DOCSLIB.ORG

Vulpes Vulpes in the Ashio Mountains, Central Japan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vulpes Vulpes in the Ashio Mountains, Central Japan J. Mamm. Soc. Japan 17(2) : 95-110 October 1992 Home Range and Habitat Utilisation of the Red Fox Vulpes vulpes in the Ashio Mountains, Central Japan Masahiko TAKEUCHI and Masaaki KOGANEZAWA* Biological Laboratory, Faculty of Education, Ibaraki University, Mito 310, Japan (Present address : Ecological Laboratory, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma Kanazawa 920-11, Japan) * Tochigi Prefectural Museum, Utsunomiya 320, Japan (Present address : Utsunomiya University Forests, Funyu 7556 Shioya, Tochigi 329 -24, Japan) (Accepted 18 May 1992) Abstract. One female and three male red foxes Vulpes vulpes were radio- tracked between November 1988 and September 1989. The sizes of their home ranges were calculated using the harmonic mean and three other methods. The size of the female's range and her core area changed with her reproductive stages. She maintained her largest range (601.2 ha as a harmonic mean), with two core areas (196.4 ha), during the pre-breeding period. Her range decreased with the advance of her pregnancy, and was smallest (108.7 ha) during the denning period, during which her out-of-den activities were confined almost exclusively to a small circum-den area. Her range increased again during the post-denning period. The summer ranges of the males were larger (582.5 ha on average) than the post-parturition range of the female, and their range sizes remained relatively constant. The female occupied mainly a riverside area, whereas the males tended to range extensively over inter-river areas. Bon- ferroni 2-tests showed that grasslands and riversides were preferred for forag- ing and resting by both sexes, whereas forests and steep slopes were avoided during most periods. Craggy slopes were utilised mainly for resting. A scatological analysis suggested that the foxes depended for a large proportion of their food on the Japanese field vole Microtus montebelli. Key words : Red fox ; Radiotelemetry ; Home range ; Habitat preference ; Activity rhythm. The home ranges of the red fox Vulpes vulpes L. have been studied using radiotelemetry since the 1960s, mainly in North America (Ables, 1969), England (Macdonald, 1980), and Europe (von Schantz, 1981). The sizes of home ranges and ecological factors determining range sizes were compared between Eng- land and Canada (Voigt & Macdonald, 1984). Home ranges of the Japanese red fox have also been studied in Hokkaido, northern Japan (Misawa et al., 1987), and in Kyushu, southern Japan (Eguchi et al., 1977), although data are still fragmentary. In these studies, range sizes were estimated by conventional methods such as the convex polygon method and the bivariate normal ellipse. Recently, 96 Takeuchi & Koganezawa however, the harmonic mean method has been developed to describe not only quantitative but also qualitative aspects of ranges (Dixon & Chapman, 1980). Woollard and Harris (1990) applied this method to their fox study dealing with dispersal and home range, however, theirs was a relatively short-term study which it did not address the changes of range parameters in relation to the reproductive stage. The present report describes both the reproductive stage and the seasonal changes observed in the sizes and utilisation patterns of home ranges of red foxes i1;1 Central Japan. The harmonic mean method was applied to the data obtained from a population inhabiting a temperate mountainous area consist- ing of forests, craggy slopes, and grassland. In addition, habitat preferences were analysed with respect to topographic and vegetational conditions. Materials and Methods Study Site Our study was conducted between November 1988 and September 1989 in the eastern part of the Ashio Mountains (139.4" E, 36.6" N) at altitudes ranging from 700 to 1500 m above sea level. The boundaries of the study area (5X4.8 km) were established so as to include the most widespread radio-telemetric locations, and the study area was meshed with l-ha grid and divided into 2400 cells on a 1 : 25,000-scale topographic map. Habitats were classified into four general types according to vegetation and topographic features (Fig. 1) : 1) level grassland with Miscanthus and Polygonurn ground cover, 2) sandy river- side sparsely covered with Equisetum, 