Bibliography I. Archival and Manuscript Sources: Bancroft Library, University of , Berkley. Murphy, John Luttrell. Argument Before the New City Hall Commission. San Francisco: Law Printing and Publishing Company, September 5 and 6, 1880, F862; .P19 v.4:14.

Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University Library, New Haven, Connecticut. Virginia City (Mont.). Ordinances, local laws, etc., 1875, Zc43 875vi. Virginia City (Mont.). Ordinances, local laws, etc., 1895, Zc43 895vi.

Idaho State Historical Society Library, Boise, Idaho. Walters, Louisa Cook. Letters: Placerville, Idaho to Walters Family, Iowa, 1862- 1865.

Knox County Archives, Knoxville, Tennessee. Gammon, Isaac. Certificate of marriage between Isaac Gammon and Nancy Jones, dated January 2, 1866 and signed by Isaac Gammon.

Merrill G. Burlingame Special Collections, State University, Bozeman, Montana. Davis, Wiley. Speech, 1967. Collection 475. Herndon, Sarah Raymond. Papers, 1866-1912. Collection 225.

Montana Historical Society, Helena, Montana. Anson, Annette. Records. Small Collection 362. McNulty, Flora McKay. Manuscript Collection 261. Morris State Bank. Manuscript Collection 175. Tyler, Carolyn Abbott. Reminiscences. Small Collections 1430. Virginia City Water Company. Small Collection 2131.

National Archives, Washington, D.C. Gammon, Frank. Compiled Military Service File, 1st United States Colored Heavy Artillery, pension application file792680. Papers date from February 17, 1864 through February 9, 1874. Gammon, Sarah Thompson. Federal Military Pension Application 1,159,071. Medical Department of United States Volunteers, Civil War Army Nurse's pension request file, can no. 1527, bundle 13. National Archives. Papers cover dates June 23, 1894 through April 14, 1899. Included in her pension file is a Neighbor's Affidavit, dated July 17, 1895, signed by Frank Gammon attesting that he had known Sarah Thompson Gammon for thirty-fouryears. Presidential Pardons ("Amnesty Papers"), 1865-1867. Group I: Pardon Applications Submitted by Persons from the South, Tennessee, Ea-Jo. Nathan Gammon's application forpardon dated July 27, 1865 and approved by Governor WilliamG. Brownlow. Included on this roll is Nathan's brother's

51 (William Gammon) application for pardon. Microfilm Publications M1003 roll 49.

Sisters ofCharity ofLeavenworth Archives in Leavenworth, Kansas. Personnel files, Sister Irene McGrath and Sister Louise Camey.

Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville, Tennessee. Williams, C. S. Williams ' Knoxville Directo,y, City Guide, and Business Mirror. Knoxville: C. S. Williams, 1859. Volume 1, 1859 - 1860.

Thompson-Hickman County Library, Virginia City, Montana. Virginia City School Census, Reports of District Clerks of Schools, James M. Herndon, N.J. Davis, A. J. Bennett and W. A. Buttermore, 1874-1877, 1880, 1892-1895.

II. Newspapers: Times. Virginia City, Montana. Early Kansas Register. Kansas. Glendive Independent. Glendive, Montana. Great Falls Tribune. Great Falls, Montana. Helena Independent. Helena, Montana. Judith Basin Star. Montana. Knoxville Journal. Knoxville, Tennessee. Knoxville Sentinel. Knoxville, Tennessee. Livingston Enterprise. Livingston, Montana. Madisonian. Virginia City, Montana. Montanian. Virginia City, Montana. Montana Catholic Register. Montana. Montana Standard. Butte, Montana New York Times. New York. Christian Recorder. Kansas City, Missouri.

III. Published Primary Sources: Anderson, Robert and Daisy Anderson. From Slavery to Affluence: Memoirs ofRobert Anderson, Ex-Slave. Steamboat Springs, Colorado: Steamboat Springs Pilot, 1997, 1927.

Backus, Harriet Fish. Tomboy Bride. Boulder, Colorado: Pruett Publishing Company, 1969.

Callaway, Llewellyn Link. Montana Frontier Lawyer: A Memoir. Edited by Vivian A. Paladin. Helena, Montana: Lew L. Callaway, Jr. in cooperation with SkyHouse Publishers, 1991.

Callaway, Llewellyn Link. Montana 's Righteous Hangmen: The Vigilantes in Action. Edited by Lew L. Callaway, Jr. Norman: University ofOklahoma Press, 1982.

52 Dimsdale, Thomas J. The Vigilantes ofMontana. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press, 2003, 1866.

Ellis, Anne. The Life ofan Ordina,y Woman. Lincoln: University ofNebraska Press, 1980, 1929.

