Jurnal JIPS (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic) Vol

Marno, Raflis, Fetri Reni Jurnal JIPS (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019) ISSN : 2579-5449

Terbit online pada laman web jurnal : http://e-journal.sastra-unes.com/index.php/JIPS

JURNAL JIPS (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic) Vol. 3 No. 2 E-ISSN : Fakultas Sastra ISSN : 2579-5449 2597-6540 Universitas Ekasakti (media cetak) (media online) CODE SWITCHING IN SIGAPOKNA LANGUAGE UTTERED BY MINANGKABAU PEOPLE IN SIGAPOKNA, MENTAWAI

Marno, Raflis, Fetri Reni Fakultas Sastra Universitas Ekasakti

*Corresponding Author: Raflis Fakultas Sastra Universitas Ekasakti [email protected]

Abstract This research contains the title "Code Switching in Sigapokna language changed by Minangkabau people in Sigapokna" viewed from a structuralism perspective, this research discusses language contact occurring in bilingual or multilingual communities, because in this society it uses more than one language. The occurrence of language code switching in Sigapokna is due to the mixing of two languages between the Sigapokna language and the Minangkabau language, native speakers of the Minangkabau people who settled in Sigapokna. Limited to some basic ideas related to observation into three questions as follows: (1) What is the form of code switching in the Sigapokna language, (2) What is the Sigapokna matrix in Minangkabau speakers, (3) What are the causes of code switching in the Sigapokna language. used is from Nababan about sociolinguistics used to answer the purpose of this research. For data analysis methods, the research used is a qualitative and quantitative approach. This approach emphasizes the meaning and understanding of the mind, reasoning, definitions of certain situations (in some contexts), more to examine matters relating to daily life such as the culture of an area. The purpose of research is usually related to practical matters. Data analysis is also a process of simplifying data into forms that are easier to read and interpret to look for broader meanings and implications from the results of research over language codes in Sigapokna. Data collection techniques in this research, to get the data and information needed, researchers used literature research techniques. In literature studies, researchers use techniques that are played with interviews and record data, materials, or references related to the problem and purpose of the research. Using library research techniques in finding data relevant to the subject of analysis. From the data collected amounted to 563. Data in the Minangkabau language form was mixed with 280 and the language while in the Sigapokna language form was 283. From the collection, the matrix language was 280/283×100% of the Minangkabau language. Sigapokna language is mixed with Minangkabau 283 so, it can be concluded that the mixed Sigapokna language is 283/280 × 100%. The occurrence of language contacts or code switching depends on the location or where someone lives. If someone is in an area with different languages and cultures, there will automatically be a code transfer between the speaker, the speech partner and the speech partner in order to avoid a misunderstanding. From the conclusion of the code switching data above, native Minangkabau speakers are more dominant using the Sigapokna language.

Keywords: Code Switching, Matrixs, Language © 2019Jurnal JIPS doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3383432 Jurnal JIPS (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019) ISSN : 2579-5449 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. 40

Marno, Raflis, Fetri Reni Jurnal JIPS (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019) ISSN : 2579-5449

