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Globalization & Crime Franko-3604-Prelims.qxd 9/19/2007 12:19 PM Page i Globalization & Crime Franko-3604-Prelims.qxd 9/19/2007 12:19 PM Page ii Key Approaches to Criminology The Key Approaches to Criminology series celebrates the removal of traditional barriers between disciplines and brings together some of the leading scholars working at the intersections of different but related fields. Each book in the series aids readers in making intellectual connections across subjects, and highlights the importance of studying crime, criminalization, justice, and punishment within a broad context. The intention, then, is that books published under the Key Approaches banner will be viewed as dynamic and energizing contributions to criminological debates. Globalization & Crime – the second book in the series – is no exception in this regard. In addressing topics ranging from human trafficking and the global sex trade to the protection of identity in cyberspace and post 9/11 anxieties, Katja Franko Aas has cap- tured some of the most controversial and pressing issues of our times. Not only does she provide a comprehensive overview of existing debates about these subjects but she moves these debates forward, offering innovative and challenging ways of thinking about familiar contemporary concerns. I believe that Globalization & Crime is the most important book published in this area to date and it is to the author’s great credit that she explores the complexities of transnational crime and responses to it in a manner that combines sophistication of analysis with eloquence of expression. As one of the leading academics in the field – and someone who is genuinely engaged in dialogue about global ‘crime’ issues at an international level, Katja Franko Aas is ideally placed to write this book, and I have no doubt that it will be read and appreciated by academics around the world. In addition to garnering interest from her peers, the book’s accessibility of style, together with subject matter that is both provocative and ‘of the moment’, and the inclusion of pedagogical features which characterize books in this series, will ensure that Globalization & Crime is required reading for undergraduates and postgraduates studying numerous and diverse degree modules. In short, Globalization & Crime is an exciting and very welcome contribution to Sage’s Key Approaches to Criminology series. Yvonne Jewkes Series Editor Other books in the series: Media and Crime (2004) Yvonne Jewkes (Open University) History and Crime (forthcoming) Barry Godfrey (Keele University), Paul Lawrence (Open University) and Chris Williams (Open University) Franko-3604-Prelims.qxd 9/19/2007 12:19 PM Page iii Globalization & Crime Katja Franko Aas Franko-3604-Prelims.qxd 9/20/2007 4:05 PM Page iv © Katja Franko Aas 2007 First published 2007 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. SAGE Publications Ltd 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road New Delhi 110 044 SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007930469 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-4129-1289-1 ISBN 978-1-4129-1290-7 (pbk) Typeset by C&M Digitals (P) Ltd., Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall Printed on paper from sustainable resources Franko-3604-Prelims.qxd 9/19/2007 12:19 PM Page v As always, for Eva and Maria Franko-3604-Prelims.qxd 9/19/2007 12:19 PM Page vi Franko-3604-Prelims.qxd 9/19/2007 12:19 PM Page vii Contents Acknowledgements ix 1Crime, Fear and Social Exclusion in the Global Village 1 2Global Mobility and Human Traffic 27 3Urban Criminology and the Global City 49 4The ‘Deviant Immigrant’: Migration and Discourse about Crime 75 5Transnational Crime and Crime Wars 101 6Beyond the State: Globalization and State Sovereignty 129 7Controlling Cyberspace? 151 8Criminology between the National, Local and Global 171 References 191 Glossary 207 Index 214 Franko-3604-Prelims.qxd 9/19/2007 12:19 PM Page viii Franko-3604-Prelims.qxd 9/19/2007 12:19 PM Page ix Acknowledgements The arguments presented in this book have benefited from comments and conversations with many colleagues and students from the Institute of Criminology and Sociology of Law in Oslo. For reading and commenting on parts or all of the manuscript I am indebted to Nils Christie, Helene Oppen Gundhus, Yvonne Jewkes, Nicolay Johansen, Per Ole Johansen, Heidi Mork Lomell, Annick Prieur, Lill Scherdin and May-Len Skilbrei. Editors and anony- mous reviewers for Theoretical Criminology 11 (2) gave valuable feedback on early versions of my ideas. I am also very grateful for the financial support