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Womens' Participation in Environment Protection Movement: a Study Of Womens’ Participation in Environment Protection Movement: A Study of the Kairali Village in Wayanad District of Kerala By Reena Joseph Registration No: 14SU15533 Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Political Science Department of Political Science School of Social Sciences Sikkim University Sikkim 2016 Declaration I, Reena Joseph hereby declare that the subject matter of this dissertation is the record of word done by me, that the contents of this dissertation did not form basis for the award of any previous degree to me or to the best of my knowledge to anybody else, and that the dissertation has not been submitted by me for any research degree in any other university/institute. This is being submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in the Department of Political Science, School of Social Sciences, Sikkim University. Name: Reena Joseph Registration No.: 14SU15533 We recommend that this dissertation be placed before the examiners for evaluation. Head of the Department Supervisor Certificate This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Womens’ Participation in Environment Protection Movement: A Study of the Kairali Village in Wayanad District of Kerala” submitted to Sikkim University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Political Science is the result of bonafide research work carried out by Ms Reena Joseph under my guidance and supervision. No part of the dissertation has been submitted for any other degree, diploma, associateship and fellowship. All the assistance and help received during the course of the investigation have been duly acknowledged by her. Date: (Signature of Supervisor) Place: (Name of Supervisor) Table of Contents Declaration ii Certificate iii Table of Contents iv-vii Acknowledgements viii Abbreviations ix-xii List of Tables xiii-xiv List of Figures xv-xvi Preface xvii-xviii Chapter I: Environment and Ecofeminism: Theoretical Underpinnings 1-52 I.1. Introduction: Synopsis and plan of the study 1-4 I.1.2. Review of literature 4-10 I.1. 3. Scope of study 10-11 I.1.4. Objectives of study 11 I.1.5. Research questions 11 I.1.6. Methodology 11-12 I.2. Environment and ecofeminism: Concepts and issues 12 I.2.1. Environmental protection 12-13 I.2.2. Environmental degradation 13-14 I.2.3. Environmental refugees 14-17 I.2.4. Environmental protection efforts at international level 17-18 I.2.5. Environmental protection efforts by NGOs 18-21 I.2.6. Environmental problems and issues in India 21-24 I.2.7. Environmental protection efforts in India 24 iv I.2.7.1. Environmental protection efforts by Government of 24-25 India I.2.7.2. Environmental protection efforts by the State 26-32 Governments I.2.7.3. Environmental protection efforts in India by NGOs 32 I.2.8. Important environmental protection movements in India 32 I.2.8.1. Khejri movement or Bishnois movement (1726) 33 I.2.8.2 Chipko movement (1973) 33-34 I.2.8.3. Appiko movement (1983) 34-35 I.2.8.4. Silent Valley movement (1976) 35 I.2.8.5. Narmada Bachao Andolan (1985) 36 I.2.8.6. Navdanya movement (1984) 36-37 I.3. Ecofeminism – Origin, and development 38-44 I.3.1. Tenets of ecofeminism 44-47 I.3.2. Classification of ecofeminism 47-50 I.3.3. Ecofeminism in India 50-52 Chapter II: Womens’ Environment Protection Methods and Movements in Kerala 53 -126 II.1. Introduction 53 II.2. Kerala: General profile 53-55 II.3. Environmental degradation in Kerala 55-57 II.4. Environmental refugees in Kerala 57-58 II.5. Environmental protection efforts by various agencies in 58 Kerala II.5.1. Environmental protection efforts by Government of 58-59 Kerala II.5.2. Environmental protection efforts by NGOs in Kerala 59-62 II.5.3. Environmental protection efforts through Media 62-65 II.5.4. Environmental protection efforts by religious institution 65-66 in Kerala II.5.5. Environmental protection efforts of political parties in 66-67 Kerala II.6. Women participation in environmental protection 67-68 movements and methods in Kerala v II.6.1. Women participation in environmental protection 69-70 through Governmental and Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) II.6.2. Women involvement in anti –Coca Cola struggle in 70-73 Plachimada II.6.3. Women and anti- Endosulfan movement 73-75 II.6.4. Women participation in Save Silent Valley movement 75-77 II.7. Environmental protection methods by women in Kerala 77 II.7.1. Women efforts in environmental protection through 78-81 water conservation II.7.2. Women efforts in waste managements 81-82 II.7.3. Women struggle against quarrying and mining 82-83 II.7.4. Women participation in agriculture 83-85 II.7.5. Women in forest protection 85-85 II.7.6. Women environment protection effort through Self Help 87-90 Groups II.8. Development of ecofeminism through literature and 90-94 women involvement in issues of marginalised sections in Kerala II.9. Methodology 94-95 II.10. Analysis and graphical representation of data 96-121 II.11. Findings of the study 121-126 Chapter III: Womens’ Participation in