I INTRODUCTION

Language is a communication tool that is The communication action of a bilingual owned by humans to convey ideas, feelings, and in transferring the use of language is done with information in socializing with other the awareness of the users of the language. Thus, communities. Community life will not be code switching itself is a symptom of the separated from language because language is a transition of language usage that occurs because means of communicating in everyday life. of changing circumstances. Code switching Community life is dynamic as well as language, occurs between languages, can also occur which always follows people's lives so language between various languages. In social events, changes. Rahardi (2015: 20), has shown that code switching is influenced by linguistic and if there are two or more languages used nonlinguistic factors, because code switching is interchangeably by the same speaker language related to the social situation of the community. contacts occur. It is said that because there are Factors that influence the occurrence of code events of mutual contact between languages with switching are speakers or speakers, listeners or one another in communicating events. Language opponents of speech, changes in situations with contact is an event that influences each other the presence of people or third parties, changes between one language and another, whether it from formal situations to informal situations or occurs directly or indirectly. vice versa, and changes in topic of conversation. Contact events between languages can Code switching is closely related to the lead to language changes Rahardi (2015: 21). problem of transferring language use by a group Language contact occurs in bilingual or of speakers which can occur due to language multilingual societies, because in this society contact. In bilingual and multiligual societies more than one language is used. In the view of there is mutual contact between one language sociolinguistics, linguistic situations in bilingual and another. This kind of condition can lead to or multilingual societies are interesting to the existence of a dependency relationship research, because there are several languages in between one language and another language in verbal interaction. In an open society, it means the speech community. That is, there has never that its members can receive arrivals from other been a speaker in a bilingual society who only communities, both from one or more than one uses one language in a pure way, not influenced community, there will be language contact. by other languages that actually already exist in When stands out from language contact is the the speaker. This can cause symptoms of code occurrence or presence of bilingualism and switching. Sigapokna Village, West Siberut multilingualism with a variety of cases, namely Subdistrict, Mentawai Islands Regency is one of interference, integration, code switching, and the villages where the majority of the population code mixing. uses Sigapokna language as a language for Code switching is a transition event from everyday communication. But since the stabbing one code to another. So if a speaker first uses of the Minangkabau people in the village of code A (Minangkabau language) and switches to Sigapokna the Sigapokna community has turned using code B (Sigapokna language), then the into a multilingual community. switching event in using that language is called This allows the local community to be able Suwito code switching in Rahardi (2015: 23). to speak in this research, the community in Chaer (2004) defines code switching as a question was a group of people who came and transitional symptom of language use because of lived in the village of Sigapokna with family changing circumstances. Rahardi (2015: 25) members, both indigenous people and immigrant describes code switching, which is the use of communities who had settled in the area. alternating languages or perhaps more, language Entrants enter a business, and usually use the variations in the same language or perhaps homes of surrounding communities as temporary language styles in a bilingual speech society. shelters or rent out shophouses to develop their Symptoms of the transition of language use in a businesses. This causes the community to communication act are determined by speakers socialize with newcomers they use regional or and speech partners. Minangkabau languages. As a result, in

doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3383432 Jurnal JIPS (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019) ISSN : 2579-5449 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. 41

Marno, Raflis, Fetri Reni Jurnal JIPS (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019) ISSN : 2579-5449 socializing between communities they switch to research that examines a language in its relation using language. The ability of multilingual to the user community. This phenomenon is people to influence their habits in interesting to research because the results of this communicating daily with family members. research can provide an objective description of Families who are multilingual in communication the form of language coding in the family not only use one language but can use more than domain in Sigapokna with the influx of one language and are used interchangeably Minangkabau language Sigapokna language can according to context and speech discussion. be affected as well as the for example, mee A multilingual community that is a mailobak (Sigapokna language), pai manciang community that has several languages. Such a (Minangkabau language ), mee mamanciang society occurs because some ethnic groups also (code switching), going fishing (English), form a society, so that in terms of ethnicity it can maibuat loingak (Sigapokna language) angkek be said as a plural society Sumarsono (2014). kayu (Minangkabau language), angkek loingak Then this thought became the basis for making (code switching), liftingwood (English). language code switching in families in the Sigapokna community as a sociolinguistic

II RESEARCH METHOD

The method used is qualitative and 3) Note quantitative research which aims to create a The technique note is used to record and systematic, factual, and accurate code switching determine the form of language transfer from the in sigapokna language uttered by Minangkabau informant. Questions addressed to informants in people district west siberut Mentawai island. the interview are adjusted to the order of Field research is collecting data by conducting questions. Every answer obtained from the research directly on the object of research informant was recorded in connection with the through: code switching in Sigapokna language. 1) Observation 4) Record The technique observation is carried out to Records are recording information from see directly the object to be examined. This is informants guided by a list of questions that have related to the determination of the observation been prepared. The list of questions used is the point of the area to be studied. With this basic Swadesh vocabulary list created by technique, the researchers directly observed the Mahsun (2011). This aims to avoid informant area to be investigated regarding language code answers that are not influenced by the standard switching in the Sigapokna area. language of the area concerned. The recording 2) Interview method used by the informant is very important According to Arikunto S. (2002) because recording we can find out the language "Interview is a dialogue conducted by the code switching and then recording technique the interviewer to get information from informants in language used by the informant is very clear and the sense of reports about his personality or other precise. things that he knows." And then according to Many are found in language learning, for (Keraf Gorys. 1982) an interview is a way to example in the field of language code switching, collect data by asking questions directly to the embarrassed informants are considered to be less informant or authority (expert or authority in a prestige isolates and then tend to provide problem). The informant functions as a search information about more prestigious forms, but for data sources interviewed by researchers to actually not separately. In this research, look for information about language code researchers conducted interviews with switching in Sigapokna, then the informants who informants and carried out by recording each are originally sought by Minangkabau people item given by the informant regarding the code who enter and reside or settle in Sigapokna switching of the Sigapokna language. village and then informants are preferred men.

