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U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command – Soldier Center 5/29/2020 UNCLASSIFIED U.S. ARMY COMBAT CAPABILITIES DEVELOPMENT COMMAND – SOLDIER CENTER Flame Resistant Materials and Soldier Sustainability Margaret Auerbach Textile Technologist Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release. Emerging Materials Development Team Soldier Protection and Survivability Directorate 20 May 2020 UNCLASSIFIED 1 UNCLASSIFIED FLAME RESISTANT MATERIALS AND SOLDIER SUSTAINABILITY Objective To provide an overview on the health and environmental issues associated with the use of inherently flame resistant (FR) or FR treated materials in protective clothing and equipment as it relates to soldier survivability and sustainability. UNCLASSIFIED 2 2 1 5/29/2020 UNCLASSIFIED FLAME RESISTANT MATERIALS AND SOLDIER SUSTAINABILITY FLAME RESISTANT UNIFORMS – IN FACT, ALL MATERIAL CHANGES EVOLVE TO MEET SOLDIERS' NEEDS UNCLASSIFIED 3 3 UNCLASSIFIED FLAME RESISTANT MATERIALS AND SOLDIER SUSTAINABILITY Primary goal of FR materials: Sustainability of the Soldier To provide soldiers with protection against specific threats to prevent burn injury provide additional time to escape from flames/fire https://www.pinterest.com/virgilusa/vietnam-war-photos/ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jul/15/first-photograph-ied-afghanistan-roadside-bomb UNCLASSIFIED 4 4 2 5/29/2020 UNCLASSIFIED FLAME RESISTANT MATERIALS AND SOLDIER SUSTAINABILITY In Vietnam, helicopters were used to - transport troops, supplies and equipment, - aid ground troops with additional firepower - evacuate killed or wounded soldiers In 1968, the Army was reporting an increasing number of deaths or burn injuries as a result of post-crash fires. Soldiers were actually surviving the impact during helicopter crashes but needed more time to get out. Egress times to survive: Large transport planes - 90 seconds Helicopters - less than 17 seconds to make it outside the fireball Auerbach, M., Ramsay, J., D’Angelo, P., Cameron, S.,Proulx, G., Kaplan, J., Grady, M., and Coyne, M. (2019) Next Generation Test Forms for Testing in Fire Simulations ASTM E54 STP1614 Symposium on Homeland Security and Public Safety: Research. presented June 2018, published 2019. UNCLASSIFIED 5 5 UNCLASSIFIED FLAME RESISTANT MATERIALS AND SOLDIER SUSTAINABILITY Early in Vietnam War (before 1968) Helicopter pilots wore fire retardant cotton twill coveralls early in the Vietnam War They were treated with a Borax solution but lost their protective properties after approximately 14 washes and had to be retreated Army and Marine Corps helicopter pilot U.S. Navy and Marine Corps pilots MIL-C-5390 http://www.vietnamgear.com/equipment.aspx?cat=2 UNCLASSIFIED 6 6 3 5/29/2020 UNCLASSIFIED FLAME RESISTANT MATERIALS AND SOLDIER SUSTAINABILITY 1968 Nomex flight suits were issued to flight crews Need : To give crewmembers and passengers sufficient time to escape from crash damaged helicopters Result: Increased survivability A dramatic decrease in thermal/burn injuries Note: The Army also developed a crashworthy fuel system for the helicopter - impact resistant fuel cells, and fuel lines with break-away valves and non-leak features. MIL-C-81126 Auerbach, M., Ramsay, J., D’Angelo, P., Cameron, S.,Proulx, G., Kaplan, J., Grady, M., and Coyne, M. (2019) Next Generation Test Forms for Testing in Fire Simulations ASTM E54 STP1614 Symposium on Homeland Security and Public Safety: Research. presented June 2018, published 2019. UNCLASSIFIED 7 7 UNCLASSIFIED FLAME RESISTANT MATERIALS AND SOLDIER SUSTAINABILITY 1970 Nomex uniforms were issued to tank crews and mounted soldiers Need : Increased concern about fire within the crew compartments By the end of the Vietnam War, all mounted soldiers were being issued FR clothing. Feldman, C. (2009, August 6).Vietnam-era captain campaigns for soldiers' recognition due for an honor. Houston Chronicle. Scott, B., Hernandez, V., Goodman, M. (August 8-11, 2011). Initial Composite Material Fire Evaluation. Joint Classified Bombs/Warheads & Ballistics Symposium. Monterey, CA. UNCLASSIFIED 8 8 4 5/29/2020 UNCLASSIFIED FLAME RESISTANT MATERIALS AND SOLDIER SUSTAINABILITY There had always been a desire but no requirement for FR protection for the dismounted soldier – a lower cost alternative to Nomex FR vs Non FR: increased weight (tradeoffs) lower tear strength decreased comfort increase cost Dismounted Soldiers did not received FR uniforms until 2007 UNCLASSIFIED 9 9 UNCLASSIFIED FLAME RESISTANT MATERIALS AND SOLDIER SUSTAINABILITY Changes made to uniforms worn by the dismounted soldier focused on comfort, protection from the environment and utility. Changes were made to: • fiber content • fabric weight • fabric weave • fabric color • design of uniform • fabric treatments/finishes (anti- vesicant, water-resistant chemical treatments, water repellency, permethrin, FR) UNCLASSIFIED 10 10 5 5/29/2020 