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Brittle Greenhood (Pterostylis Truncata)

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Brittle Greenhood (Pterostylis Truncata) #63 This Action Statement was first published in 1995 and remains current. This Brittle Greenhood version has been prepared for web publication. It Pterostylis truncata retains the original text of the action statement, although contact information, the distribution map and the illustration may have been updated. © The State of Victoria, Department of Sustainability and Environment, 2003 Published by the Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria. Brittle Greenhood (Pterostylis truncata) Distribution in Victoria (DSE 2002) 8 Nicholson Street, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002 Australia Description and Distribution plants form a rosette of two to six leaves up The Brittle Greenhood (Pterostylis truncata to 30 mm by 18 mm. The leaves are bright This publication may be of green, ovate and bluntly pointed, or assistance to you but the Fitzg.) is a ground-dwelling orchid which sometimes drawn into a long point, and have State of Victoria and its emerges in autumn from an underground employees do not guarantee tuberoid and dies back in early winter. entire margins (Jones 1988). The rosette may that the publication is Individuals may emerge as solitary flowers be pressed very flat to the ground. without flaw of any kind or (rarely two) with stem leaves or as rosettes The Brittle Greenhood is a clonal species; is wholly appropriate for with two to six leaves. The majority of that is, it can reproduce vegetatively. your particular purposes Brittle Greenhoods, however, emerge as Depending on the season, apart from and therefore disclaims all non-flowering plants several weeks after producing a replacement tuberoid, an liability for any error, loss individual may give rise to several other or other consequence which the flowering individuals appear. The daughter tuberoids. These daughter may arise from you relying percentage of individuals that flower is on any information in this influenced by climatic conditions. tuberoids may then go through three or publication. According to Carr (pers. comm.), flowering more cycles of emergence and dormancy, i.e. is enhanced by cool summers followed by a three years, before they are able to flower. ISSN 1448-9902 wet autumn. Daughter tuberoids may develop on the end The forward-leaning, large squat flowers of runners (stolons) near the parent and so are aptly described by the orchid's other form clusters or may form several common name, Little Dumpy. The flowers centimetres away. The end result is often a have a greenish white hood with darker patch (colony) consisting of one or several green or reddish stripes and a curved, clones which cannot be distinguished tapered dark brown labellum. The flower morphologically. stem can reach up to 15 cm and is closely Brittle Greenhood populations consist of one sheathed with two to five narrow tapered or more patches of orchids ranging from stem leaves up to 3 cm long. Non-flowering several square decimetres up to several square metres. The size of a patch can be correlated to the To minimise the risk of trampling by enthusiasts and the age of a clone (Peakall & James 1988). likelihood of collection, the precise locations of the orchid The Brittle Greenhood has a disjunct distribution. It is populations will remain confidential. found at many sites in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory (Western, pers. comm.). In Victoria the Conservation Status orchid's distribution is limited to an area within a 65 km Current Status radius of Melbourne. Willis (1970) reported six locations: Gullan et al. (1989) Endangered the Brisbane Ranges, the You Yangs, the Coimadai district, SAC (1991) Threatened the Tottenham-Sunshine region, Belgrave South (Mount Morton) and Beaumaris. Three further sites have been The Brittle Greenhood is listed as a threatened taxon on found, at Point Wilson, Lara and Black Hills (between Schedule 2 of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. Gisborne and Toolern Vale). The Brittle Greenhood is known to survive in only three of Reasons for Conservation Status these nine locations, namely the You Yangs, Black Hills and The Brittle Greenhood is threatened to varying degrees at its the Long Forest Mallee area near Bacchus Marsh. three remaining sites, namely the You Yangs, Black Hills and Carr (pers. comm.) considers it likely that the Brittle Long Forest Mallee. Greenhood may once have occurred (and possibly still It appears most threatened at the You Yangs, where once there does) on the volcanic plain between the You Yangs and were thousands of Brittle Greenhoods in populations covering Melbourne on organically rich, friable soils on the upper many hectares (Carr, pers. comm.). The number of orchids has slopes of well drained rocky rises. declined dramatically in the last few decades. The The remaining populations are on both private and public disappearance of two local occurrences in the You Yangs is land. The Long Forest Mallee populations occur in the Long attributed to the impact of feral Goats and to road maintenance Forest