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Home , 352 BC, 688 BC, Ancient Olympic Games, Athens, Dolichos (race), Ekecheiria

Birth of the

Vase painting showing an Olympic horse race

Commissioned by the -Macedonian Association, Inc. (USA) Developed by Dr. Evangeline D. Harris Stefanakis, Lauren Rachel Margolis, Laurette Hartigan, and Kevin Staszowskiat The Evelyn G. Pitcher Curriculum Laboratory Tufts University, Spring 2004 Dear visitor to the 2004 Olympics,

The Pan-Macedonian Association, Inc. (USA) proudly welcomes all of you to the birthplace of the Olympic Games, ().

We commissioned this booklet to present you with a short, easy- to-read, historical perspective of the birth of the Olympic Games in antiquity. It includes the rules of participating in the Games, the Olympic Spirit of noble competition that expects all athletes to reach the edge and, possibly, even go beyond the edge of their physical abilities, and last the , the observance of which was mandatory for all Greek -States, whose athletes were the only ones allowed to compete in the Games.

Finally, we have compiled characteristic, yet incomplete, tables that show the names of some Olympic winners of the Ancient Games, listed by event and by place of origin.

We sincerely hope that the Olympic Spirit and the Olympic Truce will once again embrace all participating nations before, during and after Athens 2004. To be sure, this will make us all winners! We are most appreciative for your presence here in Greece as we are appreciative of the many individuals and organizations that helped us offer this commemorative booklet to you. Let it be a lasting reminder that our ultimate goal for all of us, is to bring universal peace to the family of man through noble competition.

The Supreme Executive Council and members, Entrance to the in Olympia. Pan-Macedonian Association, Inc. (USA)

1 Introduction: Origin of the Ancient The Ancient Games lasted until 394 A.D. when Byzantine Olympics Emperor Theodosius discontinued them because he considered them a pagan tradition. In the valley of Olympia, the very first recorded Ancient Olympic contests were held in 776 B.C. Olympia lay within the city- of The modern Olympic Games were started in 1896 and were , in a region of known as Peloponnesus. open to all nations. They still include some of the original athletic competitions, celebrations and ceremonies. More importantly, Although the actual beginning of the Olympic Games is not they still include the basic ideals of noble competition and peace. precisely known, it was certainly connected with contests between gods and heroes. According to ancient tradition, the gods and heroes were the first to compete in Olympia, and they served as models for human beings, who later continued these athletic games. For this , athletics were an important part of Greek life and a way for to preserve and celebrate their rich cultural and mythology.

Legend has it that in 776 B.C., King of Elis was told by the oracle at that he could save Greece from the plague of warring city-states if he started the Olympic Games. In ancient times, Greece was not a single but a collection of city- states that were often fierce rivals. Some of the regions of the world, as we know them today, included Pelopon- nesus, , ( Minor), , the , , Lower and (Magna Grecia) and . In 776 B.C., King Iphitos established a temporary Olympic Truce and invited all the city-states to come together to compete in peace at Site of Ancient Olympia. Olympic Games When the Olympic Games began, they lasted for only one day and consisted of one contest –the stade or stadium -a race. New competitions, celebrations and ceremonies were gradually added in the following years and eventually the Olympics took place over a period of five days. 1 Map of Ancient Greek City-States 2 3 Map of Greece and