Foot, Mary Hallock. A Victorian Gentlewoman in the Far West: Reminiscences ofMary Hallock Foot. Edited by Rodman W. Paul. San Marino, California: Huntington Library, 1972.

Herndon, Sarah Raymond. Days on the Road: Crossing the Plains in 1865: The Diary of Sarah Raymond Herndon. Guilford, Connecticut: TwoDot, 2003, 1902.

MacLane, Mary. The Story ofMary Mac lane by Herself. Helena, Montana: Riverbend Publishing, 2002, 1902.

Royce, Sarah Bayliss. A Frontier Lady: Recollections ofthe in Early California. Lincoln: University ofNebraska Press, 1977, 1932.

Secondary Sources: Allen, Frederick. A Decent Orderly lynching: The . Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004.

Alotta, Robert I. Civil War Justice: Union Army Executions Under Lincoln. Shippcnburg, Pennsylvania: White Mane Publishing Company, 1989.

Ball, Edward. Slaves in the Family. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998.

Barsness, Larry. Gold Camp: Alder Gulch and Virginia City, Montana. New York: Hastings House, 1962.

Baumler, Ellen. "More Than the Glory: Preserving the Gold Rush and Its Outcome at Virginia City." Montana: The Magazine ofWestern History. Volume 49, no. 5 (Autumn 1999), 64-75.

Baumler, Ellen. Spirit Tailings: Ghost Tales from Virginia City, Butte and Helena. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Press, 2002.

Billington, Monroe Lee and Roger 0. Hardaway, eds. African Americans on the Western Frontier. Niwot, Colorado: University of Colorado Press, 1998.

Booker, Robert J. Two Hundred Years ofBlack Culture in Knoxville, Tennessee 1791 to 1991. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Donning Company, 1993. McClung Collection #50042. Knoxville Public Library.

Bowen, A. W. & Company. Progressive Men ofthe State ofMontana. Chicago: A. W.

53 Bowen & Company, n. d..

Burke, John. The Legend ofBaby Doe: The Life and Times ofthe Silver Queen ofthe West. Lincoln: University ofNebraska Press, 1989, 1974.

Chartier, Jo Ann and Chris Euss. Gilded Girls: Women Entertainers ofthe Old West. Guilford, Connecticut: TwoDot, 2003.

Coon, S. J. "lnfluence of the Gold Camps on the Economic Development of ." The Journal ofPolitical Economy, Vol. 38, no. 5 (October 1930), 580­ 599.

Cornell, Virginia. Doc Susie: The True Story ofa Country Physician in the Colorado Rockies. Carpinteria, California: Manifest Publications, 1991.

Demaratus, OeEtta. The Force ofa Feather: The Searchfor a Lost Story ofSlavery and Freedom. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2002.

Dichamp, Christiane Fischer, ed. Let Them Speak for Themselves: Women in the American West 1849-1900. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1977.

Douglas, John E. and Linda J. Brown. "Basic Data Report for Virginia City 2000 Archaeological Recovery." Missoula: University ofMontana, 2000. Web Version available as of August 16, 2005 at http://www.anthro.umt.edu/field/virginiacityreport.

Ou Bois, W. E. Burghardt. Black Reconstruction. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1935.

Dunaway, Wilma A. Slavery in the American Mountain South. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Ellingsen, John D. and John N. De Haas. IfThese Walls Could Talk: The Histo,y ofthe Buildings ofVirginia City. Montana: Montana Ghost Town Preservation Society, 1977.

Enstad, Nan. Ladies ofLabor, Girls ofAdventure: Working Women, Popular Culture, and Labor Politics at the Turn ofthe Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.

Fain, Eliza Rhea Anderson. Sanctified Trial: The Diary ofEliza Rhea Anderson Fain, a Confederate Woman in East Tennessee. Edited by John N. Fain. Knoxville: University ofTennessee Press, 2004. Fink, Miriam. "Some Phases ofthe Social and Economic History ofJonesboro, Tennessee, Prior to the Civil war: A Thesis." Knoxville: University ofTennessee, 1934.

54 Fink, Paul M. Jonesborough: The First Centu,y ofTennessee's First Town 1776-1876 Johnson City, Tennessee: Overmountain Press, 1989. McClung Collection #33080, Knoxville Public Library.

Friedman, Paul D. Architectural, Historical and Archaeological Inventory ofthe Virginia City National Historic Landmark, Madison County. Denver: Dames & Moore, l990.

Gall, Jillian E. and Amy L. Young, eds. Engendering African American Archaeology: A Southern Perspective. Konxville, University of Tennessee Press, 2004.