3) craggy slopes on which Athyrium ferns grew sparsely, and 4) forest, mostly broad-leaved deciduous, consisting mainly of Clethra and Alnus. Slope inclinations (<lo0, < 20°, < 30°, > 30") and aspects of slopes (N/NW, E/NE, S/SE, and W/SW) were found for each grid sector from the map. Trapping and Radio - tracking One female and three male foxes were caught with padded gin traps (Victor Soft CatchTM,Wood stream Co., USA) between November 1988 and May 1989. They were immobilised with an intramuscular injection of 1.5 ml of a 2:l volume mixture of ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/ml)- atoropine sulfate (50 mg/ml). The animals were equipped with radio-collars approximately 110 g in weight, set at 146 MHz with potential working lives of from six to 24 months. Standard body parameters were recorded, and ages were determined by means of the sequence of eruption of permanent teeth (Sasakawa, 1984) and the annual attrition of incisors (Harris, 1978). The foxes were each tracked for from one to eight months. At least three 8-hr tracking sessions and one 24-hr session were conducted monthly by vehicle and on foot. Locations were recorded every hour using a hand recei-ver with a 3-element hand-held Yagi antenna. Linear distances between locations were measured as moving distances per hour. One of the transmitters was modified Home Range and Habitat Use of Red Fox Grassy level land Sandy river side ....................... ....................... ....................... ................................... ........... Craggy s l ope ....................... Forest Fig. 1. The study site showing the four main types of vegetational and topographic features. Mountain ridges are shown with heavy dashed lines, peaks with triangles, and streams with thin lines. Human residential areas are shown with the black rectangles. to be motion-sensitive so as to facilitate the recording of the animal's move- ment (ATS Co., USA). Determination of activities was based on the relation- ship between the relative time in motion and the distance moved per hour. The animals were regarded as "active" when they moved more than 100 m per hour, and "resting" when moving less than 100 m/hr. Each location point was later plotted on a topographic map (scale 1:25,000) and allocated to a l-ha grid cell. The relative amount of den use, by the female, was calculated from continuous data records during the denning period. Departures from and arrivals at the den were easily identified when using a receiver set on the opposite side of the river, by the sudden changes of the signal' level. Range-size Calculations Home range sizes were calculated with a computer program, "HOME RANGE, ver. 2.00" (Ackerman et al., 1990), using the harmonic mean estimator (Dixon & Chapman, 1980). This program also identifies core areas by compar- ing the utilisation distributions from the harmonic mean calculations with a uniform use model (Samuel et al., 1985). The core area represents the central .area of consistent or intense use (Kaufmann, 1962), and is defined here as the maximum area where the observed utilisation distribution (based on harmonic values) exceeds a uniform utilisation distribution (Samuel et al., 1985). Har- monic mean core areas were used to compare the shape and spatial utilisation of the home ranges. To compare the present results with those of previous studies, we also estimated the range sizes using the bivariate normal ellipse (Jennrich & Turner, 1969), and loo%, and 95% minimum convex polygon 98 Takeuchi & Koganezawa Table 1. Parameters of four red foxes studied Weights Period of No. of Names Sexes Ages (kg) radio-trackings fixes SC P s.a.l1 4.7 Nov. 22 '88 - Aug. 8 '89 536 DR d' s.a. 5.1 Feb. 16 '89 - Sep. 1 '89 278 MS C? 1 4.4 May 13 '89 - Sep. 1 '89 118 BP d' 2+ 5.9 May 14 '89 - Jun. 11 '89 29 ' 1) s.a. : Estimated to be sub-adult (between 6-months and I-year old). methods (Michener, 1979). Results Histoyy and Breeding Cycle of the Study Animals The captured foxes were named SC?, DRd, MSd, and BPd (Table 1). The age of BPd was determined as 2+ years, while all of the other animals were considered to have been born in the previous spring. The animals were radio-tracked from the date of their capture; tracking of SC? ended, due to battery failure, on 8 August 1989; tracking of DRd and MSd continued until the end of the study on 1 September 1989. BPd was tracked until the