Site of

2 Map of Greece and the Aegean Sea

4 5 Ancient Olympics and the Gods A Brief History

Olympia was a sacred, religious Held every four years for almost 1,200 years, the Games became the site even before King Iphitos greatest festival of Ancient Greece. The event was so important that started the Olympic Games in time was measured by the four-year interval between the Games, 776 B.C. There are several a period called an “Ol y m p i a d ”. different tales in which suggest why Olympia These religious-athletic festivals were originally celebrated in the belief eventually became the official site that the spirits of the dead were gratified by such spectacles, and they of the Games. According to ancient were held in honor of the gods. The Olympian Festival was sacred to mythology, was a the mighty god . place where the gods gathered to engage in sporting events. During the first 13 Ancient Olympic Games, competition consisted of a 3 Zeus and Kronos depicted in stone. single foot race, approximately the length of a stadium. Subsequently, According to one legend recorded in ancient Greek , the other major events were added as follows: Greek hero was responsible for the foundation of the 776 B.C. Single foot race (running) Games. It is said that upon completion of one of his twelve tasks 724 B.C Second foot race (known as the “Twelve Labors of Hercules”), he celebrated by 720 B.C Endurance race of 4.5 kilometers making a clearing in the sacred grove at Olympia and setting 708 B.C. Pe n t a t h l o n up the Games there to honor his father, Zeus. 699 B.C. Bo x i n g 680 B.C Four-horse race Another popular story from Greek mythology describes how 648 B.C. Pa n k r a t i o n Zeus and his father Kronos, the mightiest of gods, had a fight. 580 B.C. Race in armor They battled on the mountains above the Altis in order to Winners of the Games were honored in poems and recognized as determine who would rule the world. Zeus won and became the heroes for life. The earliest prize for the winners was a crown made of king of the gods. Olympia’s religious celebrations and Games olive branches, a symbol of peace. In the fifth century B.C. began honor Zeus’ triumph. to accept money from opponents in exchange for conceding victory, and the Games moved away from their historic and religious origin. From these stories, we see why Olympia was such an important site for the Ancient Greeks. The Olympic Games became a In 146 B.C., conquered Greece and took control of the Olympic means to celebrate and remember the Greek gods and also to Games. In 394 A.D. Byzantine Emperor Theodosius ended the An c i e n t maintain a strong sense of cultural pride in future generations. Olympic Games.

6 7 Overview of the First Ancient Olympics Overview of the First Ancient Olympics

776 B.C. 394 A.D. Who È Only men and boys were allowed to compete Who È Only men were allowed to compete.

È No criminals, no warring states could compete. È With expansion of Hellenistic Region under the Great, citizens of non-ancient Greek È Although women did not participate in the Ancient regions, such as Egypt, Afghanistan, and India Olympic Games, they did compete in their own were allowed to compete. athletic competitions known as the Heraia. È Athletes became professionals, paid money for È Only wealthy competitors could afford the time and their wins. pay for coaches/training What È Three running events È The Ancient Games were exclusively for Greeks. È È Athletes, spectators, peddlers, gamblers, singers, dancers, , and performers attended the È Horse chariot race Ancient Games È What È Single foot race (running) È (boxing/) When È Ancient Olympic Games began in 776 B.C. È Race in armor (chariot or foot) È Took place at intervals of 4 years, an “‘ When È Ancient Olympic Games ended in 394 A. D . Where È Olympia, Western Peloponnesus in Greece Where È Ancient Games moved from Greece to Rome in 146 A. D . Why È King Iphitos started the Games upon advice from the Oracle of Delphi. Why È Byzantine Emperor Theodosius ends Olympics because the games are linked to the worship È To break cycle of discord and war among Greek of Zeus and pagan gods, instead of Christianity. City States È Athletes began competing for the sake of money È To celebrate and honor Greek gods in spirit of and goods which moved away from the peaceful peaceful competition origins and spirit of the games.

8 9 The Panhellenic Spirit of the Olympic Who Could Participate in the Games Expressed by Ancient Au t h o r s Ancient Olympics?

“The title ‘Hellenes’ is applied rather to those who share our Not everyone in Ancient Greece was eligible to compete in the culture than to those who share a common blood.” Olympics. Only Greek men and boys, who were free citizens, not ~Isokrates, Ancient Greek philosopher. criminals, and whose city-states agreed to participate in the Olympic Truce of the Games, were allowed to compete. In ancient times, Greece was not a nation but a collection of city- states. The people in these city-states spoke the same language and The Truce was written on a discus kept in the of shared a common culture and religion. They understood that they had . It stated that all states taking part in the Games were forbidden these connections. This common understanding is the Panhellenic to go to war, carry on a dispute in the court of law or execute Sp i r i t . criminals. Truce bearers from the state of Elis traveled to all participating Greek City-States taking part in the Games in order to The Ancient Olympic Games reflected the Panhellenic Spirit. In announce the terms of the Tru c e . ancient times, the Greek people demonstrated that peace and unity among all peoples could be accomplished through friendly, athletic Each athlete had to take an oath co m p e t i t i o n . that he had trained for ten months prior to the Games. Thirty days prior to the Olympic Games, athletes were required to gather at Elis for preliminary training and trials. This was to make sure that all athletes were fit and received equal treatment. It was also to determine which athletes would participate in the official Games.