Gilman, Lowell L. Alder Gulch Remembered. Edited by Rose Keller. Sheridan, Montana, Muse Master, 2002.

Gilmore, Julia, Sister. We Came North: The Centennial Story ofthe Sisters ofCharity of Leavenworth. Saint Meinard, Indiana, Abbey Press, 1961.

Grant, Marilyn. Montana Mainstreets, Volume 1: A Guide to Historic Virginia City. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society Press, 1998.

Guinier, Lani. Lift Every Voice: Turning a Civil Rights Setback into a New Vision of Social Justice. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998.

Hine, Darlene Clark. Hine Sight: Black Women and Re-Construction ofAmerican History. Brooklyn, New York: Carlson Publishing, 1994.

Hines, George Washington and George William Cook. Negro Insurance. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1915.

Hoeveler, Diane Long and Janet K. Boles, eds. Women ofColor: Defining the Issues, Hearing the Voices. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2001.

Howard University Bulletin: Annual Catalogue ofHoward University, Washington, D.C.for 1924-1925. Washington, D.C.: Howard University. Volume [V, no. 5, April 1925.

Howard University Record: Catalogue, Howard Un iversity 1913-1914. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1914. Volume VIII, no. 2, March 1914.

Hudson, Lynn M. Making of"Mammie Plesasant ": A Black Entrepreneur in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003.

James, Ronald M. and C. Elizabeth Raymond, eds. Comstock Women: The Making ofa Mining Community. Reno: University ofNevada Press, 1998.

Jameson, Elizabeth and Susan Armitage, eds. Writing the Range: Race, Class and

55 Culture in the Women's West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997.

Jewett, Clayton E. and John 0. Allen. Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004.

Jones, James B., Jr. Knoxville's African-American Community 1860-1920: Comprehensive Cultural Resources Management Planning Services, Study Unit No. 9. Tennessee: State Historic Preservation Office, 1989.

Kennedy, Ethel Castner and Eva Lesell Stober. Belt Valley History 1877-1979. Great Falls, Montana: Advanced Litho Printing, 1979.

Kenzer, Robert C. "Black Businessmen in Post-Civil War Tennessee." The Journal of East Tennessee Hist01y, no. 66 (1994), 59-80.

Lacey, Marlett. Conversation with author, following a talk given by Marlett Lacey in Virginia City, August 17, 2005.

Lang, William L. "Helena, Montana's Black Community, 1900-1912." African Americans on the Western Frontier. Ni wot, Colorado: University ofColorado Press, 1998, 198-216.

Lang, William L. "The Nearly Forgotten Blacks on Last Chance Gulch, 1900-1912." Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 70, no. 2 (April 1979), 50-57.

Langford, Nathaniel Pitt. Vigilante Days and Ways. Helena, Montana: American & World Geographic Publishing, 1996, l 890.

Lee, Richard, ed. Nuggets ofl/istory from Virginia City: Historical Articles from the Virginia City Nugget 1995-2005. Virginia City, Montana: Virginia City Preservation Alliance, 2005.

Leeson, Michael A., ed. History ofMontana, 1739-1885. Chicago: Warner, Beers & Company, 1885.

Lensink, Judy Nolte. A Secret to be Buried: The Diary and Life ofElizabeth Hawley Gillespie, 1858-1888. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1989.

Levy, Jo Ann. They Saw the Elephant: Women in the California Gold Rush. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1990.

Limerick, Patricia Nelson. Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2001, 2000.

Madison County Historical Association. Pioneer Trails ands Trials: Madison County, 1863-1920. Volume I. Great Falls: Blue Print & Lener Company, 1976.

56 Madison County Historical Association. Progressive Years: Madison County, 1920­ /950. Volume IL Butte, Montana: Artcraft Printers, 1983.

Manning, Russ and Sondra Jamesion. Historic Knoxville and Knox County, City Center, Neighborhoods, and Parks: A Walking and Touring Guide. Norris, Tennessee: Laurel Place, 1990.

Maxwell, Edith R. Great Falls Yesterday: Comprising a Collection ofBiographies and Reminiscences ofEarly Settlers. Great Falls, Montana: Works Progress Administration, 1939.

Mayer, Melanie J. Klondike Women: True Tales ofthe 1897-/898 Gold Rush. Athen, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1989.

McGehee, Stuart C. "E. 0. Tade, Freedmen's Education, and the Failure of Reconstruction in Tennessee." Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Vol. 43, no. 4, 376­ 389.

