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Overland Migration of Marine Birds in a Wind Energy Corridor doi: 10.1111/jav.01474 49 1–9 JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY Letters A bridge between oceans: overland migration of marine birds in a wind energy corridor Juliet S. Lamb, David J. Newstead, Lianne M. Koczur, Bart M. Ballard, M. Clay Green and Patrick G. R. Jodice J. S. Lamb (http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0358-3240) ([email protected]) and P. G. R. Jodice, Dept of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC, USA. JSL also at: South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Clemson, SC, USA. PGRJ also at: U.S. Geological Survey South Carolina Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Clemson, SC, USA. – D. J. Newstead, Coastal Bend Bays and Estuaries Program, Corpus Christi, TX, USA. – L. M. Koczur, B. M. Ballard and DJN, Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Inst., Texas A&M Univ.-Kingsville, Kingsville, TX, USA. – M. C. Green, Dept of Biology, Texas State Univ., San Marcos, TX, USA. Journal of Avian Biology Located at the shortest overland route between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific 2018: e01474 Ocean, Mexico’s Tehuantepec Isthmus is a globally important migratory corridor doi: 10.1111/jav.01474 for many terrestrial bird species. The Pacific coast of the Isthmus also contains a significant wetland complex that supports large multi-species aggregations of non- Subject Editor: Paulo Catry breeding waterbirds during the boreal winter. In recent years, extensive wind energy Editor-in-Chief: Thomas Alerstam development has occurred in the plains bordering these wetlands, directly along Accepted 2 October 2017 the migratory flyway. Using recent studies of movement patterns of three marine- associated bird species – reddish egrets Egretta rufescens, brown pelicans Pelecanus occidentalis, and red knots Calidris canutus – from the northern Gulf of Mexico, we assess the use of the isthmus as a migratory corridor. Our data provide evidence that marine birds from the Gulf region regularly overwinter along the Pacific coast of Mexico and use the isthmus as a migratory corridor, creating the potential for interac- tion with terrestrial wind farms during non-breeding. This study is the first to describe migration by marine-associated bird species between the Gulf of Mexico and Pacific coast. These data contribute new information toward ongoing efforts to understand the complex migration patterns of mobile marine species, with the goal of inform- ing integrated conservation efforts for species whose year-round habitat needs cross ecoregional and geopolitical boundaries. Introduction Although avian migration is a readily observable phenomenon, its outward simplicity masks a complex reality. Species, populations, and individuals vary in their migratory behavior based on a complex suite of internal and external factors that vary across space and time (Alerstam et al. 2003, Vardanis et al. 2011). At the same time, understanding the broader principles governing migration patterns and habitat connectivity is a –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Avian Biology © 2017 Nordic Society Oikos www.avianbiology.org 1 critical component of conservation planning (Webster et al. create favorable migratory paths have also made the region 2002). As human activity alters natural environments with a focus of infrastructure development for wind energy. unprecedented rapidity, species’ migratory patterns may come Since 2010, the southern portion of the Isthmus has expe- under threat due to changes in resource availability relative to rienced intense wind energy development, and in 2013 the migration timing (Saino et al. 2011), loss of crucial migra- Tehuantepec Isthmus was designated an IBA in Danger tory stopover habitat (Weber et al. 1999), or physical barriers due to development-related habitat deterioration (BirdLife along migration routes (Masden et al. 2009). Understanding International 2015). why, when, and how birds make their migratory decisions is In addition to its importance as a migration corridor, the not only a matter of biological interest, but a conservation Tehuantepec region is also a key wintering area for water- necessity (Martin et al. 2007). birds of unknown breeding origin. The Lagunas del Istmo, One of the most significant international bird migration a vast, remote wetland complex on the Pacific coast of the corridors in the Americas is Mexico’s Tehuantepec Isthmus isthmus, supports large numbers of shorebirds, wading (Cabrera-Cruz et al. 2017). Classified as an Important Bird birds, and nearshore seabirds representing a variety of spe- Area (IBA) based on its concentration of three of the four cies (Aid et al. 1997, Rioja-Paradela et al. 2014). Since many major North American migratory flyways (Devenish et al. of the nearest breeding aggregations of coastal birds in the 