood basin deposits 141 6.3.5 Pre-Holocene deposits 141 6.4 Methods 142 6.4.1 Cross sections 142 6.4.2 Quantification of alluvial architecture 142 6.5 Results: cross sections and alluvial architecture 145 6.5.1 Cross section Vicksburg-north (A-A’) 145 6.5.2 Cross section Natchez (B-B’) 147 6.5.3 Cross section Baton Rouge (C-C’) 149 6.5.4 Alluvial architecture 153 6.6 Explanation of the trends in alluvial architecture 154 6.6.1 Ratio between channel-belt width and floodplain width 155 6.6.2 Sedimentation rate and avulsion frequency 156 6.6.3 Differential subsidence and neotectonics 157 6.7 Comparison with the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands 158 6.8 Synthesis: common controls on alluvial architecture of the LMV and Rhine-Meuse delta 159 6.9 Conclusions 160 References 161 7 Synthesis and recommendations for future research 165 7.1 General conclusions 166 7.2 Channel-belt geometry 166 7.3 Valley-wide patterns in alluvial architecture 167 7.4 Directions for future research 170 References 172 Summary 173 Samenvatting 179 Appendix 184 Curriculum Vitae 190 7 8 Figures 1.1. The Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands and The Lower Mississippi Valley below Greenville, U.S.A. 16 2.1. Block diagram and cross section of a meandering river in the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta. 25 2.2. Width/thickness ratio (w/t) of channel belts as related to lateral and vertical accretion of the channel. 26 2.3. Thickness of overbank deposits as a function of the distance from the channel-belt edge for the Linge channel belt and the Bayou Lafourche channel belt. 27 2.4. Evolution and sedimentary products of crevasse splays. 28 2.5. Block diagrams showing different avulsion styles in the Texas Gulf Coast Plain (U.S.A.). 31 2.6. Schematic cross sections of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits of the Colorado River, Texas Coastal Plain, U.S.A. 32 2.7. Avulsion types. 34 2.8. Cross-sectional diagram showing cross-valley slope, superelevation (S), and bankfull channel depth (D) of an alluvial ridge. 35 2.9. Relationship between aggradation rate (r), avulsion frequency (fa), and the resultant architecture. 36 2.10. Diagrams showing sand-body dimensions as defined by Mackey and Bridge (1995). 38 2.11. Dependence of CR on CDP for varying ratios of channel-belt width to floodplain width. 39 2.12. Channel-belt configuration in the southern Lower Mississippi Valley (Atchafalaya Basin) and the Mississippi deltaic plain as simulated by the three-dimensional Mackey and Bridge (1995) model. 40 3.1. The Rhine-Meuse delta and the Lower Mississippi Valley downstream from Greenville. 50 3.2. Longitudinal change in river planform in the modern Rhine-Meuse delta and schematic transects parallel and perpendicular to the general flow direction. 53 3.3. Method used in the present study to determine the width and width/thickness ratio of channel belts. 55 3.4. Lithological sections across the Linge channel belt. 57 3.5. Lithological sections across the Hollandsche IJssel channel belt. 58 3.6. Sections across the stage 1 Mississippi River channel belt. 59 3.7. Width of the studied channel belts plotted against downstream distance. 60 3.8. Channel-belt width and channel width of the Waal, Nederrijn-Lek, and Maas. 61 3.9. Histogram showing the distribution of values of channel-belt thickness for the studied channel belts in the Rhine-Meuse delta. 62 3.10. Width/thickness ratios of four Rhine distributaries.
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