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Analyse the Perception Level and the Causes of Migration in Mali

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Analyse the Perception Level and the Causes of Migration in Mali Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 31(3): 1-12, 2019; Article no.AJAEES.48239 ISSN: 2320-7027 Analyse the Perception Level and the Causes of Migration in Mali Moussa Diallo1* and Babacar Sene2 1Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar (UCAD), Wascal Graduate Research Program in Climate Change Economics, BP 5683, Dakar –Fann, Senegal. 2Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar (UCAD), Faculty of economics and management Directeur du Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliquées (CREA), Laboratoire Ingénierie Financière et Economique (LIFE), Senegal. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript Article Information DOI: 10.9734/AJAEES/2019/v31i330133 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Kwong Fai Andrew Lo, Agronomy and Soil Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan. Reviewers: (1) Fabiane Vinente Dos Santos, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Brazil. (2) Teresa Cierco Gomes, University of Porto, Portugal. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/48239 Received 22 December 2018 Accepted 28 March 2019 Original Research Article Published 08 April 2019 ABSTRACT Subsistence farmers in Sahelian Africa are highly exposed to the environmental challenges associated with climate change. Temporary or Permanent emigration can offer to an individual or household the opportunity to cop against these special effects. One of the most important challenges to quantifying the impact of climate change on emigration in Mali is the lack of accurate temporal and spatial data. Emigration data must be adequately detailed to take in both long distances and short distances. The objective of this research was to identify the socioeconomic characteristics of migrants based on the push factors. For instance, to identify the characteristics of people who migrant due to bad weather or environmental challenges. From the result, the factors that significantly influenced migration were sex, age, and age squared, household size, labour constraint, and location. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze the subject. Keywords: Migration drivers; multinomial logit; rural mali; environmental challenges. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Diallo and Sene; AJAEES, 31(3): 1-12, 2019; Article no.AJAEES.48239 1. INTRODUCTION and to support the feeding costs of some of their members [2,3]. So that in terms of unpredictable Even if the movement is a fundamental part of climate, lack of well-functioning credit market, human being, in fact, Mali has a long history of subsistence farmers try to deal with these sad migration particularly emigration. Recently it has conditions by sending a household member become an important transit place for migratory abroad. In this study, we purpose to contribute to flows within the Sahelian region and beyond. The the growing body of researches focused on out- country is specific by its population involved in migration in the study site through an migration issue that linked to cultural practices in examination of the causes and the perceptions using migration as rite of passage for young level of the out-migration in a rural area in south- men. Mali has been experiencing seasonal and eastern Mali. circular migration as well as nomadic and pastoral movements. A vast country is Mali with The rest of this paper is structured as follow: an estimated population of 18 million (2016) Section 2 presents the migration trends in Mali using the 2009 general population household followed by the methods in section 3. Section 4 survey. Mali is a vulnerable country to and 5 describe respectively the results and international commodity price fluctuations as well discussion, and the conclusion. as to the effects of current global issue climate change mostly because of an undiversified 2. MIGRATION TRENDS IN MALI economy. With a high population growth rate among the poor countries in the world, plus Mali, a landlocked Sahelian country in West droughts have severely induced more poverty, Africa, has been experiencing migratory travels impacted food insecurity and instability. In since the pre-colonial time. The phenomenon addition, since the early of 2012, the political and increased over the last decades due to climate the security situation in this country has been change such as endemic drought, and/or floods, especially unstable. These conditions have economic crisis, and political problems. In fact, imposed on the population to high displacement in this West African Sahelian country, much of in this country. the population depends on subsistence and small-scale farming or livestock breeding and are Besides all those things, migration in Mali is not a thus extremely vulnerable to climatic change [4]. new issue; it becomes a way of life. Historically, Mali has three major agricultural systems: Malian are noted for frequent migration, irrigated rice, rain-fed food