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The Children of ISIS Detainees: Europe's Dilemma

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The Children of ISIS Detainees: Europe's Dilemma POLICY BRIEF The Children of ISIS Detainees: Europe’s Dilemma June 2020 The Children of ISIS Detainees: Europe’s Dilemma Contents By Myriam Francois and Azeem Ibrahim A Note on Coronavirus 3 To Repatriate or Not? 4 Executive Summary The children of ISIS supporters are first and foremost a What’s the Latest? 4 vulnerable group in need of urgent assistance due to their location in a volatile and war-torn region. The urgency of the Different Takes on question of how to manage their cases cannot be overstated, Repatriating ISIS Supporters 4 given the current instability in the region and the ongoing threat posed by COVID-19. Left undealt with, the challenge How Many People these children present runs a serious risk of developing from Are Affected? 6 an easily solved welfare issue into a potential security and counterterrorism issue. It is in European countries’ short- and The Camps in Northern Syria 7 long-term interests to take action on the children left behind in region once held by the vanquished “caliphate.” Moreover, it What Are the Issues? 7 is both ethically and legally a certain and necessary course of action. Under international law, children are the responsibility of What Are the Factors at Play? 9 their home countries, which need to address their future welfare and rehabilitation prospects. Policy Recommendations 11 This report offers perspective on the children and their current plight and suggests immediate action to assist them. First, European Governments’ diplomatic and financial resources need to be invested into Obligations 14 developing infrastructure for the remaining populations in the camps until a long-term solution has been determined (healthcare, housing, clothing, food, etc). Such small investments should be seen as the first step to prevent the expenditure of greater resources, such as potential military action, expensive repatriations and incarceration, in the future. Second, the creation of a pan-European investigative body to investigate the actions of ISIS supporters would benefit these children. The body would serve to share information about suspects and would work closely with country-based child protection services to determine the best outcome for the children. COVER: Orphans from various Third, the children of ISIS supporters must receive secular nationalities gather at the Kurdish-run education, as per international law, to ensure that they have a al-Hol camp, home to thousands of relatives of Islamic State fighters, in northeastern Continued on next page Syria, before being transported to the settlement of Roj in January. (Photo by DELIL SOULEIMAN/AFP via Getty Images) 2 A Note on Coronavirus Continued from previous page Executive Summary Given the global challenges of viable future. Religious education must be provided by Muslim- the coronavirus pandemic, it led welfare groups to reinforce a positive religious identity (to might be instinctive to treat the counter propaganda) and a sense that detainees do not need to ISIS children’s crisis with less renounce their religion in order to move forward with their lives urgency. Actually, the opposite (as per ISIS propaganda). Finally, juvenile rehabilitation facilities is needed. Coronavirus is widely already operating in northeastern Syria need resources and believed to have already spread expertise from donor states and international nongovernmental in much of Syria, though a lack organizations (NGOs). These facilities offer a way to immediately of infrastructure makes it trickier reduce the risks to European children while efforts toward to confirm here than elsewhere; longer-term solutions, like repatriation, continue. Several NGOs are already carrying out safeguarding and rehabilitation efforts there are no testing facilities and in neighboring countries, including Iraq and Turkey. International just a handful of ventilators and support would vastly increase the facilities’ capacities. intensive care units in the Kurd- ish-controlled northeast. Regard- less, Kurdish authorities have already taken serious measures to combat the spread of the virus, including diverting resources to strengthen healthcare facilities and police a region-wide lock- down. These measures, although necessary, leave detention facil- ities and camps – and thus the children held within them – more vulnerable. On March 29, several ISIS members were reported to have escaped following a riot at a prison in Hasakah. Though the escapes were later denied, the report underlines the precarious nature of the security situation in the area. Kurdish officials have also repeatedly stated that they have fewer resources to deal with any such incidents on account of the coronavirus lockdown. When Kurdish authorities imple- mented the lockdown measures in March, a number of NGOs withdrew staff, and cross-border movement into Iraqi Kurdistan became significantly restricted. Russian orphans linked