In the Landscape and Between Worlds ronze age settlements and burials in the Swedish provinces around Lakes Mälaren and Hjälmaren yield few Bbronze objects and fewer of the era’s fine stone battle axes. Instead, these things were found by people working on wetland reclamation and stream dredging for about a century up to the Second World War. Then the finds stopped because of changed agricultural practices. The objects themselves have received much study. Not so with the sites where they were deposited. This book reports on a wide- ranging landscape-archaeological survey of Bronze Age deposition sites, with the aim to seek general rules in the placement of sites. How did a person choose the appropriate site to deposit a socketed axe in 800 bc? The author has investigated known sites on foot and from his desk, using a wide range of archive materials, maps and shoreline displacement data that have only recently come on-line. Over 140 sites are identified closely enough to allow characterisation of their Bronze Age landscape contexts. Numerous recurring traits emerge, forming a basic predictive or heuristic model. Bronze Age deposi- tion sites, the author argues, are a site category that could profitably be placed on contract archaeology’s agenda during infrastructure projects. Archaeology should seek these sites, not wait for others to report on finding them. martin rundkvist is an archaeologist who received his doctorate from Stockholm University in 2003. He has published research into all the major periods of Sweden’s post-glacial past. Rundkvist teaches prehistory at Umeå University, edits the journal Fornvännen and keeps the internationally popular Aardvarchaeology blog. cover image: detail of a rock-art panel at Hemsta in Boglösa, Uppland (site Raä 128). An axe with its characteristic s-shaped haft, an incomplete ship and two cupmarks. According to Johan Ling, the panel’s ship types and the level above the sea indicate a date in Per. II, about 1400 cal BC. The closest known Early Bronze Age deposition site is Hjältängarna at Grop-Norrby in Vårfrukyrka, about 14 km to the NNW. An axe was deposited there a century or two after the Hemsta carvings were made. Photograph by Sven-Gunnar Broström. Parishes with certain or potential Bronze Age depositions. Bold face denotes parishes with at least three depositions. Map by Lars Östlin. ARCHAEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 29 In the Landscape and Between Worlds Bronze Age Deposition Sites Around Lakes Mälaren and Hjälmaren in Sweden Martin Rundkvist ARCHAEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 29 © 2015 Martin Rundkvist ISBN 978-91-7601-213-0 ISSN 0281-5877 publisher Department of Historical, Philosophical and Religious Studies, Umeå University design Bitte Granlund / Happy Book cover Bitte Granlund, with a photograph by Sven-Gunnar Broström PDF preprint version, March 2015 TabLE OF CONTENTS preface 7 Strong Place Features: Boulders, a Cave, a Spring, Rock Crevices 44 1. introduction 9 What Was Deposited Where And When? 47 Field of Study 9 Deposition Sites in the Settled Landscape 49 Goals and Methods 11 Previous Work In Other Regions 12 4. conclusions: a heuristic procedure Sacrifice? Retrievable and Irretrievable Deposits 15 for finding unknown deposition Ritual and Rationality 18 sites 51 Artificial Scarcity and Individual Step 1. Is this a productive parish? 51 Agency 20 Step 2. Where were the Bronze Age lakes and sea Site Continuity vs. Continuity of Site Selection inlets? 52 Criteria 22 Step 3. Where did the water do something inter- Deposit Diversity 22 esting? 52 Chronology and Typological Terminology 23 Step 4. Is your candidate basin the right distance from Bronze Age settlement? 53 2. overview of the data in context 25 Step 5. Auger the basin, then machine strip while Scope and Delimitation 25 metal detecting 53 Avoiding Late Neolithic Axes and Daggers 26 Overview of the Database and Data Collection 27 5. gazetteer: detailed information on Shoreline Displacement, Site Classification and a selection of interesting deposi- tion sites 54 Bronze Patina 28 Nä, Askersund, Norra Algrena, Mobergsudden 54 3. grouping and characterising the Nä, Glanshammar, Hassle 54 sites 30 Nä, Glanshammar, Storsicke 55 Multi-Episode Sites: Accumulated Deposits 31 Sö, Bärbo, Täckhammar bridge 55 Single-Episode River Sites 32 Sö, Eskilstuna, Hyndevad and Kälby 56 Lake Sites 34 Sö, Helgesta, Frändesta, Oxbroberget 58 Inlets of the Baltic Sea 38 Sö, Huddinge, Balingsnäs 58 Bronze Age Bogs/Other Wetland 40 Sö, Spelvik, church hill 58 Multi-trait Locations 41 Sö, Svärta, Kråknäs/Kråkstugan 58 Dry Land: Gravel Ridges and Settlements 42 Sö, Turinge, Nykvarn, Ekudden 59 Dry Land: Nondescript Locations 43 Sö, Vrena, Dalby, Vrenaån 59 5 Sö, Vårdinge, Hjortsberga, Höglund 59 Up, Vårfrukyrka, Grop-Norrby, Hjältängarna 65 Sö, Vårdinge, Långbro 60 Up, Österunda, Domta vad 65 Up, Alsike, Rickebasta 60 Up, Österunda, Pukberget cave 65 Up, Bred, Eklunda, Mossen 61 Vs, Dingtuna, Stora & Lilla Jacksbo and Skerike, Up, Härnevi, Lilla