Environment Protection Movement: A Case Study of the Kairali Village in Wayanad District of Kerala 127-173 III.1. Introduction 127 III.2. Adivasis in India 127-128 III.3. Problems facing by Adivasis in India 129-131 III.4. Adivasis in Kerala 131-132 III.5. The problems faced by Adivasis in Kerala 132-133 III.6. Wayanad District: General profile 134-135 III.6.1. Adivasis in Wayanad District 135-136 III.6.2. Environmental eroblem faced by Adivasis in Wayanad 137 vi District III.6.3. Adivasi womens’ environmental protection efforts in 138-140 Kerala and Wayanad District III.7. Paniyas 140-141 III.8. Women participation in environment protection in 141-142 Kairali village: Case Study III.8.1. Methodology 142 III.8.2. Analysis of Data 142 III.9. Part I: Analysis of interview 143-146 III.9.1. Important environment protection methods employed by 143 Paniya women in Kairali village III.9.2. Environment protection activities by Paniya women in 143-144 Kairali village: III.9.3. Previous condition of the area: 144 III.9.4. Problems faced in the way of environmental protection 145-146 activities of Paniya women in Kairali village: III.9.5. Suggestions to improve environment protection efforts 146 and empowerment by Paniya women: III.10. Part II: Analysis of schedule 147-169 III.11. Findings of the Case Study 169-173 Chapter IV: Conclusion of the Study 174-179 References 180-225 Appendices 226-232 vii Acknowledgements This dissertation has been materialized with the co-operation, help and encouragement of many people. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Gadde Om Prasad, whose support and guidance made possible to complete the work through his guidance, suggestions, comments and editing of entire dissertation I express my gratitude to the teachers of the Department of Political Secience for their suggestions and constructive criticism at various stages of this work. I would like to thank the respondents in Kairali village as well as women in Kerala who cooperated with me by providing information during survey and interview, without which my analysis in not possible. My sincere thanks to Mrs. Annamma, Job Sir, Roshan, Joysi and Reeja for help me to complete my field survey. A word of thanks goes to my classmates and other friends who helped me to complete this work. Finally, a word of thanks to my son Adarsh and husband Sebastian for their co operation and support to complete this dissertation. Reena Joseph viii List of Abbreviations AES Adivasi Ekopana Samithi ASHA Accredited Social Health Activist ATREE Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment AWAKE Association for Welfare Action in Kerala Environment BME Budapest University for Technology and Economics CAbC Community Agro-biodiversity Centre CBOs Community Based Organizations CEPA Cochin Environmental Protection Agency CESS Centre of Earth Science Studies CII Confederation of Indian Industry CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CPI (M) Communist Party of India (Marxist) CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone CWRDM Centre for Water Resources Development and Management DGSM Dasholi Gram Swarajya Mandal DMG Department of Mines and Geology DYFI Democratic Youth Federation of India EA Ecologists-Alternatives ECOSOC Economic and Social Council ENGO Environmental Non Governmental Organisation ENVIS Environmental Information System EPA Environment (Protection) Act EPPPC Environmental Protection Programme Planning Committee EPTF Environment Protection Task Force ix FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FD Forest Department FFC Fact Finding Commission GDP Gross Domestic Product GOI Government of India HCBPL Hindustan Coca Cola Beverages Private Limited HDR Human Development Report ICSI Institute of Company Secretaries of India ICSU International Council for Science IDRC International Development Research Centre IIEE Indian Institute of Ecology and Environment IISAC International Institute for Scientific and Academic Collaboration INTACH Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IRTC Integrated Rural Technology Centre IT Information and Technology IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature IUD Intra Uterine Death IUML Indian Union Muslim League JEC Joint Ecological Council JFM Joint Forest Management KAU Kerala Agriculture University KEDES Kerala Educational Development and Employment Society KSBB Kerala State Biodiversity Board KSCSTE Kerala State Council for Science Technology and Environment KSPCB Kerala State Pollution Control Board KSSF Kerala Social Service Forum KSSP Kerala Shastra Sahitya Parished KVS Kuttanad Vikasana Samithi LDF Left Democratic Front LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender x MDS Malanadu Development Society MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act MILMA Kerala Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation Limited MNC Multi National Corporations MOEF Ministry of Environment and Forests MEFCC Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change Programme MSME Micro Small Medium Enterprises MSSRF M.S.
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