Women could not participate in the Olympic Games. All males, even slaves, were allowed to be spectators at the Games.

4 View of the site of Olympia 5 Wrestling match in bronze

10 11 Role of Women in the Ancient Games Famous Olympians and Their Stories The a genes of Tha s o s , 480 B.C .

Women were not technically Theagenes, the son of allowed to compete in the Olympic Hercules, may well be Games. However, women could be the most glorified declared winners in equestrian ancient athlete of all events as owners of the horses or time. He is remembered the . Kyniska, a daughter for his athleticism, as of the King of , won great well as for the great fame as the first woman to train number of wreaths he horses that won in the Games. won in competition.

Married women were not allowed Theagenes was said access to the stadium during the to have won twenty-two games. Only the priestess of times in boxing, and two was permitted to watch times in the pankration

the Games seated by the altar 6 Bronze figurine of a woman and countless victories in the stadium. athlete competing in the Heraia. in other Games. 7 Greek pottery showing a pankration competition.

Women had their own special Theagenes was also the first athlete to win wreaths in two competition known as the Heraia. different events at the same time. In both the 77th and 78th The competition honored the goddess Hera and took place in the Olympic Games, he won one wreath in wrestling and one wreath non-Olympiad years. The officials, organizers and athletes were in pankration. unmarried women. The Heraia was made up of three races along the stadium track, specially reduced in length by one-sixth. The competitors were divided into age groups, beginning with the youngest women. The winners were crowned with garlands of “ There is no festival more glorious than Olympia!” olive leaves and given a share of a cow sacrificed to Hera. ~ , Greek poet

12 13 Di a gor as of Rh o d e s , 460 B.C . King Philip II of c e d o n i a , 356 B.C .

Diagoras was a very famous King Philip II of Macedonia, the boxer who won victories in the father of Alexander (III) the Great, Olympic Games. Ancient scored victories in three historians have called him the successive Olympics (356, 352 & most outstanding of all ancient 348 B.C.). First, King Philip II won boxers. Pindar, the Ancient in the horse race, then in the four- Greek poet, wrote for Diagoras horse chariot race, and finally in one of the most splendid pieces the two-horse chariot race. He of known Greek lyric poetry. claimed lineage from Hercules Diagoras belonged to the noble and was able to unite all Greek 9 ruling family of , and some 8 Ancient Olympic boxers City-States under his command. King Philip II of Macedonia believed the boxer to be the son of the god . Greeks saw athletics, in particular the Olympic Games, as closely connected to mythology and religion. In the Historians know about King case of Diagoras, his descendence from the great god Hermes Philip’s involvement in both the provided an explanation of how mortal men were able to perform Olympic Games, as well as Greek such amazing athletic feats. , partly by studying ancient . Large numbers of coins The boxer is also glorified for having won competitions throughout commemorating King Philip’s the Panhellenic world –at the , as well as victories at the Olympic Games Rhodes and Athens. Diagoras’ sons also won competitions at later have survived from ancient times. Olympic Games. In total, three generations of the Diagoras family On one such , one side of the were crowned victors at Olympia, which added to the boxer’s fame coin shows Zeus and the other in his own right, as well as legends of his immortal ancestry. side shows a victorious King 10 tetradrachm coin struck by Philip II on his horse. King Philip II to commemorate Diagoras is remembered, not only for the athleticism he displayed his victory in a horse race. at the Ancient Olympic Games, but even more so, for his virtuous character and nobility. These qualities were important and respected in Ancient Greek culture.