McGrath, Roger D. Gunfighters Highwaymen & Vigilantes: Violence on the Frontier. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

McKay, Kathryn L. Virginia City, Montana: Annotated Bibliography. Columbia Falls, Montana: Tracks of the Past, 1999.

McMillen, Christian. "Border State Terror and the Genesis of the African-American Community in Deer Lodge and Choteau Counties, Montana, 1870-1890." The Journal ofNegro History, Vol. 79, no. 2 (Spring 1994), 221 -247.

Megquier, Mary Jane. Apron Full ofGold: lelters ofMary Jane Megquierfrom San Francisco 1849-/856. Edited by Robert Glass Cleland. San Marino: Huntington Library, 1949.

Miller, Joaquin. An lllustrated History ofMontana. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1894.

Moore, Della Hazel. Hot Springs ofNorth Carolina. Johnson City, Tennessee: Overmountain Press, 2002.

Moore, Wayne C. Moore. A Path Divided: Tennessee's Civil War Heritage Trail. Nashville, Tennessee: Tennessee Wars Commission, 2001.

Morton, Patricia, ed. Discovering the Women in Slavery: Emancipating Perspectives on the American Past. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1996.

Moynihan, Ruth, Susan Armitage and Christine Fischer Dichamp, eds. So Much To Be

57 Done: Women Settlers on the Mining and Ranching Frontier. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998, l 990.

Murphy, Mary. Mining Cultures: Men, Women and leisure in Butte, 1914-41. Urbana: University ofIllinois Press, 1997.

Newby, Rick and Suzanne Hunger, eds. Writing Montana: Literature Under the Big Sky. Helena, Montana: Montana Center for the Book, 1996.

O'Brien, Mary Barmeyer. Heart ofthe Trail: The Stories ofEight Wagon Train Women. Helena, Montana: TwoDot, 1997.

Olson, Lauri. Whispers on the Wind: Stories ofWomen from Montana's History. [S. I.]: Timberline Press, 2001.

Oppel, Frank, ed. Tales ofAlaska and the Yukon. Secaucus, New Jersey: Castle, 1986.

Pace, Dick. Golden Gulch: The Story ofMontana 's Fabulous Alder Gulch, Being a True, Quite Partial and Somewhat Humorous History ofAlder Gulch, Montana, the State's Richest Placer Mining District and the Cradle ofMontana History. East Wenatchee, Washington: Jursnick Printing Company, 1962.

Palladino, L.B. Indian and White in the Northwest: A History ofCatholicity in Montana 1831-1891. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Wickersham Publishing Company, 1922.

Pascoe, Peggy. "Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of"Race" in Twentieth-Century America." The Journal ofAmerican History, Vol. 83, no. l (June 1996), 44-69.

Peavey, Linda and Ursula Smith. The Gold Rush Widows ofLittle Fall: A St01y Drawn from the Letters ofPamelia and James Fergus. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Press, 1990.

Pettigrew, Thomas. "Generalized Intergroup Contact Effects on Prejudice." Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin. United States: Sage Publications. February 1997, 173­ 189.

Phillips, Paul C. Medicine in the Making ofMontana. Missoula: Montana State University Press for the Montana Medical Association, 1962.

Phillips, Paul David. "White Reaction to the Freedmen's Bureau in Tennessee." Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Vol. 25, no. l, 50-62.

Pony Homecoming Club. Pony, Montana: A Golden Past, Still a Treasure. Pony, Montana: Pony Homecoming Club, 2002, 1985.

58 Purple, Edward Ruthven. Perilous Passage: A Narrative ofthe Montana Gold Rush, 1862-1863. Kenneth N. Owens, editor. Helena: Montana Historical Society Press, 1995.

Ralston, H. Keith. "John Sullivan Deas: A Black Entrepreneur in British Columbia Salmon Canning." BC Studies, Vol. 32 (Winter 1976-1977), 64-78.

Riggs, Elsie, ed. Tombstone Records of Virginia City, Madison County, Montana. Virginia City, Montana, 1980.

Riley, Glenda. "American Daughters: Black Women in the West," Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 38, no. 2 (1988), 14-27.

Ronan, Mary and Margaret Ronan. Girl from the Gulches: The St01y ofMary Ronan. Edited by Ellen Baumler. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Press, 2003.

Sanders, Ilelen Fitzgerald. A History ofMontana. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1913.

Sanders, Wilbur Fisk, II and Robert T. Taylor. Biscuits and Badmen: The Sanders Sto,y in Their Own Words. Butte, Montana: Editorial Review Press, 1983.

Savage, W. Sherman. "The Negro in the History of the Pacific Northwest." The Journal a/Negro Histmy, Vol. 13, no. 3 (July 1928), 255-264.