to ISIS arrive in Qamishli, Syria from the al-Hol camp in February. Further withdrawals could jeop- Syrian Kurds handed over more than 35 Russian orphans for repatriation. (Photo by DELIL SOULEIMAN/AFP via Getty Images) ardize the work of the few NGOs 3 working with detainees in north- Domestic concerns over security between the two leaders prior to eastern Syria, while the firming and broadly hostile public opin- the operation. up of the border closure would ion to repatriation have meant close the route that international that Western governments have Turkish shelling in the vicinity governments have used so far to so far failed to repatriate all but of the Ain Issa camp prompted repatriate their citizens. a small number of children from unrest, during which at least 750 among these citizens. Public people with suspected links to The immediate risks coronavi- opinion polling shows strong ISIS reportedly fled the camp, rus poses to the children of ISIS opposition to repatriating ISIS although the Syrian Observato- detainees in Syria are twofold. members and affiliates; one poll ry for Human Rights said only There are the obvious health risks last year showed that 89 percent 100 had escaped. This reinforced of the virus’ transmission in the of French respondents were fears that ISIS could benefit from camps, which could leave chil- worried about the prospect of the Turkish offensive against dren orphaned or sick without ISIS members being returned to Kurdish forces and gain strength the adequate medical facilities to France, and 67 percent objected to amid the chaos. treat them. There is also the risk the return of children. of unrest caused by the lock- Conditions at the al-Hol camp down, and fears that ISIS could have also deteriorated since take advantage of the redirec- What’s the Latest? Turkey invaded Syria’s north- tion of authorities’ attention Kurdish authorities in northern east, and several international and resources. European states Syria have detained tens of thou- aid groups suspended work in must look beyond the immediate sands of former ISIS affiliates the camp. At the time of the pressures presented by the coro- since the end of the group’s ter- operation, the SDF said it was navirus pandemic and invest in ritorial control in Syria and Iraq redeploying some of the 400 dealing with this challenge so as in April 2019. In February, Syrian guards at al-Hol to confront the to prevent greater security and Kurds announced their intention Turkish incursion.2 political threats in the medium to to hold trials for ISIS fighters long term. from more than 50 countries after At the time of this writing, Kurd- efforts to form an international ish authorities retain control over the two primary detention To Repatriate or Not? consensus on the detainees’ fu- ture fell short. facilities for foreign women Some 70,000 women and chil- and children. Yet as the case of dren who fled the ISIS caliph- In October 2019, Turkey began Ain Issa camp shows, this is not ate in its last months are being Operation Peace Spring, with something that can be guaranteed held in northern Syria in camps the stated goal to create a “safe in the long run. controlled by the Syrian Dem- zone” 20 miles deep on its border ocratic Forces (SDF), a mostly with the SDF’s territory. It began Different Takes on Kurdish militia that defeated ISIS soon after U.S. President Donald Repatriating ISIS with the backing of the United Trump reportedly gave Turkish States, United Kingdom, and President Recep Tayyip Erodo- Supporters other members of the interna- gan the “green light” to go ahead International governments have tional coalition. Among them are with a long-planned operation in taken a variety of approaches to thousands of Europeans, includ- northern Syria. Though the White their nationals’ repatriation. ing children. It is estimated that House later denied explicitly around two-thirds of the foreign approving the maneuver, wide- A report by Crisis Group lists children are under age 12, with spread reporting confirms that Russia, Malaysia, Uzbekistan, most under age 5.1 there was some communication and Kosovo as countries that have 4 Educating Children in Displaced Persons Camps Children in school Camps for families of Percentage Percentage suspected ISIS members of children of children TURKEY Tigris ages 6 to 11 ages 12 to 18 River Newroz Camp 2018 2019 2018 2019 al-Hol 70% 29% 32% 18% Mabruka Roj Hasakah Ain Issa 68% 75% 24% 39% Menbij East al-Hol Manbij Ain Issa Tal Afar Ain Issa ext. 68% 70% 26% 30% Areesheh Raqqa Roj 83% 85% 57% 65% Euphrates Abu Khashab Twahina Abu Khashab 53% 73% 33% 38% River Areesheh 53% 40% 25% 30% Deir ez-Zor IRAQ Areesheh ext. SYRIA - 27% - 7% Mabruka 82% 80% 55% 62% 100 km Manbij E. Old 79% 69% 17% 23% Manbij E. New 69% 58% 20% 25% Abu Kamal 50 mi Newroz 70% 95% 55% 65% Twahina 0% 1% 1% 0% Source: reliefweb.int © 2020, Center for Global Policy made concerted efforts to begin ed a group of orphans found in are likely to have been born in repatriations, with Moscow’s ef- a camp by the BBC.
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