I have received, including scholarships from the University of Oslo’s CULCOM programme, and from the Norwegian Research Council’s KIM programme. I could not have completed the project without this support. Special thanks are owed to Yvonne Jewkes and Caroline Porter for their fantastic support and guidance, and to the staff at Sage for their assistance in producing this book. Working with them has been a pleasure. Finally, my greatest debt is to my family, Slovene and Norwegian. To Per Christian for his belief in me. To my grandparents I owe a long overdue debt of gratitude. This book is dedicated to my daughters Eva and Maria. Franko-3604-Prelims.qxd 9/19/2007 12:19 PM Page x Franko-3604-Ch-01.qxd 9/19/2007 12:17 PM Page 1 CRIME IN THE GLOBAL VILLAGE 1 Crime, Fear and Social Exclusion in the Global Village Chapter Contents What is globalization? 3 Criminology and the global, the local and the ‘glocal’ 6 The social and time–space compression 7 The network society, global economy and neo-liberalism 9 The changing role of the state 11 Towards a world risk society? 13 Fear of crime and the perilous quest for security 14 ‘The wasteful, rejecting logic of globalization’ 17 The new penology and the ‘factories of immobility’ 19 Crime, wars, war crimes and crime wars 21 Summary 25 Study questions 26 Further reading 26 1 Franko-3604-Ch-01.qxd 9/19/2007 12:17 PM Page 2 GLOBALIZATION & CRIME OVERVIEW Chapter 1 provides: v!definition of globalization as a phenomenon of increasing interconnectedness of societies, as well as a number of other meanings and controversies raised by the term. v An introduction of the main topics and theoretical concepts pertaining to globalization & crime, which will be discussed in greater detail in the following chapters. v An introduction of the various aspects of global interconnectedness (economic, communica- tional, risk, etc.). v A discussion of the multiple ways in which global inequality shapes contemporary crime con- trol strategies and notions of relative deprivation and social exclusion. v A discussion of the contested meaning of crime and criminalization. KEY TERMS actuarial justice (late) modernity social exclusion Americanization neo-liberalism space of flows crime neo-Marxism time–space compression globalism ontological insecurity glocalization relative deprivation ‘Huge trafficking organization smashed’, ‘Police “can’t cope” as Vietnamese flood drugs trade’, ‘New plans to tackle online perverts’, ‘Protect yourself from identity theft’, ‘EU crackdown on people smuggling’, ‘Suspected terrorists given citizenship’ – these are only some examples of headlines featured in the media in the past few years. The merging of global threats and local fears seems to have become a daily occurrence through milder and stronger forms of moral panics. At the same time, contemporary societies seem not only to be preoccupied with new forms of transnational threats, but are also developing new methods, new rationalities and solidarities in responding to these issues. The so far privileged position of the state and the national as the primary field of criminological ref- erence is increasingly overshadowed by various transnational and sub-national configurations. ‘Siamo tutti Londinesi’ (‘We are all Londoners’), said the posters on the streets of Rome the day after the July 2005 London attacks. The message was similar to the one displayed on the cover of the French Le Monde, in the 2 Franko-3604-Ch-01.qxd 9/19/2007 12:17 PM Page 3 CRIME IN THE GLOBAL VILLAGE aftermath of the September 11th attacks, proclaiming that ‘We are all Americans now’. As well as expressing global solidarity, the messages revealed shared feel- ings of fear and vulnerability between the Western capitals. The threat of the ‘foreign’ contaminating the perceived security of the local has become a com- mon theme on political agendas and in media debates. However, if we are to discern any deeper criminological relevance of the above phenomena, we need to turn our attention to underlying social transfor- mations in the emerging, deeply stratified global order. Today, globalization is shaping contemporary life more than ever, influencing our perceptions of com- munity, identity and culture. The globalizing world has been described as a ‘world in motion’ (Inda and Rosaldo, 2002), permeated by transnational net- works and flows of goods, capital, images and cultural symbols, as well as poten- tially risky individuals, goods and substances. The aim of this book is to examine the implications of these phenomena for studying crime and social control in a ‘world in motion’.
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