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LESSON 3 India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan G Stan India, Pakistan, and Afghanis LESSONLESSON 3 India,India, Pakistan,Pakistan, andand AfghanistanAfghanistan QuickQuick WriteWrite magine this: The year is 1921, and you’re a teenager in school in India. Your land has been Iunder British rule for as long as anyone can remember. You’re starting to hear about independence for India, though, and it sounds like an exciting idea. But what kind of independence? Self-rule within the British Empire? Or complete independence, like what What approach should the Americans got after 1776? British India have taken to independence? Why? India is a vast country—Hindus and Muslims are only two of its mixture of religious and ethnic groups. Could one country possibly be big enough to include everybody? Won’t some groups get lost? Should certain groups be guaranteed a share of seats in Parliament? Maybe two or more smaller countries would make more sense. British India could draw the map so that each territory LearnLearn AboutAbout was pretty clearly Hindu or Muslim and everybody spoke the same language. What do you think is best, • the precolonial history of the Mughals in the Indian and why? subcontinent • the encounter with Europe and the colonial period in the region • the history of the struggle for independence in South Asia • what caused the partition and war between India and Pakistan • how Muslim-Hindu strife affects the politics and economics of South Asia • which groups have struggled for control in Afghanistan and why 176 CHAPTER 2 Asia 75162_C2L3_p176-199_AFJROTC_FINAL.indd 176 11/9/09 1:55 PM The Precolonial History of the Mughals VocabularyVoca bulary in the Indian Subcontinent •Indian subcontinent You read briefl y in the Introduction about the Mughal Empire •aristocrat in the Indian subcontinent. Indian subcontinent is a term used to •caste refer to India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. These countries •British raj spent many years under British rule, and so the term “British •interim India” is used to refer to them during that time. •de facto •infrastructure •Taliban TAJIKISTANTAJIKISTANN •madrassa AFGHANISTANAFGHANISTTANN CHINACHINA nd ma l el lam b HelmandH na JehlamJeh IRAN ChenabChena lej BHUTANBHUTAN s SutlejSut du NEPALNEPAL PAKISTANPAKISTTAN IndusIn DelhiDelhi YamunaYa mu Ganges na BANGLBANGLADESHGLADEGLLADEDESHDE INDIA a add Mahanadi rm NarmadaNa AArabianrabian SSeaea pti TaptiTa BaBayay of GodavariGodavari BBengalengal KrishnaKrrishna CauveriCauvverri IIndianndian OOceancean SRIS LANKA LESSON 3 ■ India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan 177 75162_C2L3_p176-199_AFJROTC_FINAL.indd 177 11/9/09 1:55 PM People have lived in this part of the world—also called South Asia—for more than 4,000 years. Around 2500 BC people living in the Indus River valley built an urban culture based on farming and trade. After about a thousand years, this group declined. Then Aryan-speaking—early Indo-European—pastoral tribes moved in from the northwest. (Pastoral peoples are those who tend sheep and cattle.) They settled in the Ganges River valley and mixed with the people already there. The Gupta Dynasty unifi ed northern India during the fourth and fi fth centuries. It was a golden age of Hindu culture. But then in the eighth century, Muslim traders began to arrive in Sindh, which is today part of Pakistan. The Rule of Islamic Mughal Emperors in Northern India Islam spread across the subcontinent during 700 years. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded. They set up sultanates in Delhi, near India’s modern-day capital. Then in the early sixteenth century, the Mughals, whose forebears included Mongols, Turks, Iranians, and Afghans, invaded India. Their dynasty lasted 200 years and eventually included much of South India under its rule or infl uence. Zahir-ud-Din Babur was the fi rst Mughal emperor. He came to power when his well-disciplined force of 12,000 men defeated the 100,000 disorganized troops of Ibrahim Lodi, sultan of Delhi. Babur achieved other military gains as well but died before he could consolidate them. His son Humayun succeeded him. As he came to power, he faced challenges to his rule in Delhi, notably from Afghan warlords. He fl ed to Persia and hid out there for almost 10 years. He fi nally returned to Delhi and took control in 1555. Just a year after this victory, however, he died. His empire passed to his 13-year-old son Jalal-ud-Din Akbar, who would rule for nearly half a century. Akbar (1556–1605), a Notable Mughal Ruler While Akbar was still a boy, the empire was in the hands of a regent named Bayram Khan, who pushed hard to expand the empire. But when Akbar came of age, he began to break free from the court offi cials who had been running things. He quickly showed his own capacities for leadership and judgment. He seldom slept more than three hours a night, and he personally oversaw the administration of his policies. He continued to expand his empire. He conquered and annexed lands until his territory stretched from Kabul in the northwest to Kashmir in the north to Bengal in the east, and the Narmada River in the south. Akbar built a walled capital called Fatehpur Sikri (Fatehpur means Fortress of Victory) near Agra, starting in 1571. He kept moving his capital, however; whether for lack of water, or because he had to attend to the far reaches of his empire, is unknown. 