grains, and cotton especially the Soninké, for the purpose of production (cash crop). An important role is searching opportunities abroad, such as leave played by the livestock sector as farther north, their origin place for working elsewhere during pastoralists are more numerous and rain-fed the dry season. However, migration occurs in all agriculture becomes less worthwhile [1]. regions of Mali. Referring to the two last general population and household survey the third region The patterns of migration in Mali showed that it of Mali (Sikasso) represents a garret of exists three patterns of emigration: emigration emigrants. Nevertheless, this region by nature through African frontiers (principally, Côte remains the finest region, in terms of receives the d’Ivoire, Ghana, Zaire, South Africa, and Gabon), highest rainfall in the whole country, where emigration outside Africa (mostly, France, Spain agriculture is mostly promoter. Irregularity in the and United States of America) and internal rainfall and the fall of the price of cotton movements (mainly Bamako). Migration is very destabilize the stay of the population. Therefore common in Mali, the Malian immigration or also they use to choose one of the three strategies called Malians Abroad is recognized with some rural livelihoods, which is migration among agro- development projects, which go beyond simple pastoral activities and livelihood diversification satisfaction of domestic needs. Kayes, the first [1]. region of Mali, is known as the most region Recently research reveals that migration affected by the phenomena of migration. The particularly emigration in Mali is the response of migrants of this region alone in France is negative factors, for example, population growth, between 80, 000 and 120, 000 people [5]. environmental change and especially increasing economic pressure that pushes people to move. During November 1-5, in 1999, the First Ministerial meeting on Migration and Out-migration might serve additional as a coping Urbanization in West Africa took place in strategy from households to expand livelihoods Bamako, Mali. Perhaps due to the high migration 2 Diallo and Sene; AJAEES, 31(3): 1-12, 2019; Article no.AJAEES.48239 in the country. Migration occurs in Mali since the onwards and the decline of Côte d’Ivoire as an pre-colonial time and its practices is both a attractive destination, new destinations within transit point to get to North Africa and depart to West Africa became progressively popular. the other continents such as Europe and Asia. Migration is so deeply ingrained in Malian’s 3. METHODS culture, therefore in certain regions; young people are not allowed to marry until they have 3.1 Study Area gone abroad. The economic and political structure of French in West Africa during the The third region of Mali, Sikasso is the capital colonial period of 1898-1960 carried further city of the region is the most populated region of pressures for migration in these countries [6]. Mali 1,782,157 inhabitants in 1987, 2,625,919 Migration goes to reply to a cyclic downswing, inhabitants in 2009. The region of Sikasso is seasonal food, and cash shortages, which has divided into seven (7) cercles (prefecture or been part of the region's way of life for at least department): Bougouni, Kadiolo, Koutiala, the last two centuries. Kolondièba, Sikassa, Yanfolila and Yorosso. Located in the southern part of the country, it is In recent years, irregular migration from Africa the southern-most region of Mali, it is located especially Sahelian countries to Europe has between 11°11’59”N and 7°5’49”W (Fig. 1). received much attention; Mali is one of the most Sikasso region is at 375 kilometers from highlighted. While there is a consensus on southeast of Bamako, the capital city, borders Malian emigration trends, there are conflicting the north of Côte d’Ivoire and the west of Burkina estimates regarding the current emigrant stock. Faso. The region covers a total area of 70,280 The Malian government through the Ministry km2 as density 37/km2. of Malians Abroad and African Integration refers to a figure of 4 to 4.5 million nationals The local economy is fundamentally based on abroad, thus, around a quarter of the whole farming and Sikasso region receives more population of Mali, including 3.5 million in Africa. precipitations than any other Malian region. It is In terms of the destination of migrants, Côte known for its numerous vegetables and fruits d’Ivoire is by far the most common country of (particularly mangoes, for which Sikasso is residence of Malian abroad in 2010, followed by especially renowned), commonly called Nigeria, and Niger. kenedougou (region of greenery). Agriculture remains the main source of subsistence, for the The profile of migration in Mali shows that this majority of the residents of this region; however, landlocked Sahelian country remains principally the mechanization of agriculture is far from a country of emigration, although increasing favorable due to the poor situation of the country numbers of irregular migrants appear to transit itself. through Mali on their way to Europe via the 1 Maghreb countries .
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