Dike. Rivista Di Storia Del Diritto Greco Ed Ellenistico

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Dike. Rivista Di Storia Del Diritto Greco Ed Ellenistico Tredicesimo Simposio di diritto greco ed ellenistico 299 Lorenzo Gagliardi TREDICESIMO SIMPOSIO DI DIRITTO GRECO ED ELLENISTICO Organizzatori Michael Gagarin e Robert Wallace, nei giorni 5-8 set- tembre 2001 si è svolto alla Northwestern University di Evanston, nei pressi di Chicago (Illinois), il tredicesimo Symposion di Storia del diritto greco ed ellenistico, promosso dalla Internationale Gesellschaft für Griechische und Hellenistische Rechtsgeschichte: la Società, fon- data per iniziativa di Hans Julius Wolff esattamente trenta anni fa (in occasione del primo Simposio tenutosi nel castello di Rheda presso l’Università di Bielefeld nel 1971) è oggi diretta da Eva Cantarella, Joseph Mélèze Modrzejewski e Gerhard Thür. Il convegno ha visto la partecipazione di ventinove relatori, provenienti da dieci differenti nazioni, e le tematiche affrontate hanno spaziato, come d’abitudine, da Omero e dal diritto greco più antico all’epoca ellenistica e all’Egit- to greco-romano. Particolarmente apprezzata dai convenuti è stata la struttura del Simposio, che ha previsto, per quasi tutti i temi trattati, gli interventi programmati di due differenti relatori: un primo, che esponeva un’ampia relazione sull’argomento assegnato; un secondo, che offriva una più breve replica volta a porre in luce gli aspetti più meritevoli di interesse sollevati dalla relazione. La prima sessione del convegno, la mattina del 5 settembre, sotto la presidenza di J. Mélèze Modrzejewski, si è aperta con la relazione di Raymond Westbrook (The Johns Hopkins University), Penelope’s Choice. Muovendo dalla tradizionale interpretazione dei rapporti di- nastici ed ereditari interni alla casa di Ulisse a Itaca, come apparente- mente risultano dalla lettura dell’Odissea (in part. Od. 1.386-387), secondo cui Ulisse era il re di Itaca e Telemaco aveva diritto a eredi- Dike, 4 (2001), pp. 299-311 300 Lorenzo Gagliardi Tredicesimo Simposio di diritto greco ed ellenistico 301 tarne il trono alla sua morte, Westbrook ha indicato alcuni elementi volte. Infine, ha considerato il ruolo delle donne nella partecipazio- che potrebbero lasciare propendere per una diversa lettura. Sulla ne e nell’organizzazione di culti cittadini e di manifestazioni religio- base della considerazione che, nell’assenza di Ulisse, né Laerte né se, quali le Tesmoforie: poiché la vita religiosa era strettamente con- Telemaco appaiono in grado di reggere le sorti del regno, e puntan- nessa con quella politica, la partecipazione a tali tipi di attività con- do l’attenzione sulla contesa dei Proci per la mano di Penelope, il sentiva di distinguere i cittadini dagli stranieri e dagli schiavi e di cui ottenimento avrebbe consentito a uno di loro di diventare re riconoscere una identità politica anche alle donne ateniesi. Comple- dell’isola, l’autore ha avanzato l’ipotesi che il dominio su Itaca fosse tamente d’accordo con la relazione di Cohen si è detta Lin Foxhall originariamente detenuto dal padre di Penelope, Icario, il quale l’a- (Leicester), che ha sottolineato l’importanza delle conclusioni dello vrebbe attribuito in dote alla figlia al momento del suo matrimonio studioso americano, soprattutto nella parte in cui egli ha affermato con Ulisse. A quel punto, secondo un modello frequente nell’antico che ad Atene anche le donne dovevano essere considerate cittadine, Medio Oriente, Ulisse avrebbe acquistato il regno su Itaca, ma in anche se, beninteso, il diritto di cittadinanza si atteggiava per loro qualità di vassallo di Icario che vi avrebbe mantenuto la propria su- con modalità assai diverse che per gli uomini. Poiché le donne ate- prema signoria. La risposta di Eva Cantarella (Milano) ha sottolineato niesi conducevano una vita assai meno visibile, sotto il profilo politi- che, anche ammettendo l’esistenza della dote già in Omero, di cui co, rispetto agli uomini, Foxhall si è altresì domandata se ciò contri- non ci sono prove, se davvero Ulisse fosse stato un vassallo di Ica- buisca a spiegare il fatto che esse fossero rappresentate come non- rio, questi non avrebbe permesso i venti anni di vuoto di potere che cittadine. si verificarono a Itaca. Perciò, secondo Cantarella, appare tuttora Nella sessione pomeridiana del primo giorno, sotto la presidenza preferibile l’opinione tradizionale, secondo la quale Laerte, antico re di G. Thür, Adele C. Scafuro (Brown University) ha presentato una di Itaca, avrebbe abdicato al trono in favore di Ulisse, essendo egli relazione dal titolo Parent Abusers, Military Shirkers, and Accused ormai troppo vecchio; e questa sarebbe la ragione per cui non rias- Killers: The Authenticity of Dem. 24.105B. La relatrice ha concentrato sunse le redini del regno neppure in seguito, nell’assenza di suo la sua attenzione sulla clausola di Dem. 24.105, che dispone l’arre- figlio. L’importanza della contesa dei Proci per la mano di Penelope sto, da parte degli Undici, di certe categorie di atimoi (coloro che si spiegherebbe non tanto col fatto che la donna fosse la vera deten- abbiano