Marno, Raflis, Fetri Reni Jurnal JIPS (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019) ISSN : 2579-5449

Researchers were also assisted by indigenous researchers must begin to analyze it during the peoples known as informants under research. research process. The researchers and informants could get The analysis in this research is to describe to know each other, this indigenous community the transfer of code switching in Sigapokna would use the Sigapokna language in introducing language. Data analysis in qualitative research is the purpose of the researchers' arrival to the an activity that is carried out continuously informants not to provide a list of questions throughout the research, carried out starting from based on direct data requests, but the researchers data collection to the writing of the report. Data conducted interviews with informants interacting analysis was carried out since descending to the in using two languages namely Sigapokna research site, each data collected was transferred language and language Minangkabau so that the into a field notebook. Furthermore, it will be results of language code switching are precise grouped and analyzed and interpreted. Activities and clear. undertaken by a researcher in analyzing data are In the interview process, the researchers carried out continuously throughout the research. also conducted enthusiastically so that the Data analysis was carried out from the beginning informants were enthusiastic and in this case the of the research until the end of the research, sentence can be used, which is easy to analyzed starting from examining all available understand. These sentences are expected to have data from various sources, namely in-depth a close relationship between the researcher and interviews, observations and secondary data. the respondent, so that the resulting output can be Research using this qualitative method in the form of natural data. Object or location of will use qualitative analysis. Analysis by making data source the research was conducted in the a description that is expected to be able to village of Sigapokna in west siberut Mentawai provide a concrete explanation of the problem island district. under research. Researchers will concentrate during the research, so that they can produce data Method of Analyzing the Data that can really be accounted for. By recording In analyzing, the research analysis used is interview results and direct observation by a qualitative approach. This approach focusing on the appointment of meaning (in the emphasizes the meaning and understanding of form of interpretation of field data). the mind, reasoning, definitions of certain Data analysis is done in stages and situations (in some contexts), more to examine continuously, after the results of interviews and things related to daily life such as the culture of a observations are collected (in the form of field region. The purpose of research is usually related notes) it will be immediately written down and to practical matters. consulted with the supervisor of the research Data analysis is the process of organizing results obtained. Re-discuss things that need to and sorting data into patterns, categories and be done to get a more concrete explanation. This basic units of the results of observations that will be done continuously until the data to be have been written in the form of field notes, achieved is fulfilled. The data generated will be interviews, official personal documents, photos, arranged systematically, so as to provide an drawings and so on. Data analysis is also a overview of the conclusions of the research. This process of simplifying data into forms that are research uses a qualitative approach to find data easier to read and interpret in order to look for about language code switching in Sigapokna, broader meanings and implications of research West Siberut, Mentawai Island District. results. All data obtained from the field through interviews and observations will be Techniques of Collecting the Data systematically compiled and then analyzed In this research, to obtain the data and qualitatively, the implementation of which has information needed, researchers used literature been carried out since the data collection was research techniques. In library research carried out and worked intensively, that is after researchers use the techniques of played by leaving the field. Data obtained in the field are interview and note the data, materials or recorded in the field notes. Then collected and references that are related to the problem and studied as a whole and then analyzed and research objectives. Data analysis in qualitative