14 15 Athletic Events of the Ancient Olympics Some Ancient Olympic Winners

The following is a partial list of the athletic competitions included By Event in the Ancient Olympic Games: Event Winner's Name City / State Olympic Date Boxing Onomastos 688 B.C. Running ~ Boxing Diagoras Rhodes 464 B.C. È Stade: one length of the stadium Hypenos Pisa 724 B.C. È Diaulos: over two lengths of the Akanthos Sparta 720 B.C. stadium Horse Race King Phillip II Macedonia 356 B.C. È Dolichos: the long distance race Horse Race Phanas Messene 684 B.C. Pankration Lygdamis Syracuse 648 B.C. Pankration Theagenes 476 B.C. ~ Runners wore Race in Armor Pentathlon Lampis Sparta 708 B.C. 11 helmets, leg armor, and carried shields. Olympians participating Race in Armor Damaretos Heraia 520 B.C. in a running event. Koroibos Elis 776 B.C. Pentathlon ~ Running, wrestling, , discus and Stadion King Alexander I Macedonia 460 B.C. Synoris King Phillip II Macedonia 348 B.C. Tethrippon Peisitratos Athens 528 B.C. Boxing ~ Fights ended when one man surrendered, Tethrippon King A. Perdikas Macedonia 408 B.C. or passed out –or died! Tethrippon King Phillip II Macedonia 352 B.C. Wrestling Eurybatos Sparta 708 B.C. Wrestling ~ Wrestlers covered their bodies with oil to make it By Region difficult for an opponent to get a hold. City / State Winner's Name Event Olympic Date Aigina Praxidamas Boxing 544 B.C. Pankration~ Combination of boxing and Athens Pantalkes Stadion 696 B.C. wrestling: the roughest of all! Meneptolemos Boy's Stadion 500 B.C. Diokles Stadion 728 B.C. Horse Races~ There were three types of Delphi Timasitheos Pankration 516 B.C. Elis Koroibos Stadion 776 B.C. horse race: straight race for stallions, one for Epidauros Polos Stadion 712 B.C. colts and another for mares. Kroton Milon Wrestling 532 B.C. Macedonia King A. Perdikas Tethrippon 408 B.C. Chariot Races~ Featured four different Messene Androklos Stadion 768 B.C. types of race: two- or four-horse chariots Sparta Akanthos Dolichos 720 B.C. 12 Syracuse Lygdamis Pankration 648 B.C. Olympic athlete (synoris or tethrippon), pulled by either colts preparing to throw Thebes Tethrippon 680 B.C. the discus or older horses. Thessaly Menadros Stadion 524 B.C.

16 17 Day 1 of the Ancient Olympics Day 2 of the Ancient Olympics

In the morning, athletic Day two began with a procession of horses, riders and chariots competitors and their trainers into the hippodrome, or horse-racing arena. This day was the day went to the Vouleuterion, or of chariot and horse races. The chariot races were one of the Council Building, in Olympia.Ten most exciting and dangerous events of the Games. There were Hellanodikai (Olympic Judges) both four-horse chariot and two-horse chariot races with and organizers swore in the distances ranging from 2.5 miles up to 8 miles. Horse races were competitors with the Olympic just after the chariot races and were often much shorter in length. Oath. In the afternoon, the competitions moved to the stadium for the Next, the competitors would pentathlon, which included five events: running, wrestling, long proceed to the Altis, a sacred jump, discus and javelin. The first athlete to win three events was olive-grove, and go to one of the crowned the victor. many altars. The men would make offerings to a god –Zeus, At the end of the day, crowds gathered at the shrine of the hero Hermes, , or Hercules. , winner of the first chariot race. Funeral ceremonies were Then they would pray for victory. reenacted around the Altis and specially written hymns were sung in honor of the victors. The day ended with feasts and 13 The only competitions on the Statue of Zeus, inside the Temple celebrations. of Zeus, Olympia. first day were running, wrestling and boxing for boys.

The afternoon was free for contestants to explore Olympia. Especially exciting was the Temple of Zeus with the famous statue of Zeus, considered one of the seven wonders of the Ancient World.

