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British Reaction to the Sepoy Mutiny, 1857-1858 Approved
BRITISH REACTION TO THE SEPOY MUTINY, 1857-1858 APPROVED: Major /Professor mor Frotessar of History Dean' ot the GraduatGradua' e ScHooT* BRITISH REACTION TO THE SEPOY MUTINY, 1857-185S THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the North Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By Samuel Shafeeq Denton, Texas August, 1970 PREFACE English and Indian historians have devoted considerable research and analysis to the genesis of the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 but have ignored contemporary British reaction to it, a neglect which this study attempts to satisfy. After the initial, spontaneous, condemnation of Sepoy atrocities, Queen Victoria, her Parliament, and subjects took a more rational and constructive attitude toward the insurrection in India, which stemmed primarily from British interference in Indian religious and social customs, symbolized by the cartridge issue. Englishmen demanded reform, and Parliament-- at once anxious to please the electorate and to preserve the valuable colony of India--complied within a year, although the Commons defeated the first two Indian bills, because of the interposition of other foreign and domestic problems. But John Bright, Lord Edward Stanley, William Gladstone, Benjamin Disraeli, and their friends joined forces to pass the third Indian bill, which became law on August 2, 1858. For this study, the most useful primary sources are Parliamentary Debates. Journals of the House of Commons and Lords, British and Foreign State' Papers, English Historical Queen Victoria's Letters , and the Annual' Re'g'i'st'er. Of the few secondary works which focus on British reac- tion to the Sepoy Mutiny, Anthony Wood's Nineteenth Centirr/ Britain, 1815-1914 gives a good account of British politics after the Mutiny. -
The Last Mughal Transcript
The Last Mughal Transcript Date: Monday, 7 July 2008 - 12:00AM THE LAST MUGHAL William Dalrymple I have just flown in from Delhi, which today is a city of about 15 million people, if you count the various suburbs on the edge that have sprung up over the last few years. In contrast, if had you visited Delhi 150 years ago this month, in July 1858, you would have found that this city, which was the cultural capital of North India for so many centuries, had been left completely deserted and empty. Not a single soul lived in the walled city of Delhi in July 1858. The reason for this was that in the previous year, 1857, Delhi became the centre of the largest anti-colonial revolt to take place anywhere in the world, against any European power, at any point in the 19th Century. That uprising is known in this country as 'the Indian Mutiny', is known in India as 'the First War of Independence'. Neither the Indian Mutiny nor the First War of Independence are particularly useful titles. What happened in Delhi was much more than a mutiny of soldiers, because it encompassed almost all the discontented classes of the Gangetic Plains, but was not quite a national war of independence either, as it had rather particular aims of restoring the Mughal Dynasty back to power. Whether we call it an 'uprising' or 'rising', by it the two institutions which had formed North Indian history for the previous 300 years came to an abrupt and complete halt. In human affairs, dates rarely regulate the ebb and flow or real lives. -
The Keys to British Success in South Asia COLIN WATTERSON
The Keys to British Success in South Asia COLIN WATTERSON “God is on everyone’s side…and in the last analysis he is on the side with plenty of money and large armies” -Jean Anouilh For a period of a period of over one hundred years, the British directly controlled the subcontinent of India. How did a small island nation come on the Edge of the North Atlantic come to dominate a much larger landmass and population located almost 4000 miles away? Historian Sir John Robert Seeley wrote that the British Empire was acquired in “a fit of absence of mind” to show that the Empire was acquired gradually, piece-by-piece. This will paper will try to examine some of the most important reasons which allowed the British to successfully acquire and hold each “piece” of India. This paper will examine the conditions that were present in India before the British arrived—a crumbling central political power, fierce competition from European rivals, and Mughal neglect towards certain portions of Indian society—were important factors in British control. Economic superiority was an also important control used by the British—this paper will emphasize the way trade agreements made between the British and Indians worked to favor the British. Military force was also an important factor but this paper will show that overwhelming British force was not the reason the British military was successful—Britain’s powerful navy, ability to play Indian factions against one another, and its use of native soldiers were keys to military success. Political Agendas and Indian Historical Approaches The historiography of India has gone through four major phases—three of which have been driven by the prevailing world politics of the time. -