Härnevi 61 Häljebo 66 Up, Lena church/Vattholma 62 Vs, Munktorp, Avhulta 66 Up, Lunda, Sigridsholm 62 6. bibliography 68 Up, Ramsta, Bragby, Mönemossen 64 Up, Rimbo, Rimbo 64 7. appendices 77 Up, Skogs-Tibble, Ingla/Vicarage 64 A. Maps, field photographs and finds images 77 Up, Stavby, Sunnersbol (Lake Bokaren) 64 B. Site list: known locations 124 Up, Söderbykarl, Ekeby 65 C. Finds list: poorly known locations 138 6 PREFACE i began work on this book in the autumn of Luz Mary Johansson, Johan Larsson, Kenth Lärk, 2009. After 15 years of mainly studying Late Iron Samuel Rundkvist Messner and Svante Tibell for Age elite burials and small finds, I wanted to do skilled fieldwork labour, freely given. Thanks to something new. The themes I decided to explore Tove Stjärna and Lars Östlin for making all the were the Bronze Age, landscape and wetlands. fine maps. Thanks to Jan Apel, Wojciech Blajer, My choice of study area was dictated by where I Sven-Gunnar Broström, Christina Fredengren, live: in order to do landscape archaeology you Lise Frost, Bertil Jonsson, Marcin Maciejewski, need to wander about in the landscape, and I did Caroline Möllberg, Jonas Svensson Hennius, not want to drive too far. I believe the main in- Hans Wigenfeldt and Roger Wikell for valuable fluences on my thinking have been work by information. Thanks to Matts Enström, Pontus Richard Bradley and David Fontijn, though oth- Printzsköld, Stefan Sellin, Jonas Toresäter (Arch- ers will no doubt also be easy to spot. diocese of Uppsala) and Carl Wachtmeister for The project was made possible by generous access to land for fieldwork. Thanks to Richard financial support from the Torsten Söderberg Grönwall, Margareta Backe and all the other Foundation, the Johan & Jakob Söderberg Foun- archaeologists of the Stockholm County Mu- dation, the Berit Wallenberg Foundation, the seum for fruitful and friendly collaboration. And Åke Wiberg Foundation, the Royal Swedish thanks to Thomas B. Larsson and Karin Viklund Academy of Letters, the Magnus Bergvall Foun- for accepting this work into the fine monograph dation and Svenska Fornminnesföreningen. series that they edit. Thanks to Jane Davis, Joakim Goldhahn, John Massey and Uwe Sperling for many insight- Martin Rundkvist ful comments on the manuscript. Thanks to Fisksätra, 9 January 2015 Magdalena Forsgren, Patrik Johansson, Rune & 7 “For some time it has been obvious that metal detectorists have been extraordinarily fortunate in locating previously unrecorded hoards. The same people have found them on a number of different occasions. Dis- cussions with the finders have made it clear that this did not happen by chance. Long before prehistorians had realized that the siting of hoards might follow topographic ‘rules’, metal detectorists had reached the same conclusion. Their ability to make new finds is the clearest indication of the usefulness of taking a fresh approach to this material.” (Yates & Brad- ley 2010a:30) “... hardly any attention was paid to the find spots of hoards, and so a large portion of the hoards have no topographic context. The recontextu- alisation of hoards by means of archive studies, evaluation of old maps, site inspection and new image processing tools is an important contribu- tion to the continued study of hoards.” (Hansen 2012:42, transl. MR) “Classifying reconstructed find spots into types and investigating their temporal and spatial distribution, as well as juxtaposing them with oth- er aspects of the hoards, have given strong indications that the picture is at least partly determined by a patterned choice of deposition location. Thus it appears that not only the hoard contents but also their deposi- tion sites display regularities.” (Scholz 2012:87, transl. MR) 1. Introduction this is a study of sites in their landscapes: harder to tie into the wider landscape context of places where Bronze Age metalwork and stone the society that produced them. implements have been found in non-settlement, Several authors have published general prov- non-burial contexts. The study’s goals are a) to ince-wide overviews of Bronze Age settlement in take inventory of these sites in the area around the study area: Lakes Mälaren and Hjälmaren in Sweden, b) to investigate recurring traits in the siting of depo- • Uppland (Up) and Västmanland (Vs): Jensen sition, and thereby c) to develop a heuristic tool 1986; 1987; 1989; Apel et al. 2007 kit that may aid archaeologists in finding undis- • Södermanland (Sö): Damell 1987; Wigren turbed Bronze Age deposition sites. 1987 • Närke (Nä): Karlenby 2003 Field of Study All but one of the main categories of Bronze Age Archaeological sites are commonly sorted into site around Lake Mälaren and the adjoining three main categories: settlements, burials and province of Östergötland have received mono- deposits (e.g. Malmer 2002). To these, the graphic treatment in recent decades: Bronze Age of southern Scandinavia adds abun- dant rock art sites and a far rarer class of hilltop • Settlements: Ullén 1997; Borna-Ahl kvist sanctuaries.