death of him, on 11 June 1989, and data from it were only partially incorporated into the analysis because they were generally insufficient. Since the size and utilisation patterns of SCP's home range were affected primarily by breeding activities, her reproductive stage was divided into four periods: 1) "Pb" Pre-breeding period from November (start of observation) to the end of January, 2) "Pg" Pregnancy period, estimated at 53 days (Lloyd, 1980)' from the end of January to mid-March, 3) "Dn" Denning period (parturi- tion, suckling, and bringing solid food), about 60 days from mid-March to the mid-May, and 4) "Pd" Post-denning period, about 80 days from mid-May to early August (last observation). It was difficult to divide male stages into distinct periods, but they were tentatively divided into just spring (March- May) and summer (June- August) periods. The summer period corresponded approximately to the female's Pd. Sizes of Home Ranges and Core Areas The home range size of SC P,represented by the harmonic mean, changed considerably throughout the reproductive stage (Table 2).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Daily Bonds, Stocks, & Currency
    DAILY BONDS, STOCKS, & CURRENCY COMMENTARY Wednesday December 23, 2020 BONDS COMMENTARY 12/23/20 We expect rallies off scheduled data but doubt the gains will hold OVERNIGHT CHANGES THROUGH 3:16 AM (CT): BONDS -0 Overnight treasury prices extended yesterday's bounce but ultimately failed to hold the gains and have settled back into negative territory early today. We suspect the volatility in treasuries was the result of news that the President might reject the intensely negotiated stimulus deal because direct payments were not sufficient. While not a recent definitive impact on treasury prices, it would also appear as if yet another major junction looms from the exit negotiations with both sides the table committed to one last attempt to solve the divorce before it is forced upon the parties. While the markets are likely to view the US durable goods order as the primary release of the day, (early due to holiday) initial and ongoing claims data figures will add to the potential volatility in the 7:30 release window. On the other hand, traders should acknowledge yesterday's significant jump in quarterly PCE readings were the highest since the second quarter of 2011 and that could be an early warning sign that deflation is being replaced with reflation. Therefore, the monthly PCE index this morning might be very important measure to watch, especially with predictions for that reading only expected to post a fractional gain! Given the markets inability to rally off weak scheduled data recently, we would suggest traders wait for a rally to the vicinity of 174-00 to sell March bonds and or a rally to 138-07 to get short March Notes.
    [Show full text]
  • Prints and Their Production; a List of Works in the New York Public Library
    N E UC-NRLF PRINTS AND THEIR PRODUCTION A LIST OF WORKS IN THE NEW YORK PUPUBLIC LIBRARY COMPILED BY FRANK WEITENKAMPF, L.H.D. CHIEF, ART AND PRINTS DIVISION NEW YORK PUBLIC LIB-RARY 19 l6 ^4^ NOTE to This list contains the titles of works relating owned the prints and their production, by Reference on Department of The New York Public Library in the Central Build- November 1, 1915. They are Street. ing, at Fifth Avenue and Forty-second Reprinted September 1916 FROM THE Bulletin of The New York Public Library November - December 1915 form p-02 [ix-20-lfl 25o] CONTENTS I. Prints as Art Products PAGE - - Bibliography 1 Individual Artists - - 2>7 - 2 General and Miscellaneous Works Special Processes - - _ . 79 Periodicals and Societies - - - 3 Etching - - - - - - 79 Processes: Line Engraving and Proc- Handbooks (Technical) - - 79 esses IN General - - - 4 History - 81 Regional - ----- 82 Handbooks for the Student and Col- (Subdivided lector ------ 6 by countries.) Stipple 84 Sales and Prices: General Works - 7 Mezzotint - 84 Extra-Illustration - - - - 8 Aquatint 86 Care of Prints ----- 8 Dotted Prints (Maniere Criblee; History (General) . - _ _ 9 Schrotblatter) - - - - 86 Nielli -_--__ H Wood Engraving - - - - 86 Paste Prints ("Teigdrucke") - - 12 Handbooks (Technical) - - 87 Reproductions of Prints - - - 12 History ------ 87 History (Regional) - - - - 13 Block-books ----- 89 (Subdivided by countries; includes History: Regional- - - - 90 Japanese prints.) (Subdivided by countries.) Dictionaries of Artists - - - 26 Lithography ----- 91 Exhibitions (General and Miscel- Handbooks (Technical) - - 91 laneous) 29 History ------ 94 Collections (Public) - - - - 31 Regional - 95 (Subdivided by countries.) (Subdivided by countries.) Collections (Private) - - - - 34 Color Prints ----- 96 II.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2015 2015 Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company, Year Ended March 31, 2015
    Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company Meiji Yasuda Annual Report Annual Report 2015 2015 Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company, Year ended March 31, 2015 1-1, Marunouchi 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005, Japan Phone:+81-3-3283-8293 Fax:+81-3-3215-8123 Printed in Japan International Directory (As of March 31, 2015) TUiR Warta S.A. Pacific Guardian Life Insurance Company, Limited Seoul Representative Office Southern California Office Beijing Representative Office TU Europa S.A. Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company Meiji Yasuda America Incorporated Meiji Yasuda Realty USA Incorporated Frankfurt Representative Office Founder Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Co., Ltd. Meiji Yasuda Europe Limited Meiji Yasuda Asia Limited Thai Life Insurance Public Company Limited Pacific Guardian Life Insurance Company, Limited PT Avrist Assurance Headquarters Representative Offices Subsidiaries Affiliates Headquarters Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company 1-1, Marunouchi 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005, Japan Phone:+81-3-3283-8293 Fax:+81-3-3215-8123 Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company Representative Frankfurt Representative Office Beijing Representative Office Goethestrasse 7, 60313 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Room 6003, 6th Floor, Changfugong Office Building, Offices Phone:+49-69-748000 Fax:+49-69-748021 26 Jianguomen Wai Avenue, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100022, China Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company Phone:+86-10-6513-9815 Fax:+86-10-6513-9818 Seoul Representative Office The Seoul Shinmun Daily (Korea Press Center) Bldg., 9th Floor, 124 Sejong-daero, Jung-gu, Seoul 100-745, Korea Contents Phone:+82-2-723-9111 Fax:+82-2-723-6489 Subsidiaries Pacific Guardian Life Insurance Company, Limited Pacific Guardian Life Insurance Company, Limited Corporate Profile 2 Risk Management Structure 28 1440 Kapiolani Boulevard, Suite 1700, Honolulu, Hawaii Southern California Office 96814, U.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Japan Supports Whaling
    An edited version of this paper has been accepted for publication in the Journal of International Wildlife and Policy WHY JAPAN SUPPORTS WHALING Keiko Hirata* 1. INTRODUCTION Japan is one of the few states in the world that adamantly supports whaling. For decades, Tokyo has steadfastly maintained its right to whale and has aggressively lobbied the International Whaling Commission (IWC) for a resumption of commercial whaling. Japan’s pro-whaling stance has invited strong international criticism from both environmental groups and Western governments, many of which view Tokyo as obstructing international efforts to protect whales. Why has Japan adhered to a pro-whaling policy that has brought the country international condemnation? Its defiant pro-whaling stance is not consistent with its internationally cooperative position on other environmental matters. For the past decade, Tokyo has been a key player in international environmental regimes, such as those to combat ozone depletion and global warming.1 If Japan is serious about environmental protection and desires to play a role as a ‘green contributor,’2 why hasn’t it embraced the anti-whaling norm, 3 thereby joining other states in wildlife protection and assuming a larger role in global environmental leadership? *Research Fellow, Center for the Study of Democracy, University of California, Irvine, California, USA. E-mail: [email protected]. 1 Isao Miyaoka, 1980s and Early 1990s: Changing from an Eco-outlaw to a Green Contributor, 16 NEWSL. INST. SOC. SCI. U. TOKYO, 7-10 (1999). 2 Id. at 7. 3 Robert L. Friedheim, Introduction: The IWC as a Contested Regime, in TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE WHALING REGIME, 1-45 (Robert L.