LESSON 3 India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan G Stan India, Pakistan, and Afghanis
LESSONLESSON 3 India,India, Pakistan,Pakistan, andand AfghanistanAfghanistan QuickQuick WriteWrite magine this: The year is 1921, and you’re a teenager in school in India. Your land has been Iunder British rule for as long as anyone can remember. You’re starting to hear about independence for India, though, and it sounds like an exciting idea. But what kind of independence? Self-rule within the British Empire? Or complete independence, like what What approach should the Americans got after 1776? British India have taken to independence? Why? India is a vast country—Hindus and Muslims are only two of its mixture of religious and ethnic groups. Could one country possibly be big enough to include everybody? Won’t some groups get lost? Should certain groups be guaranteed a share of seats in Parliament? Maybe two or more smaller countries would make more sense. British India could draw the map so that each territory LearnLearn AboutAbout was pretty clearly Hindu or Muslim and everybody spoke the same language. What do you think is best, • the precolonial history of the Mughals in the Indian and why? subcontinent • the encounter with Europe and the colonial period in the region • the history of the struggle for independence in South Asia • what caused the partition and war between India and Pakistan • how Muslim-Hindu strife affects the politics and economics of South Asia • which groups have struggled for control in Afghanistan and why 176 CHAPTER 2 Asia 75162_C2L3_p176-199_AFJROTC_FINAL.indd 176 11/9/09 1:55 PM The Precolonial History of the Mughals VocabularyVoca bulary in the Indian Subcontinent •Indian subcontinent You read briefl y in the Introduction about the Mughal Empire •aristocrat in the Indian subcontinent. -
Impact of the Sepoy Mutiny on Indian Polity and Society
Impact of the Sepoy Mutiny on Indian Polity and Society claws.in/1420/impact-of-the-sepoy-mutiny-in-indian-polity-and-society-isha-naravane.html #1420 184 August 14, 2015 By Isha Naravane Introduction The events of 1857 loom large in Indian History. Some consider it the first great war of independence, others a mere mutiny and some say it was a revolt against existing conditions. Whatever be the case, the most singular consequence for India’s army was how the British now viewed their armed forces in India. Whether the British ruled it as a trading company or as a nation, the use of force and military might was still necessary to occupy and subjugate the subcontinent. The Revolt of 1857 led to a re-organization of the Indian army and this article highlights some of the socio-economic and cultural impacts of this re-organization. The soldier is also a product of his socio-economic, cultural and political landscape. The recruitment of natives for the British Indian army on a large scale, their training in modern warfare methods, the salary and rewards given to native soldiers all had an impact on the environment where the soldiers came from, on Indian rulers who fielded armies on the battlefield, and on agrarian communities who ultimately shouldered the revenue burden for maintenance of armies. Salient Features Impacting Post-Mutiny Re-Organisation The events of the 1857 uprising all over India are well-documented. This article will discuss those which are pertinent to large scale re-organisation of political and military systems. -
British Imperialism in India
4 British Imperialism in India MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES EMPIRE BUILDING As the India, the second most • sepoy • Sepoy Mughal Empire declined, Britain populated nation in the world, •“jewel in Mutiny seized Indian territory and soon has its political roots in this the crown” • Raj controlled almost the whole colony. subcontinent. SETTING THE STAGE British economic interest in India began in the 1600s, CALIFORNIA STANDARDS when the British East India Company set up trading posts at Bombay, Madras, 10.4.1 Describe the rise of industrial and Calcutta. At first, India’s ruling Mughal Dynasty kept European traders economies and their link to imperialism and under control. By 1707, however, the Mughal Empire was collapsing. Dozens of colonialism (e.g., the role played by national security and strategic advantage; moral small states, each headed by a ruler or maharajah, broke away from Mughal con- issues raised by the search for national trol. In 1757, Robert Clive led East India Company troops in a decisive victory hegemony, Social Darwinism, and the mis- sionary impulse; material issues such as land, over Indian forces allied with the French at the Battle of Plassey. From that time resources, and technology). until 1858, the East India Company was the leading power in India. 10.4.3 Explain imperialism from the perspective of the colonizers and the colonized and the varied immediate and long-term responses by the people under British Expand Control over India colonial rule. The area controlled by the East India Company grew over time. Eventually, it 10.4.4 Describe the independence struggles governed directly or indirectly an area that included modern Bangladesh, most of the colonized regions of the world, including the roles of leaders, such as Sun of southern India, and nearly all the territory along the Ganges River in the north. -
