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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Aftfl Art>or, Michigan 48106 75-3210 TREECE, Paul Robert, 1938- MR. MONTANA: THE LTFE OF GRANVILLE STUART, 1834-1918. (VOLUMES I AND II} The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1974 History, modern XSrOX UniVGrSity Microfilins , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 @ Copyright by Paul Robert Treece 1974 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. MR. MONTANA: THE LIFE OF GRANVILLE STUART, 1836-1918 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Paul Robert Treece, B.S., M.A. ***** Ihe Ohio State University 1974 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Mary E. Young Dr. Harry L. Coles Dr. Bradley Chapin Advis/tr \ J / Department of History ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In addition to those persons named in the final two sections of the Bibliography, I would like to single out from among the many who assisted in the research and writing of this dissertation those who were especially helpful: Mr. John Coleman of Helena, Montana; Mrs. Harriet C. Meloy, Mr. Brian Cockhill, and the staff of the Montana Historical Society; Dr. Archibald Hanna, Jr., Ms. Joan Hofmann, and the staff of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University; Ms. Minnie Paugh and her assistants in the Special Collections Section of the Mon­ tana State University Library; Mr. Dale Johnson of the University of Montana; Professor Emeritus Merril G. Burlingame of Bozeman, Montana; Mrs. Edward Bell of Hamilton, Montana; Mr. Delmar T. Jeneary of West Liberty, Iowa; Miss Elfrieda Lang of the Lilly Library, Indiana Univer­ sity; Mr. and Mrs. William R. Abbott, Jr. of Deer Lodge, Montana ; Dr. Edwin C. Bearss of the National Park Service; Mr. Keith Beers of Billings, Montana; Dr. Robert Hom e of Valley City, North Dakota; Mr. Ewing L. "Bud" Lipke of Hilger. Montana; Mr. and Mrs. Albert Matejcek of Lewistown, Montana; Dr. Glenda Riley-Mclntosh of the University of Northern Iowa; and the Reverend Joseph L. Obersinner, S.J., of St. Ignatius Mission, Montana. Mr. Richard Lisy of Parma, Ohio, and Ms. Linda Crossley of Newark, Ohio, developed and printed the photographs used in the dissertation. Dr. A. Harding Ganz volunteered to draw the necessary maps. Ihe members of the Reading Committe deserve thanks for iii their constructive criticisms, particularly m y advisor. Professor Mary E. Young, now of the University of Rochester. Her efforts and suggestions made this a better dissertation. I am alone responsible for errors which may remain in it. I am deeply indebted to my parents. Jack and Marguerite Treece; ny children, Kristine and Gregory; and my wife, Karen, without whose encouragement, assistance, and understanding this dissertation could not have been completed. _ IV VITA April 10, 1938... Bom - Champaign, Illinois 1962............. B.S.. The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1963-1965........ Social Studies Teacher, West Technical High School, Cleveland, Ohio 1965-1966........ Social Studies Teacher, Westlake High School, Westlake, Ohio 1966............. M.A., The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 1968-1972........ Teaching Associate, Department of History, The Ohio State University, Cclumbus, Ohio 1972-1974........ Coordinator of Student Activities, The Ohio State University, Newark, Ohio 1974............. Assistant to the Director, Central Ohio Technical College, Newark, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: American History Studies in the Westward Expansion of the United States. Professor Mary E. Young Studies in the Slavery Controversy, Civil War, and Reconstruction. Professor Merton L. Dillon Studies in the Emergence of Modern America. Professor Francis P. Weisenburger Studies in Recent British History. Professor Philip P. Poirier V TABLE OF CONTENTS * VOLUME I Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................... iii VITA ..................................................................... V LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS................................................... vil LIST OF I^LAPS......................................................... viii PROLOGUE................................................................. 1 Chapter I. A FRONTIER CHILDHOOD......................................... 7 II. OVERLAND TO CALIFORNIA....................................... 53 III. MINING FOR GOLD IN CALIFORNIA.............................. 87 IV. ENTERING AN UNKNOWN L A N D .................................... 123 V. THE OPENING OF THE MONTANA GOLD FIELDS..................... 166 VI. FRONTIER SOCIETY AT AMERICAN FORK .......................... 219 VI LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS VOLUME I Page Photo. 1. Mary Stuart, daughter of Granville Stuart, ca. 1886 from tintype. Photograph courtesy of Granville Stuart Abbott. 166 Photo. 2. Awbonnie Stuart, Granville's wife. Photograph courtesy of Mrs. Mary Matejcek and the Montana Historical Society. 231 Photo. 3. Granville Stuart ca. 1870. From N. P. Langford, Vigilante Days and Ways (Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Company, 1912.) 246 vii LIST OF MAPS VOLUME I Page Map I. Western Virginia about 1836. Map drawn by Dr. A. Harding Ganz. 11 Map 2. Part of Illinois and Iowa about 1850. Map drawn by Dr. A. Harding Ganz. 26 Map 3. Northern California about 1857. Map drawn by Dr. A. Harding Ganz. 97 Vlll PROLOGUE On Sunday afternoon, October 6, 1918, a large group of Montana citizens assembled in the Deer Lodge Episcopal Church to pay their last respects to Granville Stuart. They had been gathering in the little valley community for several days and some, particularly those who had come a great distance, had not arrived until shortly before the service. After the service, most of the mourners braved the sting of the autumn wind to follow the procession to the Hill Crest Cemetery, located about a mile west of the city. It was a typical Montana autumn day. The sun shone brightly but not warmly. Winter was in the air. To the west, within the easy view of the mourners who stood by the graveside, loomed majestic Mount Powell. The upper slopes of the mountain were covered with fresh snow. Great banks of clouds seemed to build up behind the mountain and then peel off from the summit to move steadily eastward over the valley. As the shadows lengthened on the ground, the occasional wintry blasts chilled the witnesses to the last rites for Granville Stuart. Many of Montana's major political and economic leaders were among the mourners : two former United States Senators, a judge, a state senator, a former warden, a brewer, cattlemen, and wealthy mine owners, bankers, and merchants.^ Yet the man whose memory they were honoring by their presence had never succeeded in achieving his dreams of econ­ omic security and high social position. For decades he had sought to 2 get out from under the burden of heavy debts without success. He had died penniliess in his eighty-fourth year. Why did so many busy Montanans take the time and trouble to attend Granville Stuart's funeral? Why had the editors of the New York Times published an announcement of his death when the news of the impending collapse of Germany and Austria-Hungary and the movement toward an 2 armistice demanded every available column-inch in the newspaper. Why was there a town, a railroad station, a scout camp, a World War Two Liberty Ship, an elementary school, and probably a mountain peak named 3 after him. Indeed, why is Stuart mentioned in all but one of the seven major textbooks on the history of the westering experience, an 4 honor shared by none of the mourners? Granville Stuart was the most important single figure in the general development of Montana from the 1860s until his death. He had been, among other things, a prospector, miner, merchant, banker, legis­ lator, land agent, vigilante, historian, author, promoter, gunsmith, speculator, rancher, diplomat, librarian, and civic leader. He personally had been involved in so much of Montana's early development that an admiring son-in-law said of him that "Granville Stuart was the history of Montana."^ He was the dean of the Montana pioneers.^ He was, wrote a contemporary, "...the Daniel Boone of Montana. "Granville Stuart was more than a Montana pioneer. In the fantastic historical phenomena of the American frontier, he was an extraordinary historical phenomenon," was a recent assessment of the man's life.

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