    [Show full text]
  • Expert Voices on Japan Security, Economic, Social, and Foreign Policy Recommendations
    Expert Voices on Japan Security, Economic, Social, and Foreign Policy Recommendations U.S.-Japan Network for the Future Cohort IV Expert Voices on Japan Security, Economic, Social, and Foreign Policy Recommendations U.S.-Japan Network for the Future Cohort IV Arthur Alexander, Editor www.mansfieldfdn.org The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation, Washington, D.C. ©2018 by The Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation All rights reserved. Published in the United States of America Library of Congress Control Number: 2018942756 The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Maureen and Mike Mansfield Foundation or its funders. Contributors Amy Catalinac, Assistant Professor, New York University Yulia Frumer, Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins University Robert Hoppens, Associate Professor, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley Nori Katagiri, Assistant Professor, Saint Louis University Adam P. Liff, Assistant Professor, Indiana University Ko Maeda, Associate Professor, University of North Texas Reo Matsuzaki, Assistant Professor, Trinity College Matthew Poggi Michael Orlando Sharpe, Associate Professor, City University of New York Jolyon Thomas, Assistant Professor, University of Pennsylvania Kristin Vekasi, Assistant Professor, University of Maine Joshua W. Walker, Managing Director for Japan and Head of Global Strategic Initiatives, Office of the President, Eurasia Group U.S.-Japan Network for the Future Advisory Committee Dr. Susan J. Pharr, Edwin O. Reischauer Professor
    [Show full text]
  • Reform in Late Occupation Japan the 1950 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties
    Reform in Late Occupation Japan The 1950 Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties Ioan Trifu∗ I. Introduction II. The Situation of Japanese Cultural Heritage in the Aftermath of World War II 1. The Prewar Legislation Regarding the Protection of Japanese Cultural Heritage 2. World War II and Japan’s Cultural Heritage 3. The Occupation Period: Political, Economic and Social Threats to Japanese Cultural Heritage III. Reconsidering the Protection of Cultural Heritage in Japan 1. Collaboration and Emergencies: The Joint Efforts of the Early Occupation Period 2. Tensions and Oppositions: Defending the Occupation’s Objectives IV. A Few Concessions and Numerous Ambitions: The Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties in 1950 1. Compromising in a Shifting Context: The 1949–1950 Legislative Process 2. The 1950 Law: A New Cultural Heritage System for a New Japanese Nation? V. Conclusion I. INTRODUCTION For almost seven years (1945–1952) after the end of World War II, Japan was nominally under control of the Allied Occupation Forces, while it was the U.S. which led the Occupation de facto. Beginning with the first U.S. troops landing in Japan in late August 1945 and more officially with the Japanese capitulation of 2 September 1945, the Occupation of the country lasted until the signature of the San Francisco Peace Treaty on 28 April 1952. In October 1945, the General Headquarters/Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP, hereinafter SCAP),1 a new civil organiza- ∗ Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main. The author gratefully acknowledges the generous funding support for this publi- cation provided by the Volkswagen Foundation, issued within its initiative “Key Is- sues for Research and Society” for the research project “Protecting the Weak: En- tangled processes of framing, mobilization and institutionalization in East Asia” (AZ 87 382) at the Interdisciplinary Centre for East Asian Studies (IZO), Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main.