178 CHAPTER 2 Asia 75162_C2L3_p176-199_AFJROTC_FINAL.indd 178 11/9/09 1:56 PM AsiaAsia 11/9/09 1:56 PM 179 , the Indian Festival India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan Diwali ■ LESSON 3 — — . Rajput , or local zamindars the nobles or “top class” , into an orderly system , into an orderly hereditary social class hereditary mansabars of Lights, and even abolished the tax imposed on non-Muslims. In addition, he Din-i-Ilahi (Divine Faith), which incorporated came up with his own religion, the idea of acceptance of all religions. Even before Akbar, Muslim sultans in India offered their Hindu subjects some Muslim sultans in India offered Akbar, Even before If they paid a special head tax for “peoples of the book,” on the freedom. religious Hindus, like Christians and Jews, counted as more basis of their own Scriptures, the right to practice their own religion. dels” and retained than “infi But Akbar went beyond this. He personally celebrated Historians consider Akbar a good He kept track of a vast manager. lled with many different territory fi In 1580 he collected ethnic groups. going back 10 years. records revenue out how gured He and his aides fi harvest had been, good each year’s prices. He used crop and the related out how gure this information to fi much tax the farmers could pay He wanted to bring without hardship. as possible, but in as much tax revenue be wise to demand he knew it wouldn’t than farmers could comfortably more on He relied pay. agents, to bring in money and revenue deliver it to the treasury. the warrior class, He also organized the associated ranks were of ranks. Different numbers of troops, with different and so on. amounts of pay, Akbar also possessed good people skills. He encouraged good relations with Hindus, who made up most of Hindu the population. He recruited chiefs for top posts in government. He encouraged intermarriage between the aristocrats— of the Mughals and Hindus. He practiced in fact. Maryam this policy personally, al-Zamani, the mother of his son and was a Hindu Jahangir, heir, a member of the dominant military caste, or 75162_C2L3_p176-199_AFJROTC_FINAL.indd 179 He also advanced women’s rights. He encouraged widows to remarry, discouraged child marriages, and banned sati, the traditional Hindu practice of suttee. This practice called for a widow to throw herself onto her husband’s funeral pyre to be cremated with him. Akbar also persuaded merchants to set up special market days for women only, so that they could get out and about occasionally. His reign ended with his death in 1605. Efforts to Encourage Artistry As the Mughals continued their rule, under Jahangir (1605–27) and later Shah Jahan (1628–1658), they provided political stability and good economic conditions. This gave the arts room to fl ower. Painting fl ourished. Writers and artists produced books. Architects designed and erected monumental buildings. Jahangir married a Persian princess whom he renamed Nur Jahan (Light of the World). She became the most powerful person at court, after the emperor himself. She attracted a number of notable Persians—artists, scholars, and military offi cers—to the imperial court. 180 CHAPTER 2 Asia 75162_C2L3_p176-199_AFJROTC_FINAL.indd 180 11/9/09 1:56 PM AsiaAsia 11/9/09 1:56 PM 181 , Hamzanama India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan ■ LESSON 3 The Taj Mahal The Taj opening of before one Mughal Dynasty achievement you might have heard If there’s Mahal. This beautiful building is the crowning the Taj probably this book, it’s it built in Agra as a tomb Shah Jahan ordered achievement of Mughal architecture. (1861–1941) for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. The writer Rabindranath Tagore called it “a tear on the face of eternity.” Even as far back as Akbar, the imperial courts supported the arts. Although experts Even as far back as Akbar, he commissioned a book called the read, believe Akbar couldn’t which the Smithsonian Institution calls “one of the most unusual and important manuscripts made during the Mughal dynasty (1526–1858). .” This book uncle Hamza with text and Muhammad’s of the Prophet followed the adventures illustrated books. successors also paid artists to create colorful illustrations. Akbar’s India and around In addition, the Mughal rulers backed painters, who came from Iran. Like the manuscripts, the paintings came in bright colors.
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