Marno, Raflis, Fetri Reni Jurnal JIPS (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019) ISSN : 2579-5449 and quantitative research means as a systematic equipment, such as computers, notebooks, and test of the data to determine its parts, the other telephones. In reducing data, each relationship between the parts, and the researcher will be guided by the objectives to be relationship of the parts with the whole, by achieved. The main objective of qualitative categorizing data and looking for relationships research is on the findings. between categories. From some understanding of Therefore, if researchers in conducting data analysis, researchers group data into certain research find anything that is considered groups and look for relationships between groups unfamiliar, unknown, does not yet have a pattern, of data. This literature research method or that is precisely what the researcher must pay literature is done by obtaining written data or attention to in conducting data reduction. Data information sourced from books and various reduction is a sensitive thought process that articles which, according to researchers, can requires intelligence, discretion, and a high level support this research. This research uses of insight. For researchers who are new, in literature research techniques to find data about conducting data reduction can discuss with language code switching in Sigapokna, West friends or other people who are considered Siberut, Mentawai district. sufficient to master the problem under research. Through this discussion, researchers' insights Techniques of Analyzing the Data will develop, so as to reduce data that has Data analysis is the process of significant value finding and theoretical systematically searching for and compiling data development. This research uses data reduction obtained from interviews, field notes, and techniques to search for data about language documentation, by organizing data into code switching in Sigapokna. categories, breaking down into units, 2. Presentation of data synthesizing, organizing into patterns, choosing Presentation of data is an activity when a what is important and which will be studied, and set of information is compiled, thus giving the make conclusions so that they are easily possibility of drawing conclusions. Forms of understood by themselves and others Sugiyono qualitative data presentation in the form of (2011: 333). narrative text (in the form of field notes), The data analysis technique used in this matrices, graphs, networks and charts. In research is the interactive model of Miles, etc quantitative research, the presentation of data can (1992), namely the interactive model. This be done using tables, graphs, pictograms, and so method classifies data analysis in three steps, on. Through the presentation of these data, the namely: data is organized and arranged in a relationship 1. Data reduction pattern, so that it will be more easily understood. Data reduction is a form of analysis that Unlike the case in qualitative research, where the sharpens, classifies, directs, discards unnecessary presentation of data is done in the form of brief and organizes data so that final conclusions can descriptions, charts, relationships between be drawn. Reduction does not need to be categories, and the like. According to Miles and interpreted as data quantification. The data Huberman, the most often used to present data in obtained from the field is quite a lot, so it needs qualitative research is the narrative text. With the to be recorded carefully and in detail. As stated presentation of the data, it will be easy to earlier, the longer the researcher is in the field, understand what is happening, and plan further the more data will be obtained, more complex work based on what has been understood. and complicated. For this reason, it is necessary Furthermore, Miles and Huberman suggested to immediately analyze data through data that data display, in addition to narrative text, reduction. Reducing data means summarizing, could also be in the form of graphs, matrices, choosing the main points, focusing on the things networks, and charts. This study uses data that are important, and looking for themes and presentation techniques to find data about patterns. This the reduced data will provide a language code switching in Sigapokna. clearer picture, and make it easier for researchers 3. Conclusion or verification withdrawal to do further data collection, and look for it if Conclusions is the results of analysis that necessary. Data reduction can be helped with can be used to take action. The third step in data

Marno, Raflis, Fetri Reni Jurnal JIPS (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019) ISSN : 2579-5449 analysis in qualitative research according to Conclusions in qualitative research are new Miles and Huberman is drawing conclusions and findings that have never before existed. The verification. The initial conclusions put forward findings can be in the form of a description or are still temporary, and will change if no strong description of an object that was previously still evidence is found that supports the next stage of dim or even dark, so that after examination it data collection. But if the conclusions raised at becomes clear. This conclusion can be in the an early stage are supported by valid and form of causal or interactive relationships, as consistent evidence when the researcher returns well as hypotheses or theories. This study uses to the field to collect data, then the conclusions the technique of drawing conclusions or put forward are credible conclusions. Thus the verification to find data about language code conclusions in qualitative research may be able switching in Sigapokna. to answer the problem formulation that was formulated from the beginning, but maybe not.