    [Show full text]
  • World's Giants Make a Landfall in Japan – the Changing Japanese
    COVER STORY • 8 World’s Giants Make a Landfall in Japan – The Changing Japanese M&A Market – By Takahashi Naoto APAN’S stock market enjoyed a and food maker RJR Nabisco Inc. for Critical of Vulture Funds, Placing J boom in the fall of 2005 for the first $25 billion. Founded in 1976, KKR Stress on Reconciliation time in many years. Keeping pace with racked up profits in the United States rising stock prices, Japan’s corporate and moved into Europe in the latter half Both KKR and AlixPartners are not merger and acquisition (M&A) market of the 1990s. Its next target was Japan eager about bad-debt disposal business- was on a course of expansion. A sym- where the investment climate saw an es. They also prefer reconciliation with bolic episode is the landfall of a major improvement thanks to the relaxation of existing managers and employees to hos- foreign investment fund and a corporate government controls and the active tile takeovers. rehabilitation consultant in Japan. stock market. Bad-debt disposal deals in Japan got Behind the advent of these “giants in the Justin Reizes, chief operations man- into full swing after a series of collapses world” was a change in the Japanese ager in Asia, explained KKR’s advance to of major financial houses like Yamaichi M&A market, which traditionally had Japan, saying the country’s M&A mar- Securities and the Long-Term Credit focused on the reconstruction of bad- ket is still smaller than its US and Bank of Japan (LTCB) in the latter half of debt corporations.
    [Show full text]
  • The International Comparative Legal Guide to Securitisation 2013
    The International Comparative Legal Guide to: Securitisation 2013 General Chapters: 1 Documenting Securitisations in Leveraged Finance Transactions – Dan Maze & James Burnett, Latham & Watkins LLP 1 2 CLOs: An Expanding Platform – Craig Stein & Paul N. Watterson, Jr., Schulte Roth & Zabel LLP 7 3 US Taxation of Non-US Investors in Securitisation Transactions – David Z. Nirenberg, Ashurst LLP 12 Contributing Editor 4 Debt Trading: A Practical Guide for Buyers and Sellers – Paul Severs & Lucy Oddy, Berwin Leighton Paisner LLP 24 5 Cliffhanger: The CMBS Refinancing Challenge – Stuart Axford & Colin Tan, Kaye Scholer LLP 30 Mark Nicolaides, Latham & Watkins LLP Country Question and Answer Chapters: Account Managers 6 Argentina Estudio Beccar Varela: Damián F. Beccar Varela & Roberto A. Fortunati 34 Beth Bassett, Dror Levy, Maria Lopez, Florjan 7 Australia King & Wood Mallesons: Anne-Marie Neagle & Ian Edmonds-Wilson 44 Osmani, Oliver Smith, Rory Smith 8 Austria Fellner Wratzfeld & Partners: Markus Fellner 54 Sales Support Manager 9 Brazil Levy & Salomão Advogados: Ana Cecília Giorgi Manente & Fernando Toni Wyatt de Azevedo Peraçoli 63 Sub Editor Beatriz Arroyo 10 Canada Torys LLP: Michael Feldman & Jim Hong 73 Fiona Canning 11 Chile Bofill Mir & Álvarez Jana Abogados: Octavio Bofill Genzsch & Editor Daniela Buscaglia Llanos 83 Suzie Kidd 12 China King & Wood Mallesons: Roy Zhang & Ma Feng 92 Senior Editor Penny Smale 13 Czech Republic TGC Corporate Lawyers: Jana Střížová & Andrea Majerčíková 104 Group Consulting Editor 14 Denmark Accura Advokatpartnerselskab: Kim Toftgaard & Christian Sahlertz 113 Alan Falach Group Publisher 15 England & Wales Weil, Gotshal & Manges: Rupert Wall & Jacky Kelly 123 Richard Firth 16 France Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP: Hervé Touraine & Laureen Gauriot 135 Published by Global Legal Group Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Responses to U.S.-China Competition in the Indo-Pacific: Japan
    Regional Responses to U.S.-China Competition in the Indo-Pacific: Japan Indo-Pacific: the in Competition U.S.-China Regional Responses to Regional Responses to U.S.-China Competition in the Indo-Pacific Japan Scott W. Harold Harold C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR4412z4 For more information on this series, visit www.rand.org/US-PRC-influence Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0519-7 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2020 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: globe: jcrosemann/GettyImages; flags: luzitanija/Adobe Stock Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cultural Aspect of Video Game Regulation Practices