Flora and Fauna Reserve, as well as on private (Gayner, pers. comm.). Remaining You Yangs populations are property. The Black Hills populations are on private land. threatened by European Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and, to The You Yangs population is within the Regional Park. a lesser extent, by feral Goats (Capra hircus) and Eastern Grey There have been no detailed habitat assessments of the Kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). The major cause of decline, Brittle Greenhood populations, although the orchid is however, and still the greatest threat, is probably competition known to occur in habitats ranging from grasslands to from Boneseed (Chrysanthemoides monilifera). This highly woodlands, and on a variety of soils. invasive weed has spread rapidly over the You Yangs and now At the You Yangs, there are several populations in habitats grows throughout the area (Pescott, pers. comm.). that vary from grassy woodland to open woodland (with The orchid appears more secure at the two remaining locations. open or closed understorey) to both, on or around exposed Potential threats to the Long Forest Mallee populations include granite boulders. The soils are of granitic origin and range trampling by enthusiasts, weed invasion, and possibly from nutrient-poor, gravelly and shallow to organically consumption by White-winged Choughs (Corcorax rich, deep fine sands. melanorthampos). At Black Hills the orchid is potentially There are two known populations at Black Hills. They occur threatened by the large numbers of rabbits and kangaroos. in a Long-leaf Box (Eucalyptus goniocalyx) and Yellow Gum The Brittle Greenhood disappeared from Tottenham-Sunshine (E. leucoxylon) woodland on fine soils derived from shale and Beaumaris many years ago. Urban development is thought and sandstone. The populations spread over several to have led to the loss of the orchid from the Tottenham- hectares and consist of small colonies, often in mossy areas, Sunshine region (Willis, 1970) and probably also from covering one or two square metres. Beaumaris. There has been no confirmation of the orchid's The Long Forest Mallee populations occur at various sites existence in the Brisbane Ranges: Jeanes and Foster (pers. on nutrient-poor sandy clay dominated by Grey Box (E. comm.) consider it unlikely that the orchid was ever there. microcarpa) woodland. The degree of moss cover at these Searches on property nearby have also failed to detect the sites varies from very little to total ground cover. One orchid (Foster, pers. comm.). population occurs in a thick sphagnum moss bed under The Brittle Greenhood can no longer be found at Lara, Mount Moonah (Melaleuca lanceolata), on a shallow humus-rich Morton and Point Wilson for reasons which are reasonably loamy soil. It has yet to be determined whether the orchids well documented. The Lara population was lost in the late occur within the woodland dominated by Bull Mallee (E. 1970s when earth was dumped on the site during construction behriana). of a second rail line between Melbourne and Geelong (Jeanes, Populations at Lara and Point Wilson grew in rocky areas pers. comm.). Urban development was the main cause of of Western (Basalt) Plains grassland. decline at Mount Morton, but the last known colony Variation in flower morphology has been observed between disappeared after the clearing of undergrowth for fire populations from basaltic and granitic sites. Orchids from prevention in the early 1980s (Robinson, pers. comm.). Point Wilson and Lara, now only in cultivation, have larger The Point Wilson population disappeared in the late 1980s and more colourful flowers than those elsewhere having only been discovered in the Murtcaim Wildlife Area (Backhouse, pers. comm.). The variation is considered earlier in the decade (Carr, pers. comm.). According to minor however and not worthy of further taxonomic Williams (pers. comm.) the disappearance of the Point Wilson treatment (Carr, pers. comm.). 2 population is thought to have been caused by abnormally undertaken into the orchid's breeding system and mechanism high numbers of Rabbits disturbing the soil. of pollination. Such knowledge may also be very important for Plants from Point Wilson and Lara were rescued by private the successful re-establishment of the orchids at Point Wilson. collectors before their demise in the wild and still survive in For example, should genetic material from the Lara plants now cultivation. Several collections are known to be genetically in cultivation be used? pure and therefore provide a valuable source of material for • Breeding System While many Australian orchids are self- re-establishing wild populations at the original sites. The compatible (Peakall, pers. comm.) the breeding system of Lara site is considered unrecoverable (Backhouse, pers. the Brittle Greenhood has yet to be studied. Peakall & comm.) but the Point Wilson population could be re- Beattie (1991) have demonstrated that significant pollen established. Discussions have begun over re-establishment transfer occurs within clones, which in effect is self of the Point Wilson population into the Murtcaim Wildlife pollination.
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