III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter the author will explain and Bajau Hamlet, Toktuk Hamlet, Muara Sigep discuss the results of research, in accordance Hamlet, Pilionan Hamlet, Sikuran Hamlet, and with the problems that have been determined. Tiniti Hamlet.Judging from the social conditions These problems are related to: (1) The form of of the residents of Sigapokna Village, the code switching in the Sigapokna language, (2) majority of the livelihoods of the residents of The Sigapokna matrix in Minangkabau speakers, Sigapokna Village are farmers and their later (3) The cause of code switching in the Sigapokna employment as fishermen, there are also some language. Based on data obtained from Sigapokna villagers and some civil servants and recordings and observations, it was found in the traders. The language used in Sigapokna Village field the form of code switching in the use of two is the Sigapokna (Mentawai) language, which spoken languages used by the Sigapokna people has its own dialect from other Menawai and the Minangkabau people in Sigapokna, languages. After the entry of immigrants both as Siberut, west of the Mentawai islands district. government officials, traders and teachers, the Sigapokna village is one of the villages in the language of Sigapokna Village Experiencing the West Siberut region, which is located 42 km west influence of their language was more likely to of the district center. use mixed languages namely between the The word Sigapokna comes from the word languages of Sigapokna and Minangkabau Tateiku which means inland or upstream of the language. river, Sigapokna is the name of a small river which according to the old man's story, Tateiku is The Form of Code Switching in divided into two, namely the name Samaoo, the Sigapokna village stands in the position of the river Code switching is a symptom of a shift in Beresigep. The village of Sigapokna can be language use because of changing circumstances, traveled within 4 hours from the sub-district, and according to Chaer (2004: 107). The form of if from the capital city of the Regency it is a 10 code switching found in data analysis only hour 30 minute journey. While the travel time consists of code switching in the form of from the provincial capital is 14-15 hours by sentences. Code experts can also occur because boat. To find out the area of Sigapokna Village, of differences in language backgrounds that are this area is geographically bordered: the north is owned by speakers and speech partners. In bordered by sikabaluan village, the south is addition to differences in different language bordered by Malancan Village, the west is backgrounds, code experts can also occur due to bordered by Simalegi Village. heterogeneous societal environments. Abdullah, Sigapokna village has 7 hamlets, each of etc (2012) describes sentences as units of which is led by the hamlet head, the hamlets are language that can be relatively independent, have Labuhan Bajau Selatan Hamlet, East Labuhan a final intonation pattern, and are actually or the

Marno, Raflis, Fetri Reni Jurnal JIPS (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019) ISSN : 2579-5449 potential consists of clauses. The form of word suffixes and gives rise to different Sigapokna language code transfer occurs because meanings in one word or sentence, but in of the merging of two languages between research or language translation of the Sigapokna Sigapokna and Minangkabau. Code switching language the speaker does not use prefix and occurs when they interact or communicate suffix even though there are some words or between the speech opponents and the speech sentences that have the word suffix and suffix partners, according to the results of the field but in two the language between Sigapokna and research sourced from the original Minangkabau Minangkabau in the form of code switching has informant who lives in Sigapokna, is the the same meaning even though the pronunciation occurrence of code switching depending on the is different. opposing speaker, if the original opponents are Sigapokna they will use the language Sigapokna The Matrix Sigapokna language in but if the interlocutor is different that's where the Minangkabau Speakers two languages are mixed or what is called code The matrix is the arrangement of the switching. Example of the Sigapokna language number of words in the table that has a code transfer form as follows: comparison and percent. According to the results of the field research sourced from the original A: “Mee ekeu mamanciang pagi buto?” Minangkabau informants collected or tapped by B: “Ii, manga moi ekeu?” researchers, from the number of two mixing A: “Moi aku soalnyo ebuk abakku.” languages the speakers were more dominant B: “Kawan paleuk, kuimok an tepek eku using the Sigapokna language. Language contact pagi buto.” or language influence has not been very widespread because the Minangkabau people A: “Do you go fishing early in the who entered the village Sigapokna not long ago. morning?” From the collected data amounted to 563. The B: “Yes, why do you want to come?” data in the form of Minangkabau language mixed A: “I came because there was no boat.” with 280 and Sigapokna language is 283. From B: “Alright, I wait in the early morning.” the collection, the matrix language is 280 ∕ 283 × 100% = 90% of Minangkabau language. From the conversation above between A Sigapokna language mixed with Minangkabau and B, they spoke in two languages between the language 283 so, it can be concluded that the Sigapokna language and the Minangkabau mixed Sigapokna language is 283 ∕ 280 × 100% language, the topic of their conversation was to = 95%. From the conclusion of the above data go fishing early in the morning, from the the native Minangkabau speakers are more conversation the two people happened over the dominant using the Sigapokna language. code. Code switching in the form of sentences From the number of words or code found in recordings from informants concerning switching in the above table, it is very clear that the use of two languages in communication, the speaker is more dominant using the namely between Sigapokna and Minangkabau. Sigapokna language, but even so every speaker The form of code switching in two languages in will not forget or leave his local language even Sigapokna such as, Kee barubek (Go for though the speaker has mastered several foreign treatment), Akek camin (Ask for a mirror), Saki languages. The occurrence of language contact or ibatta kamuaro (Buy fish in the mouth), Thulut code switching depends on the location or region lado (Grind the chilies), Bak gadua aku (Don't that we live in. If the speaker is in another area disturb me). and the language is also different automatically The code switching in Sigapokna language there will be a code switching with the aim that the speaker by t Minangkabau people who settled the speaker, interlocutor and speech partner will in the Sigapokna village. In the form of two not be misunderstood. In the study of code languages do not use prefix and suffix because switching and matrix of the Sigapokna language every word or sentence spoken has the same spoken by the Minagkabau people, there are still meaning and use of two languages that are few in the two languages that are affected or standard. although in each language it has suffix mixed because Minangkabau people who enter