LIBERATION WAR MUSEUM BATALI HILL, CHITTAGONG By
LIBERATION WAR MUSEUM BATALI HILL, CHITTAGONG By Rayeed Mohammad Yusuff 11108022 Seminar II ARC 512 Submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Architecture Department of Architecture BRAC University Fall 2015 LIBERATION WAR MUSEUM | 2 ABSTRACT The year of 1971 is the most significant year in the lives of the Bangladeshis. Our liberation war of 1971 is an event which marks the existence of Bangladesh. It was a war fought by the people and these valiant men and women helped us gain this country. However, in the process of gaining independence, several lives were lost, many girls and women raped and numerous people had to be displaced. The heinous Pakistanis did not hesitate once to kill the innocent people of Bangladesh. It has been almost 44 years since this war was fought and unfortunately, many people are slowly forgetting the importance of this war and the real story behind it. I believe that the people who had been present during the war and have actively participated in it are the ones who can give us the most accurate information about our Liberation War. During this long span of time, we are slowly losing most of them and we urgently need to preserve their experiences and information for the future generation. Chittagong, being a historic site during the Liberation War of 1971, does not have a Liberation War Museum of a large magnitude compared to Dhaka. Chittagong not only contributed during the Liberation War but also played a major role before it. Hence, an attempt was made to design a Liberation War Museum in Batali Hill, Chittagong. -
Mughals at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500 - 1605
Mughals at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, 1500 - 1605 A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Andrew de la Garza Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: John F. Guilmartin, Advisor; Stephen Dale; Jennifer Siegel Copyright by Andrew de la Garza 2010 Abstract This doctoral dissertation, Mughals at War: Babur, Akbar and the Indian Military Revolution, examines the transformation of warfare in South Asia during the foundation and consolidation of the Mughal Empire. It emphasizes the practical specifics of how the Imperial army waged war and prepared for war—technology, tactics, operations, training and logistics. These are topics poorly covered in the existing Mughal historiography, which primarily addresses military affairs through their background and context— cultural, political and economic. I argue that events in India during this period in many ways paralleled the early stages of the ongoing “Military Revolution” in early modern Europe. The Mughals effectively combined the martial implements and practices of Europe, Central Asia and India into a model that was well suited for the unique demands and challenges of their setting. ii Dedication This document is dedicated to John Nira. iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor, Professor John F. Guilmartin and the other members of my committee, Professors Stephen Dale and Jennifer Siegel, for their invaluable advice and assistance. I am also grateful to the many other colleagues, both faculty and graduate students, who helped me in so many ways during this long, challenging process. -
Indian Soldiers Died in Italy During World War II: 1943-45
Indian Soldiers died in Italy during World War II: 1943-45 ANCONA WAR CEMETERY, Italy Pioneer ABDUL AZIZ , Indian Pioneer Corps. Gurdaspur, Grave Ref. V. B. 1. Sepoy ABDUL JABAR , 10th Baluch Regiment. Hazara, Grave Ref. V. B. 4. Sepoy ABDUL RAHIM , 11th Indian Inf. Bde. Jullundur, Grave Ref. V. D. 6. Rifleman AITA BAHADUR LIMBU , 10th Gurkha Rifles,Dhankuta, Grave Ref. VII. D. 5. Sepoy ALI GAUHAR , 11th Sikh Regiment. Rawalpindi, Grave Ref. V. D. 4. Sepoy ALI MUHAMMAD , 11th Sikh Regiment, Jhelum, Grave Ref. V. B. 6. Cook ALLAH RAKHA , Indian General Service Corps,Rawalpindi, Grave Ref. III. L. 16. Sepoy ALTAF KHAN , Royal Indian Army Service Corps,Alwar, Grave Ref. V. D. 5. Rifleman ANAND KHATTRI, 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles). Grave Ref. VII. B. 7. Sapper ARUMUGAM , 12 Field Coy., Queen Victoria's Own Madras Sappers and Miners. Nanjakalikurichi. Grave Ref. V. B. 2. Rifleman BAL BAHADUR ROKA, 6th Gurkha Rifles. , Grave Ref. VII. B. 5. Rifleman BAL BAHADUR THAPA, 8th Gurkha Rifles.,Tanhu, , Grave Ref. VII. D. 8. Rifleman BHAGTA SHER LIMBU , 7th Gurkha Rifles, Dhankuta, ,Grave Ref. VII. F. 1. Rifleman BHAWAN SING THAPA , 4th Prince of Wales' Own Gurkha Rifles. Gahrung, , Grave Ref. VII. C. 4. Rifleman BHIM BAHADUR CHHETRI , 6th Gurkha Rifles. Gorkha, Grave Ref. VII. C. 5. Rifleman BHUPAL THAPA , 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles). Sallyan, Grave Ref. VII. E. 4. Rifleman BIR BAHADUR SUNWAR , 7th Gurkha Rifles. Ramechhap, Grave Ref. VII. F. 8. Rifleman BIR BAHADUR THAPA, 8th Gurkha Rifles, Palpa, Grave Ref. -
