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Anteros: on Friendship Between Rivals and Rivalry Between Friends View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Columbia University Academic Commons Anteros: On Friendship Between Rivals and Rivalry Between Friends Dror Post Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Dror Post All rights reserved Abstract Anteros: On Friendship Between Rivals and Rivalry Between Friends Dror Post This dissertation is about friendship and rivalry and, particularly, about the connection between them. The main argument of the dissertation is that friendship, philia, and rivalry, eris, are interconnected and that the failure to recognize this interconnection leads to violence and destruction. More specifically, I argue that every philia, friendship, contains elements of eris, of difference and disagreement, and that the failure to provide a space for these elements within the philia relationship results in the collapse of the friendship. Similarly, I argue that every eris, rivalry, contains elements of philia, of similarity and communality, and that the failure to recognize these elements leads to violent and destructive results. I use the term ‘philia’ here in a broad sense that includes different interpersonal relations like love, friendship, cooperation, solidarity, sympathy, etc., which are endowed with some gravity force that draws individuals close to each other and links them together. Likewise, I use the term ‘eris’ here in a wide-ranging sense that includes various interpersonal relations like hate, rivalry, hostility antipathy, etc., which are endowed with a sort of repulsive force that draws individuals away from each other and divides them. I argue that somewhat similarly to Newton’s third law of motion in the physical world – “To any action there is always an opposite and equal reaction.” – also in the interpersonal world every interaction implies ‘opposite reaction’. So that, for example, friendship implies rivalry, cooperation entails competition, peace contains conflict, and trust presumes suspicion. To use William Blake’s words: “Without Contraries is no progression. Attraction and Repulsion, Reason and Energy, Love and Hate, are necessary to Human Existence.” Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... ii Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Anteros .......................................................................................................................................................... 7 The Olympic Games: Creating Unity through Agōn ................................................................................... 21 Eris out of joint: on the nature and roots of violent conflicts ...................................................................... 30 Achilles’ Soul-devouring Eris ..................................................................................................................... 72 The Greek Embassy .................................................................................................................................... 95 Achilles’ Speech ......................................................................................................................................... 99 The Allegory of the Litai .......................................................................................................................... 116 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 131 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 135 i Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Megan Laverty, for her intellectual guidance, thoughtful advice, inspiring encouragement, hearty concern and dedicated support throughout the whole journey. I would like to express my deep gratitude and appreciation to Robbie McClintock – a ‘homeless in the house of intellect’ who is at home in the intellectual world more than any other scholar I am familiar with – for his humane kindness and intellectual generosity. My heartfelt thanks to my wise friend Avi Mintz for his continuous encouragement, his scholarly comments, his gracious help and, above all, his genuine and benevolent friendship. I was privileged to take classes in ancient philosophy with Claudia Baracchi before she left New York. I have learned a lot from her, from her classes and from her writings. It was a great honor for me to have her participate in my dissertation committee. More than anyone else, I am indebted to Ornah Bahat for her inexhaustible inspiration, her invaluable insights and her unfailing care. My special thanks to my philosophical comrade, Ricco Wright, for his attentive reading of the whole dissertation, his illuminating comments and particularly for many thought-provoking conversations that have greatly contributed to this study. I would like to thank my friend Cristina Cammarano for her sincere care and amiable encouragement. I am deeply grateful to Leanh Nguyen for her moral support and for helping me to make this study more authentic and meaningful. My wholehearted gratitude to my friend Serah Shani for her precious friendship and for being there for me during both happy and difficult times. My profound gratitude to my friend and colleague Ahmad Amara for his intellectually stimulating collegiality and his ever-supportive friendship. I would like to express my deep gratitude to my family in New Jersey: Tamir, Rachel and the adorable Willy, for their kind-hearted help and heart-warming generosity – I am going to miss you very much. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Rivka and Menashe, for caring for me and taking care of me during my long years in New York – Toda-raba! ii This study is dedicated with love to my dearest friend and admirable hero, Koby, for fifteen years and one month full of love and adventure. iii Introduction Fire is a vast, unruly element, and one which causes us to doubt whether it is more a destructive or creative force. Pliny the Elder, Natural History LXIII, 68.1 This dissertation is about friendship and rivalry and, particularly, about the connection between them. The main argument of the dissertation is that friendship, philia, and rivalry, eris, are interconnected and that the failure to recognize this interconnection leads to violence and destruction. More specifically, I argue that every philia, friendship, contains elements of eris, of difference and disagreement, and that the failure to provide a space for these elements within the philia relationship results in the collapse of the friendship. Similarly, I argue that every eris, rivalry, contains elements of philia, of similarity and communality, and that the failure to recognize these elements leads to violent and destructive results. I use the term ‘philia’ here in a broad sense that includes different interpersonal relations like love, friendship, cooperation, solidarity, sympathy, etc., which are endowed with some gravity force that draws individuals close to each other and links them together. Likewise, I use the term ‘eris’ here in a wide-ranging sense that includes various interpersonal relations like hate, rivalry, hostility antipathy, etc., which are endowed with a sort of repulsive force that draws individuals away from each other and divides them. I argue that somewhat similarly to Newton’s third law of motion in the physical world – “To any action there is always an opposite and equal 2 reaction.” – also in the interpersonal world every interaction implies ‘opposite reaction’. So that, 1 Pliny, Natural History, Vol. X, Books 36-37., trans. D. E. Eichholz (London: Heinemann, 1962), LXIII, 68. 2 “Actioni contrariam semper et æqualem esse reactionem.” Sir Isaac Newton, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica Lex. III. In Sir Isaac Newton, The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, trans. Bernard Cohen and Anne Miller Whitman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 117. 1 for example, friendship implies rivalry, cooperation entails competition, peace contains conflict, and trust presumes suspicion. To use William Blake’s words: “Without Contraries is no progression. Attraction and Repulsion, Reason and Energy, Love and Hate, are necessary to Human Existence.”3 The first chapter, “Anteros”, focuses on the Greek god Anteros, the god of reciprocal love. What I have found particularly intriguing about the god of reciprocal love is that he was represented, in his shrines and on artifacts, by the image of two lovers wrestling each other. I find the representation of reciprocal love as a wrestling competition between the lovers highly suggestive; I examine the ancient sources of Anteros and use them as the point of departure for a further inquiry into the interrelations between erotic unifying forces, like love, friendship and cooperation, and eristic dividing forces, like hate, rivalry and competition. The second chapter, “The Olympic Games: Creating Unity through Agōn”, continues to examine the intrinsic connection between the opposing and complementary forces of friendship
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