Marno, Raflis, Fetri Reni Jurnal JIPS (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019) ISSN : 2579-5449 and settle into the Sigapokna area have not been using the Minangkabau language switch to around long enough. Each occurrence of contact Sigapokna. Code switching is one aspect of or influence of the two languages depends on the language dependency in a multilingual society. environmental situation and the length of time a In a multilingual society it is very difficult for an person lives in the area. absolute speaker to only use one language. In switching code each language still tends to The Causes of Code Switching in Sigapokna support each function and each function in Sigapokna is a village located in West accordance with the context. Appel, R. etc. Siberut, Mentawai Island Regency, West Siberut (1976) provides limits on code switching as a District. Sigapokna has its own language that is symptom of language use switching due to different from the languages around its area, the changing circumstances. Suwito (1983) divides occurrence of language boxes or code switching code switching into two: in Sigapokna since the entry of the timber 1. Internal Code Transfers company many Minangkabau people came and It says internal code switching because it settled there with the aim of trading other than takes place between the languages themselves. Minangkabau people there were also Javanese, Like from the Minangkabau language to the Sulawesi people who came to work in timber Sigapokna language. For example: companies, but what happened was the language A :” jo apo ueiji kam kapokai?” contact or code switching was only the B : “rencana mai jo boot.” Minangkabau language because the A: “otoi jo sia pai?” Minangkabau people besides working in the B:” kaileuk jo amak samo abak.” Minangkabau timber company also traded there. According to the results of research in the field A: “what did you go to pokai with?” of code switching when the transaction between B: “Plan by boat.” the seller and the buyer, when the transaction A: “Who is it going with?” occurred Sigapokna people and Minangkabau B: “With mother and father” people use two languages with the aim that they understand each other and there is no From the conversation above, it appears misunderstanding. that A is code switching from Minangkabau to Minangkabau people who live and settle Sigapokna. because A (his speech partner) does in the Sigapokna village have begun to not understand Sigapokna. understand using the Sigapokna language even 2. Switch External Codes though the language is still mixed. Then the Code switching that occurs between the Minangkabau people also used to adjust the language itself (one of the languages or environment occupied by the Minangkabau variations in the verbal repertoire of the speech people to mingle with the people of sigapokna, community) and the Minagkabau language. For telling their life experiences and motivations, and example: the Minangkabau people are also known as the Maota, hence the influence of language or code A: “Anda kajeik akuiak orang switching in Sigapokna is very fast. In addition Minangkabau tapa susuki to the influence of language in Sigapokna there ia.” was also the influence of religion, initially in the B: “kawan palek.!” village of Sigapokna embracing two Christian A: “Selamaik siang, apo kaba?” Catholics and Protestant Christians with the entry C: “Siang juo, kaba baik.” of the Minangkabau the creation of Islam in the village of Sigapokna. However, even though A:” I have seen Minangkabau people, many influences came into Sigapokna, the let's go ask him.” researchers only focused on researching about B: “alright!” Sigapokna language code switching because it A: “good afternoon, how are you” was very interesting and unique to study. C: “good afternoon too, im good.” Code switching is a switching event from one code to another. For example, speakers From the conversation above it can be seen that in the beginning A used the Sigapokna doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3383432 Jurnal JIPS (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019) ISSN : 2579-5449 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. 47