Schlissel, Lillian. Women 's Diaries ofthe Westward Journey. New York: Schocken Books, 1992, 1982.

Schoenberg, Wilfred P. Jesuits in Montana 1840-1960. Portland. Oregon: Oregon­ Jesuit, 1960.

Schrems, Suzanne H. Uncommon Women Unmarked Trails: The Courageous Journey of Catholic Missionary Sisters in Frontier Montana. Norman, Oklahoma: Horse Creek Publications, Incorporated, 2003.

Scott, Joan Wallach. Gender and the Politics ofHistory. New York: Columbia University, 1988.

Seagraves, Anne. Soiled Doves: Prostitution in the Early West. Hayden, Idaho: Wesannes Publications, 1994.

Shikes, Robert T. Rocky Mounta;n Medicine: Doctors, Drugs and Disease in Early Colorado. Boulder: Johnson Books, 1986.

Shirley, Gayle C. More Than Pelticoats: Remarkable Montana Women. Helena, Montana: Falcon Press, 1995.

59 Shovers, Brian. " Diversions, Ditches, & District Courts: Montana's Struggle to Allocate Water." Montana: The Magazine ofWestern History. Volume 55, no. 1 (Spring 2005), 2-15.

Sievert, Ken and Ellen Sievert. Virginia City and Alder Gulch. Helena, Montana: American & World Geographic Publishing, 1993.

Soja, Edward J. Thirdspace: Journeys Lo Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. Blackwell Publishing: Maulden, Massachusetts, 1996.

Steele, Volney, M. D. Bleed, Blister and Purge: A History ofMedicine on the American Frontier. Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Company, 2005.

Stout, Tom. Montana Its Story and Biography. Chicago: American Historical Society, 1921.

Taylor, Quintard. "The Emergence ofBlack Communities in the Pacific Northwest: 1865-1910." The Journal ofNegro History, Vol. 64, no. 4 (Autumn, 1979), 342-354.

Taylor, Quintard and Shirley Ann Wilson Moore, eds. Afi·ican American Women Confi·onl the West, 1600-2000. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003.

Thomas, Brian W. "Power and Community: The Archaeology ofSlavery at the Hermitage Plantation." American AnLiquily, Vol. 63, no. 4 (October 1998), 531-551.

Thompson, Francis M. Tenderfoot in Montana: Reminiscences ofthe Gold Rush, the Vigilantes, and the Birth ofMontana Territory. Edited by Kenneth N. Owens. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Press, 2004.

Thompson, Lucille W. "Early Montana Pioneers: Sung and Unsung." Montana Business Quarterly, Vol. 10, no. 3 (Summer 1972), 39-42.

Thompson, Lucille W. and Alma Smith Jacobs. The Negro in Montana 1800-1945: A Selective Bibliography. Ilelena, Montana: Montana State Library, 1970.

Van West, Carroll. Trial and Triumph: Essays in Tennessee 's African American History. Knoxvilfo: University ofTennessee Press, 2002.

Waite, Robert G. "A Woman in the Gold Fields ofldaho: Viola Lamb and the Thunder Mountain Gold Rush, 1902." Heritage Program, U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, lntermountain Region, Payette National Forest, 1995.

Watauga Association ofGenealogists- Upper East Tennessee, eds. History ofWashington County, Tennessee Johnson City, Tennessee: The Association, 1988.

60 Welch, Danette, Reference Assistant, Calvin M. McClung Historical Collection, Knoxville, Tennessee. Emails to author. Welch, Julia Conway. Gold Town to Ghost Town: The Story of Silver City, Idaho. Moscow, Idaho: University Press ofIdaho, 1982.

White, Richard and John M. Findlay, eds. Power and Place in the North American West. Seattle, Washington: Center for the Study ofthe Pacific Northwest in Association with the University of Washington Press, 1999.

Whittlesey, Lee H. "A BriefHistory ofBlack Americans in the Yellowstone National Park Area 1872-1907." Vertical Files, History-YNP-General, MCAT 2047, Yellowstone Park Research Library, 1996, 1-18.

Wolle, Muriel Sibell. Montana Pay Dirt: A Guide to the Mining Camps ofthe Treasure State. Denver, Colorado: Sage Books, 1963.

Yung, Judy. Chinese Women ofAmerica: A Pictorial History. Seattle, Washington: Published for the Chinese Culture Foundation ofSan Francisco by the University of Washington Press, 1986.

Zanjuni, Sally Springmeyer. A Mine ofHer Own: Women Prospectors in the American West 1850-1950. Lincoln: University ofNebraska Press, 1997.

61