John Kaye and the 1857 Indian Rebellion
ABSTRACT Title of Thesis: “BECAUSE WE WERE TOO ENGLISH:” JOHN KAYE AND THE 1857 INDIAN REBELLION Christina Lee Fairchild, Master of Arts, May 2017 Thesis Directed By: Professor Richard N. Price, Department of History Throughout the nineteenth century, no other rebellion received the same level of attention in Britain as the 1857 Indian Rebellion. This was one of the most written about events in the nineteenth century. The foremost writer on the rebellion is Sir John William Kaye. This thesis examines John Kaye’s writings on India before and after the rebellion. Kaye viewed the British-Indian relationship through a paternalistic lens. Kaye viewed the role of the British to uplift the condition of Indians through personal examples. He was therefore critical of the East India Company’s policies and actions which were detrimental to this agenda, while he still defended it as an institution of progress. After the 1857 Mutiny, Kaye re-examined his standpoint on British interference in India. He did not forsake his paternalistic viewpoint, which allowed Kaye to examine how British actions had caused a divide between the British officers and the sepoys. “BECAUSE WE WERE TO ENGLISH:” JOHN KAYE AND THE 1857 INDIAN REBELLION by Christina Lee Fairchild Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2017 Advisory Committee: Professor Richard N. Price, Chair Julie A. Taddeo Madeline C. Zilfi © Copyright by Christina Lee Fairchild 2017 Dedication To all of my friends and family who encouraged me to finish this project. -
“Conquest Without Rule: Baloch Portfolio Mercenaries in the Indian Ocean.”
“Conquest without Rule: Baloch Portfolio Mercenaries in the Indian Ocean.” by Ameem Lutfi Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Supervisor ___________________________ Charles Piot ___________________________ David Gilmartin ___________________________ Irene Silverblatt Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2018 ABSTRACT “Conquest without Rule: Baloch Portfolio Mercenaries in the Indian Ocean.” by Ameem Lutfi Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Engseng Ho, Supervisor ___________________________ Charles Piot ___________________________ David Gilmartin ___________________________ Irene Silverblatt An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2018 Copyright by Ameem Lutfi 2018 Abstract The central question this dissertation engages with is why modern states in the Persian Gulf rely heavily on informal networks of untrained and inexperienced recruits from the region of Balochistan, presently spread across Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. The answer, it argues, lies in the longue durée phenomenon of Baloch conquering territories abroad but not ruling in their own -
The Pakistan Army Officer Corps, Islam and Strategic Culture 1947-2007
The Pakistan Army Officer Corps, Islam and Strategic Culture 1947-2007 Mark Fraser Briskey A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy UNSW School of Humanities and Social Sciences 04 July 2014 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT 'I hereby grant the University of New South Wales or its agents the right to archive and to make available my thesis or dissertation in whole or part in the University libraries in all forms of media, now or here after known, subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. I retain all proprietary rights, such as patent rights. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. I also authorise University Microfilms to use the 350 word abstract of my thesis in Dissertation Abstract International (this is applicable to doctoral theses only). I have either used no substantial portions of copyright material in my thesis or I have obtained permission to use copyright material; where permission has not been granted I have applied/ ·11 apply for a partial restriction of the digital copy of my thesis or dissertation.' Signed t... 11.1:/.1!??7 Date ...................... /-~ ....!VP.<(. ~~~-:V.: .. ......2 .'?. I L( AUTHENTICITY STATEMENT 'I certify that the Library deposit digital copy is a direct equivalent of the final officially approved version of my thesis. No emendation of content has occurred and if there are any minor Y, riations in formatting, they are the result of the conversion to digital format.' · . /11 ,/.tf~1fA; Signed ...................................................../ ............... Date .