Marno, Raflis, Fetri Reni Jurnal JIPS (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019) ISSN : 2579-5449 language and then switched to using the in general are the speaker or speaker, listener or Minangkabau language, because the one who interlocutor, changes in the situation with the spoke with him was the Minangkabau. Soetomo, presence of a third person, changes from formal Istiati (1985) divides code switching into two to informal or vice versa, changes in the topic of types: conversation. then in general the causes of code 1. Change of Permanent Code switching include: In switching this code, a speaker regularly 1. Speakers changes the speech code of the speaker (speech A speaker sometimes deliberately partner). For example: a former game mate later switches the code against the speech partner becomes the head of his department. This causes because of a goal or pursues an interest or the the transfer or change of language codes that are speaker just wants to change the situation or just used permanently because of changes in the wants to arouse a sense of humor. status of the existing social status and relations. 2. Speech Partners 2. Transferring Temporary Codes Speech partners whose linguistic It is a code switching done by a speaker background is the same as speakers usually when speaking by using a speech code that is switch codes in the form of variant transfers and commonly used for various reasons. For when the speech partners with different linguistic example, a speaker who is speaking to someone backgrounds tend to switch codes in the form of using the Minangkabau language, suddenly for language transfers. some reason replaces that language with the local 3. The presence of the Third Speaker language, but the change only lasts for one To neutralize the situation and respect the sentence and then returns to the original presence of a third speech partner, speakers and language. For example: speech partners usually switch codes, especially when their linguistic backgrounds are different. A:“Bisuak awak indak masuak kuliah.’’ 4. Talking Points B:“Manga?” The subject or topic is the dominant factor A:“Meu anda let manteuk baga ku.” in determining the occurrence of code switching. B:“Makasuik nyo?” The subject matter which is formal in nature is A:“Indak tau makasuik nyo?” usually expressed with a variety of standards, with a neutral and serious style and the subject of A: “Tomorrow I will not go to college.” an informal nature is delivered with non-standard B: “Why?” language, a little emotional style, and completely A: “No, because I'm lazy.” arbitrary. B: “What do you mean?” A speaker or speaker often conducts code A: “Don't know what that means?” switching in various ways such as, there are two native Sigapokna people discussing plans From the conversation above it can be tomorrow morning they go fishing shortly seen that A who originally used the afterwards the native Minangkabau people come Minangkabau language suddenly switched to to want to have a dialogue with the two original Sigapokna, he deliberately spoke in Sigapokna, Sigapokna because the Minangkabau people are to make him curious B (his speech partner) who not very clever Sigapokna forced both people to did not understand Sigapokna. Many things go fishing the switch code using two languages become the cause of code switching. In with the aim that they understand each other and accordance with the main sociolinguistic issues there is no misunderstanding. that have been raised Fishman (1976), namely "who speaks, in what language, to whom, when, and with what purpose". Whereas in various linguistic literature the causes of code switching

Marno, Raflis, Fetri Reni Jurnal JIPS (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019) ISSN : 2579-5449

IV CONCLUSION

In this research the authors conducted an that each of them understands the stated analysis of code switching in the sigapokna intention. Through language, everyone is able to language spoken by the Minangkabau people in express ideas, thoughts, share information, and Sigapokna, but this study focused on the share knowledge. Research related to code Sigapokna village. Here, the authors conclude switching in conversation was conducted to see that: the types and reasons that caused the 1. Code switching occurs because Minangkabau language to switch to Sigapokna. many migrants enter and live in Sigapokana, Thus, it is expected that code switching that resulting in code switching between appears Code switching can understand each languages. other. Therefore, in the process of 2. Code switching occurs because communication and conversation of a topic only of mutual language contact between two Sigapokna language is more dominant found in languages between the Sigapokna language Sigapokna. There are no speakers who feel afraid and the Minangkabau language. to speak in Sigapokna. Because of the many 3. Code switching is a symptom of limitations, this research is still far from perfect. language use transition due to changing There are still many things that can be heterogeneous situations and environments explored related to code switching, especially of the people. code switching in Sigapokna in interaction and 4. Code experts can also occur communication. Further research is still very because of differences in language open to explore the various problems that might backgrounds that are owned by speakers and be found in communication that trigger a lot of speech partners. code switching by speakers. It is hoped that 5. Code switching occurs with the further research will be carried out related to aim that speakers and speech partners code switching in conversation. Whether the understand and understand each other in the situation created can lead to the emergence of discussion of a topic in order to avoid code switching or a topic that is considered confusion and misunderstanding between difficult can trigger the emergence of code the Sigapokna people and the Minangkabau switching, both of which seem to still be further people. Speakers switch codes to indicate investigated by other researchers. Thus, the that other speakers are part of the speech wealth of linguistics is increasingly understood event that is happening. and can then be applied in the daily communication of every member of society. The use of language as a communication tool by each different individual is intended so

Marno, Raflis, Fetri Reni Jurnal JIPS (Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Scholastic) Vol. 3 No. 2 (2019) ISSN : 2579-5449

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