14 Depiction of a four-horse chariot race.

18 19 Day 3 of the Ancient Olympics Day 4 of the Ancient Olympics

The fourth day of competition was mainly for contact . The first sport of the day was wrestling. There were no rounds, and wrestlers employed a variety of holds, lifts and other movements to make their

15 Depiction of ancient Greek runners. opponents fall. Three falls and the man falling was declared the 16 Men battling to be victors of the The most important religious event of the whole Olympic festival loser. In Greek myths, heroes ancient pankration. started on day three of the Games –and was the to were often especially good at Zeus. All gathered at the entrance to the Altis. Ambassadors from wrestling. the Greek states brought symbols of their cities to be shared at At midday, boxing began. this celebration. The Hellanodikai arrived and the procession Boxers were often severely hurt, began around the Altis, passing the Temple of Hera, the tomb of cut and disfigured and in the hero Pelops, the Temple of (the mother of Zeus) and the extreme cases, even killed. treasure houses of Greek states around the Mediterranean. Boxers often went for their The procession concluded at the Temple of Zeus, where opponents’ head and face, so 17 Men battling to win a wrestling made animal . fast footwork was essential for match. the competitors to avoid too In the afternoon runners ran a long distance race, called the many punches. dolichos, which ranged in length from 2.25 miles to 2.75 miles. The final combat event of the day was the pankration, meaning Next came the sprints, or stades, which were around 630 feet in “all-strength” in Greek. This sport combined boxing and wrestling. distance. The sprints finished at the western end of the stadium, The goal for the athletes was to make their opponent give up and where competitors would be facing the Altis. concede defeat.

In the evening, a great public banquet was held where athletes The last event of this day was the or ‘race in brought their families and other guests. They feasted on meat and armor’. The race served as a reminder that one purpose of enjoyed the lavish foods the Greek city representatives had athletics was to prepare men to fight in battle. Competitors carried brought. shields and wore helmets as they ran two lengths of the stadium.

20 21 Day 5 of the Ancient Olympics Spread of Greek Culture by Al e x a n d e r the Great during the

During the Hellenistic period, athletics flourished as did the fortunes of the Greek City-States. The athletic , that had its birth in the ancient City- States and reached its pinnacle during the period of the Persian Wars, spread beyond the boundaries of 18 Spectators watch a champion being crowned with his victory wreath. the Greek world. This happened as a result of the Day five was the final day of the Games. This was a day to conquests of Alexander the celebrate the accomplishments of the victors. Spectators, trainers Great and the foundation of and athletes made their way, procession style, to the Temple of the Hellenistic kingdoms. In Zeus for the final time, with the winners leading the way. the territories Alexander conquered, Hellenism took 19 Bust of . Before the festival, a boy was chosen to cut a leafy branch from root and traditional buildings the ancient wild olive tree sacred to Zeus. The leaves were then for training and exercise were constructed, thus preserving and woven into wreaths. When the procession reached the front of the spreading the tradition of the . temple, the winners would come forward and the Hellanodikai placed a wreath on the head of each winner. Simultaneously, new festivals, modeled on the Panhellenic festivals, were introduced throughout the East. Both within The rest of the day and evening was spent feasting. There was Greece proper and outside it, new conditions had their effect on a big public banquet as well as many private parties. The parties athletics and produced some significant changes. often lasted late into the night!

22 23 Spread of Greek Culture by Al e x a n d e r The Spirit of the Games: Peaceful the Great during the Hellenistic Period Competition Among Greek City-States