UNCLASSIFIED FLAME RESISTANT MATERIALS AND SOLDIER SUSTAINABILITY WWI (1917-1918) The standard uniform in World War I was the service coat and breeches introduced in the first decade of the century olive drab (OD 33) continued to replace blue olive drab wool varied from mustard green to brown. U.S. Army Captain in training with gas mask, 1917. black leather changed to russet Source: Library of Congress chevrons became smaller and pointed up instead of down insignia and buttons changed https://www.wearethemighty.com/history/this-was-the-armys-battle-dress-throughout-the-centuries https://books.google.com/books?id=OVpNT6Vpkx8C&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=What+was+the+anti- vesicant+compound+used+on+WWII+uniforms&source=bl&ots=PtING8S13G&sig=ACfU3U02bkD__ePGmyJGkh0gwmTMsTNxtw A World War I Soldier with full pack. &hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjetOecg7bpAhWyKX0KHZm5C0cQ6AEwEHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=What%20was%20the%20a nti-vesicant%20compound%20used%20on%20WWII%20uniforms&f=true UNCLASSIFIED (U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center) 11 11 UNCLASSIFIED FLAME RESISTANT MATERIALS AND SOLDIER SUSTAINABILITY World War II (1941 –1945) a variety of standard and non-standard dress and battle uniforms were used which often changed depending upon the theater of war, climate, environment, and supply exigencies. European theater of operations (ETO) the basic wool uniform (OD 33) 18 ounce serge wool became the standard material for field trousers, 22 ounce version continued in limited production – issued in cold climate conditions wool had the most use and had the greatest functionality, (U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center) warm in the winter with its insulation and relatively cool and breathable in Northern European summer weather. UNCLASSIFIED http://www.usww2uniforms.com/353B.html 12 12 6 5/29/2020 UNCLASSIFIED FLAME RESISTANT MATERIALS AND SOLDIER SUSTAINABILITY Shirt, Flannel, OD, Coat Style adopted in 1934, with seven buttons down the front and two large chest pockets closed by buttons. During World War II (adopted November 1941) this style was augmented with a convertible collar (i.e. could be buttoned up with a tie or could be worn open) and buttoned gas flaps in the cuffs and inside the front -- with these. The Special pattern also included buttons at the back of the collar to attach a gas hood. M-1941 field jacket was poorly insulated light cotton shell (anticipated wool shortages) provided little protection from wind or rain the OD3 coloring - inappropriate for use in northern Europe, soldiers visible targets against most backdrops Soldier on the right is wearing the M-1941. Olive Drab no. 3 is a light olive tan OD3 is a green - OD3 is a Image via Wix.com shade of green. Not “Khaki” It's brown + green = olive drab. https://www.atthefront.com/category-s/471.htm no. 7 is a dark olive green UNCLASSIFIED https://olivedrab.com/od_soldiers_clothing_ww2_wool_2pc.php 13 13 UNCLASSIFIED FLAME RESISTANT MATERIALS AND SOLDIER SUSTAINABILITY M-1943 designed as a layered system, meant to be worn over the wool shirt and trousers and in conjunction with a wool sweater and liners in colder weather field jacket longer than the earlier 1941 field jacket, coming down to M-43 Field Jacket. Image via QM Fashion the upper thighs made of windproof cotton sateen and was issued in darker olive drab color OD7 adjustment tabs at cuffs and waist to protect against environment hip length and bi-swing back to allowed greater range of motion and comfort trousers OD7 cotton sateen material with white cotton twill inner lining had front and rear pockets, buttoned tabs to cinch the waist (airborne troops had treated canvas) crotch and seat areas set lower and wider to facilitate Detail from an Army Signal Corps photograph showing three members of the 92nd Infantry Division in formation wearing the Model 1943 Field Uniform and “Double-Buckle” Combat squatting and bending. Boots, Italy 1945. cargo pockets added https://www.heddels.com/2018/04/army-field-jackets-ages-m41-m65/ https://history.army.mil/html/museums/uniforms/survey_uwa.pdf UNCLASSIFIED https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_uniforms_in_World_War_II#Herringbone_Twill_Uniform 14 14 7 5/29/2020 UNCLASSIFIED FLAME RESISTANT MATERIALS AND SOLDIER SUSTAINABILITY Asia–Pacific War - Pacific Theater WWII Fatigue Uniform 8.2-ounce cotton herringbone twill (HBT) cloth superior wear and shrink resistant characteristics Treated with an anti- vesicant compound, HBTs were also used as chemical protective garments, particularly during the invasion of US troops approaching Japanese positions near Baguio, France in June 1944. Luzon,Philippine, 23 March 1945 http://www.usww2uniforms.com/photoessay1.html https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Baleta_Pass%2C_near_Baugio%2C_Luzon.jpg
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