2009), the isthmus links North American breeding habitat region are located along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, to Central and South American wintering grounds for mil- observers have suggested that marine-associated bird spe- lions of migratory birds each year (Winker 1995, Bildstein cies may cross the Tehuantepec Isthmus to winter in the 2006, Cabrera-Cruz et al. 2013). The isthmus, a saddle Lagunas (Binford 1989). However, migration of marine between the Sierra Madre de Oaxaca and Sierra Madre de birds between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific coast has Chiapas mountain ranges, concentrates crosswinds from yet to be directly quantified. It is important to understand the north and creates a tailing wind for southward migrants movement patterns and habitat use in the region in order during the boreal autumn (Romero-Centeno et al. 2003; to estimate the extent to which individuals may be exposed Fig. 1). The forceful and predictable wind conditions that to collision risk at new and proposed wind turbine sites Figure 1. Capture locations and dates of individual tracking studies in the northern Gulf of Mexico (2010–2014), relative to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (inset). Wind farm locations are indicated by brown stars in the inset map. 2 (Furness et al. 2013), which could affect mortality rates and, of Veracruz, Mexico, and the southern portion, including thus, long-term population parameters in long-lived marine the Lagunas del Istmo, in the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas, birds (Croxall et al. 2012). Mexico. Between 2010 and 2014, wind infrastructure in the Mark–recapture data from individual leg bands (Calvo region has increased from 225 turbines in five complexes to and Furness 1992) provide one means of illuminating 1451 turbines in sixteen complexes (Wind Power 2014). connectivity between populations and habitats; however, Wind energy installations in the area are primarily concen- these data alone offer limited information about when or trated in a 3000 km2 area around the town of Juchitán de how individuals travel between locations (Gillespie 2001), Zaragoza in Oaxaca (Fig. 1). The area currently accounts for and the difficulty of re-encountering marked individuals approximately 84% of Mexico’s total wind energy production in remote, inaccessible areas may result in underestima- (Wind Power 2014). The Lagunas del Istmo cover an area tion of key habitat areas and risk factors for marine birds of ca 785 km2 on the Pacific coast of the Isthmus over seven (Montevecchi et al. 2012). Recently, miniaturized tracking principal lagoons. technologies have allowed collection of year-round individual movement data for many species whose nonbreeding move- Mark–recapture ment patterns were previously unknown (Wakefield et al. 2009). Individual tracking of long-distance migrants has For the three focal species (Table 1), we accessed data on helped to reveal complex migratory patterns that cross geo- individual leg band (ring) re-encounters from the U.S. political and ecoregional boundaries (Webster et al. 2002, Bird Banding Lab (BBL) database, which contains records Jodice and Suryan 2010), to elucidate sources and patterns of birds marked from 1973 to 2017. We determined the of adult mortality (Montevecchi et al. 2012, Klaassen et al. number of individuals banded in northwestern Gulf Coast 2014), and to identify previously unknown migration routes states (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas) and later (Gillespie 2001). Although sample sizes from telemetry stud- re-encountered along the Pacific coast of the Tehuantepec ies are often small, they can be combined with mark–recapture isthmus, as a percentage of all individuals from the same data to yield important insights into population connectivity region re-encountered. Each individual was counted only and conservation of wide-ranging marine bird species. once; thus, we excluded multiple re-encounters of the same To determine the extent to which marine birds migrate individual. For red knots, small teams of 3–5 biologists also between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific coast, and conducted opportunistic resighting of uniquely-numbered whether movement pathways intersected with wind energy leg flags during annual visits to the Lagunas del Istmo in installations, we compared band encounter records and indi- January and February of 2012 through 2016. Resighting vidual tracking data collected from marine-associated water- efforts were focused primarily on the northwestern edge bird species in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico (Garrison of Laguna Superior (Fig. 1), near the town of Santa Maria and Martin 1973). We focused our analysis on the only three Xadani. species in the region for which both mark–recapture records and year-round tracking data were available,
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