Rulers of Hellenistic states furnished large sums of money for Freedom was considered one of the most fundamental values of sporting installations and the organization of athletic festivals. The life in ancient Greece. Although war was often a way of life during games of the Hellenistic period were increasingly characterized this period, the Greeks created peace through the OlympicTruce by their luxury, which contrasted with the of former and managed to maintain it as a means of cultural unification and times. The games increasingly lost their connection with religion pride. and became purely spectacle. One main reason that the Olympic Games have remained such From the 5th century B.C. onwards, a number of cities began to a sacred and revered tradition throughout history was because of honor their victors with goods and/or money, despite the fact that the institution of the Olympic Truce or ‘Ekecheiria’, which in Greek the prize for the Panhellenic Games was simply a wreath. It was means ‘holding hands’. during this Hellenistic period that the phenomenon of athletes competing solely for money gradually became common. The The Truce was originally established to provide safe passage to professionalization of the athletic world was a consequence of the the athletes and spectators before and after the Games at a time political, economic and social life of the Greeks at the time. The when there was much war and strife between the Greek City- financial rewards for athleticism became greater and greater States. during this period of Greek history. Enforcing peace to fighting parties, even for a short time, was a After 200 B.C., following the Roman conquest of Greece, the great accomplishment, and the Greek cities recognized and different Roman attitude toward sports (which differed from the respected the Olympic Truce, which became a symbol of human Greek), as well as the economic decline of the Greek world, led to brotherhood and peace. the decay of athletics and the Ancient Olympic Games. Today, there is an effort to revive the Olympic Truce. The aim is to encourage nations to observe the Olympic Truce and to cease hostilities during the Olympic Games and beyond. Hopefully, this could create a of opportunity for the peaceful resolution of conflict.

24 25 The Spirit of the Games: Spirit of the Games: the Heroic Ideal, The Olympic Tru c e Et e r n i t y , and Olympic Peace

The Olympic Truce Centre is an international, non-governmental Citizens of Ancient Greece organization that operates within the framework of the Olympic lived by a set of ideals, values movement. The goals of this organization are to promote the and morals. These ideals were Olympic ideals for peace, friendship and international known as the concept of understanding by upholding the Olympic Truce. Olympic Spirit and include:

Looking back at the Ancient Olympics, it is clear that the same È Areti (Virtue) ideals, hopes and cultural ties, which existed then, also exist È Amilla (Noble competition) today. The Olympic Games embody a special spirit which enables È Timi (Honor) people of all cultures and all backgrounds to come together in È Eleftheria (Freedom) peace and gives hope for greater acceptance and tolerance for all È Irini (Peace) people in the future. 21 Doves in flight, Olympic symbol of peace

For an athlete, only a life with honor was worth living. An honorable man was a man with self-discipline and respect for himself, the gods and the of his city. He took pride in carrying out his duty towards his family and his town. He valued moral rewards more than profit.

The athlete, who was well-respected by his fellow athletes and citizens, was the one who aspired to be the best. He showed respect for his fellow competitors and followed the rules of the Games. Such an athlete exhibited restraint and avoided over zealous behavior. A noble competitor accepted both defeat and victory gracefully.

20 Ancient boxers hand-in-hand

26 27 Picture Index Selected Sources:

Cover Vase painting showing an Olympic horse race The Original Olympics, 1996, p32. Douskou, (Ed.) (1982) The Olympic Games in Ancient Greece

1 Map of Ancient Greece The Committee for the Olympic Games’ Youth & Athens, Greece. Ekdotiki Hellados S.A. Education curriculum, The Olympic Spirit: History of the Games, Volume I, 1992-93. Labropoulos, Takis (Ed.) (2003) Olympic Games 28 Centuries History - Athletics - Civilization Athens, Greece. Lambropoulos 2 Map of Greece & Aegean Sea Oxford World's the translation by Robin Waterfield This Olympic Spirit: History of the Games Vol I (1992) Atlanta, Georgia. The Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games. 3 Zeus and Kronos depicted in stone http://www.holycross.edu/departments/classics/jhamilton/mythology/zeus/h181.jpg Woff, Richard (1999) The Ancient Greek Olympics , UK. Press. 4 Aerial view of Olympia, Middleton, Ancient Olympic Games, 2000, p9. Oxlander, C & BallHeimer, D (1999) Olympic Games New York, NY. 5 Wrestling match in bronze The Olympic Games in Ancient Greece, 1982, p209. Alfred A. Knopf 6 Bronze figurine of woman athlete competing in the Heraia The Olympic Games in Ancient