    The Cultural Aspect of Video Game Regulation Practices «A comparative study of the differences in video game rating practices between Europe and Japan» Marita Eriksen Haugland Master’s thesis in Nordic Media Department of Media and Communication THE UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Fall 2018 The Cultural Aspect of Video Game Regulation Practices «A comparative study of the differences in video game rating practices between Europe and Japan» Marita Eriksen Haugland Master’s thesis in Nordic Media II Department of Media and Communication THE UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Fall 2018 III © Marita Eriksen Haugland 2018 The Cultural Aspect of Video Game Regulation Practices: A comparative study of the differences in video game rating practices between Europe and Japan Marita Eriksen Haugland http://www.duo.uio.no/ Print: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo IV Abstract Video games have become a large part of media consumption, both for adults and children. This study contributes to the field of children and media by looking into the perceptions and construction of risk by self-regulatory organizations, as well as into self-regulatory effectiveness. The thesis also discusses the struggle and the compromises between child safety, cultural differences and freedom of expression. It takes up the question of how the cultural differences affect the age ratings and content descriptors. All video games rated in Europe and Japan between 2010-2016 are analyzed to show the differences between the regions. Also, content analyses are performed on 24 video games with emblematic differences in age ratings or content descriptors. The findings suggest that cultural differences in how the two systems view crime, non-realistic violence, realistic blood, non-sexual nudity, romantic behavior, and sexualized behavior is responsible for some of the differences in age ratings and content descriptors.
    [Show full text]
  • Here Will Be Two Film Showings
    Government 1273 Political Economy of Japan (Fall Term 2009) * Tue/Thu 10 – 11am CGIS South Building Room 050 * Professor Kay Shimizu * Office: TBA in class Email: [email protected] Office Hours: Tue 11am - noon Sony, Toshiba, Nintendo, Toyota, … Japanese products dominate in many areas of the global economy. When the US defeated Japan in WWII, no one predicted that Japan, a tiny island country off the Korean Peninsula, would become such an economic success story. Japan’s so-called economic miracle was also characterized by unprecedented political stability. The Liberal Democratic Party ruled postwar Japan almost uninterruptedly. This course, while focusing on Japan’s experience, also discusses broader issues such as different models of capitalist democracy, effects of electoral systems, etc. No prior knowledge of Japan is required; you only need to be sufficiently imaginative and curious about other countries. You will be amazed by how much you will learn about the US through studying Japan. There will be two film showings. One is a documentary on the US Occupation of Japan after World War II (Occupied Japan). The other is a documentary on Japanese politics (Campaign). Requirements: Regular class/section participation is expected. In addition, there will be a mid-term exam (in class), one quiz (in class), and a final paper. The final paper is a position paper not to exceed 10 pages in length (regular margins, double-spaced, 12pt in font). Detailed instructions for how to write a position paper and a list of possible topics will be provided in class. A short (one page) outline of the final paper is due on Nov 19 (Thurs).
    [Show full text]
  • “Born Into the Purple,” American Perceptions of the Japanese at the Lewis and Clark Exposition and the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition
    Francis Gieringer Advisor: Dr. Katherine Benton-Cohen History Thesis “Born into the Purple,” American Perceptions of the Japanese at the Lewis and Clark Exposition and the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition 2 Contents Acknowledgements.....................................................................................................................3 Timeline .....................................................................................................................................4 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................5 Introduction: Fairs of Empire......................................................................................................7 Chapter 1: In the wake of Tsushima..........................................................................................17 Chapter 2: Portland and Seattle: Gatekeepers of the Pacific.......................................................30 Competition between Portland and Seattle.............................................................................30 Attracting Investment............................................................................................................33 Chapter 3: Fair Japan ................................................................................................................44 Osaka ....................................................................................................................................46 Japanese Motivations
    [Show full text]