maltrattato i genitori e coloro che abbiano commesso diser- trice del potere sull’isola, ma con il fatto che, in una nascente polis, zione) e di persone accusate di omicidio, quando essi siano stati in cui il potere del re si fondava sul consenso popolare, il matrimo- sorpresi in luoghi a loro interdetti. Al riguardo ha osservato, in gene- nio con Penelope avrebbe trasferito su quello, tra i Proci, che l’aves- rale, che in nessun’altra fonte è attestata la procedura dell’apagoge se sposata, il consenso che aveva legittimato il regno di Ulisse. come mezzo per arrestare tali categorie di atimoi, e, in particolare, David Cohen (University of California, Berkeley), Women in Pub- che nella parte in cui la legge si riferisce agli individui accusati di lic: Gender, Citizenship and Social Status in Classical Athens, ha of- omicidio, la disposizione, che prevede che sia loro comminata una ferto alcune considerazioni circa la posizione delle donne nel diritto multa, prima che essi siano sottoposti a processo nel competente ateniese in base alle norme in materia di cittadinanza. Ha osservato tribunale, appare in contrasto con Dem. 23.80, che prevede invece che il concetto ateniese di cittadinanza era profondamente diverso senz’altro la pena di morte. Di qui la proposta di ritenere o che l’in- da quello delle democrazie moderne, che implicano l’eguaglianza di tera legge descritta, riportata in Dem. 24.105, sia del tutto inautenti- diritti politici per tutti i cittadini e ha affermato che nell’antica Atene ca, o che, almeno, sia dovuta a un errore nella tradizione del testo la le donne, pur prive di diritti politici, erano considerate cittadine. menzione degli Undici, che dovrebbe essere sostituita da quella dei Quindi ha esaminato sulla base di quali elementi venissero impostati Tesmoteti. Nella sua risposta a questa relazione, David Mirhady (Si- i processi relativi allo stato di cittadinanza delle donne e ha rilevato mon Fraser University) si è detto in disaccordo sulla possibilità di che, ove non fossero disponibili dati di tipo genealogico, le informa- rigettare per intero la legge tramandata da Dem. 24.105. Infatti, in zioni rilevanti erano desunte dallo status sociale delle persone coin- relazione ai soggetti atimoi ivi considerati, che si siano recati in luo- 302 Lorenzo Gagliardi Tredicesimo Simposio di diritto greco ed ellenistico 303 ghi a loro vietati, ha egli osservato che la pena dell’arresto da parte individuo, ma di impedirgli di parlare nell’assemblea e, così, di pre- degli Undici appare perfettamente giustificabile secondo l’ordina- servare questa immune da lui. mento ateniese. Ha invece convenuto sulla difficoltà di accettare Il giorno seguente, 6 settembre, presidente M. Gagarin, i lavori si Dem. 24.105, al confronto con Dem. 23.80, per ciò che riguarda i sono aperti con la relazione di Lene Rubinstein (Londra), Dangerous soggetti accusati di omicidio. A tale proposito egli ha osservato che Liaisons. Main Litigants and Witnesses in the Athenian Courts. In la ragione principale, per cui gli interpreti moderni associano il pri- contrapposizione all’opinione diffusa, secondo la quale nei tribunali mo di tali passi con la materia dell’omicidio, è dovuta alla presenza ateniesi solitamente le parti litiganti sceglievano come testimoni i in esso delle parole proeirhmšnon aÙtù tîn nÒmon e‡rgesqai. La so- propri amici e parenti e la principale funzione di questi era di mani- luzione più semplice per rendere il senso originario del passo sareb- festare il loro incondizionato sostegno a chi li aveva citati, l’autrice, be allora, secondo Mirhady, quella di eliminare tali parole, il cui dopo avere offerto un quadro generale sul ricorso alle testimonianze inserimento, ingiustificato, sarebbe dovuto a un errore nella tradizio- nei processi, ha distinto nettamente le cause di argomento privato ne del testo, che pertanto originariamente non avrebbe fatto alcun dalle azioni pubbliche e ha concluso che solo in relazione alle prime riferimento al caso di persone accusate di omicidio. è corretto ritenere che fossero chiamati come testimoni individui le- Ultima relazione della giornata è stata quella di Douglas M. gati da stretti vincoli con le parti processuali; viceversa, nelle azioni MacDowell (Glasgow), The Athenian Procedure of «dokimasia» of pubbliche sembra che in linea generale fosse percepito come un Orators. L’autore, partendo da Eschine, Contro Timarco, 1.27-30, ha vantaggio per i litiganti quello di poter presentare testimoni a loro offerto un resoconto completo della procedura di dokimasia rheto- parzialmente o del tutto estranei, il cui compito fosse non tanto quel- ron, attraverso la quale potevano essere sottoposti a sanzione coloro lo di offrire un supporto personale alla parte litigante che li aveva che richiedevano di parlare nell’Ecclesia essendosi macchiati di al- indicati come testi, quanto piuttosto quello di rivelare ai giudici nuo- meno quattro tipi di comportamento: maltrattamento dei genitori, di- ve informazioni. Nella risposta, Gerhard Thür (Graz) s’è dichiarato serzione, prostituzione, dilapidazione del proprio patrimonio.
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