Greece, 1982, p173. È http://www.webwinds.com/thalassa/ancgreecemap.htm

7 Greek pottery showing a pankration competition The Olympic Games in Ancient Greece, È http://harpy.uccs.edu/greek/olympia.html 1982, p229. È http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/02/0214_020214_ 8 Ancient Olympic boxers The Olympic Games in Ancient Greece, 1982, p225. olympia.html

9 King Philip II of Macedonia http://www.ancientgreece.com/html/people_frame.htm È http://www.sikyon.com/Olympia/athletestories_eg.html

10 Silver tetradrachm coin struck by King Philip II to commemorate his victory in a horse È http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~cls180/W10/387.jpg race The Olympic Games in Ancient Greece, 1982, p140. È http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~wbower/athletes.html

11 Olympians participating in a running event The Olympic Games in Ancient Greece, 1982, È http://www.koppelquests.net/David’s%20Downloads/David’s%20 p165. Downloads%20September%205.htm 12 Olympic Athlete preparing to throw the discus. The Ancient Greek Olympics,1999, cover. È http://trevinosgymnastics.com/learn/events.html

13 Statue of Zeus, inside the Temple of Zeus, Olympia The Olympic Games in Ancient È http://www.ancientgreece.com/html/people_frame.htm Greece, 1962, p103. È http://www.eccentrix.com/members/bagoas/ 14 Depiction of a four-horse chariot race The Olympic Games in Ancient Greece, 1982, È http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Olympics/truce.html p234. È http://www.arwhead.com/Greeks/ 15 Depiction of ancient Greek runners The Olympic Games in Ancient Greece,1982, p163. È http:// w w w. a r t h i s t o r y. s b c . e d u / i m a g e s w o m e n / p a p e r s / p a o l i c c h i d e m e t e r / d e m e t e r .html 16 Men battling to be victors of the ancient pankration contest The Olympic Games in È http://www.allposters.com/gallery.asp?aid=716988&item=328395 Ancient Greece, 1982, p231. È http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Olympics/diag.html 17 Men battling to win a wrestling match The Olympic Games in Ancient Greece, 1982, È http://ww w. h o l y c r o s s . e d u / d e p a r t m e n t s / c l a s s i c s / j h a m i l t o n / m y t h o l o g y / z e u s / h 1 8 1 . j pg p204.

18 Spectators watch a champion being crowned with a victory wreath The Original Olympics, 1996, p37.

19 Bust of Alexander the Great http://www.ancientgreece.com/html/people_frame.htm

20 Ancient boxers hand-in-hand http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~wbower/athletes.html A Complete list of credits and resources is available at: 21 Doves in flight http://www.allposters.com/gallery.asp?aid=716988&item=3283951 http://ase.tufts.edu/clab/ 28 29 We extend our gratitude to Dr. Demetrios Pantermalis of the Aristoteleion University in and Mrs. Stella Sytziouki of the Alexandreion building in Litohoro, Macedonia, Greece for their assistance with resource material for this booklet and also to our sponsors for their support.

Sponsors (Partial list in alphabetical order as of printing date)

AGROMET S.A. - John Banis, President AHEPA Chapter HJ-3, District 25, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece Chris Tomaras, Vice president, SAE, North & South America Christos & Mary Papoutsy Social Responsibility-Ethics Foundation http://www.helleniccomserve.com/ Enosi Pontion Makedonias, Macedonia, Greece, President Theodoros Akritidis of Hellenic American Societies of New England, Inc. Friends of the Pan-Macedonian Association, Inc., USA Hellenic Society '''', Storrs, CT, USA Kokkalis Program, JFK School of Government, Harvard University Mayor of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece-Vassilis Papageorgopoulos Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Secretariat for Greeks Abroad Ministry of Macedonia -Thrace, Minister Nikos Tsartsionis Omospondia Pontiakon Somation N. Thessalonikis, Greece, President Th. Ak r i t i d i s Petrelea Viomihanikou Sygkrotimatos Thessalonikis, Greece Prefect of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece-Panayiotis Psomiathis Society of Kastorians ''Omonoia'', NY USA The Pan-Macedonian Association, Inc., USA

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