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ED 135 202 FL 007 996 AUTEOR Tonkin, Eumphrey TITLE Introduction to Studies. Esperanto Documents, New Series, Number 6A (1976).. INSTITUTION Universal Esperanto Association, Rotterdam (Netherlands). PUB DATE 75 NOTE 17p.; Paper delivered at meeting of the Chicago Esperanto Society (Chicago, , March 1975) AVAIIABLE FROM Esperanto Book Service, P. 0. Box 508, Burlingame, California ($1.25)

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 BC-$1.67 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Prtificial Languages; International Relations; 1.4:1.1,uage Attitudes; *Language Research; Language Rolez Linguistic Theory; Literature; *Research Needs; Second Language Learning IDENTIFIERS *Esperanto ABSTRACT Relatively few studies have been made of the history of the international language Esperanto, although materials for its study are fairly complete. As a linguistic phenomenon, that is, a language in continuous use for almost a century but without national roots, it has also had little systematic study, though a considerable literature cn the subject exists in Esperanto itself. There are now several native speakers of Esperanto, who might merit special investigation. It would also be useful to have more extensive study of psychological and sociological aspects of the Esperanto speech community. Esperanto has an extensive literature, original and translated, little known by outside scholars. There is also a need for the study of Esperanto's practical application and its potential as a solution to international language problems. Some attention bas been given to the pedagogy of Esperanto, but more work is needed. The language is seldom mentioned in major reference works or adequately represented in libraries, and for these reasons it is often overlooked by scholars. The largest collections of Esperanto materials are in London, Rotterdam and Vienna.(Author/CFM)

*********************************************************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials nct available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * to ottais the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDR4. EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. * *********************************************************************** ESPERANTO DOCUMENTS new series 6

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3 Esperanto Documents, new series, number 6 A (1976)

AN INTRODUCTION TO ESPERANTO STUDIES

' by

(A lectui-e delivered to the Chicago Esperanto Suciety,March 1975)

The history of scholarship is full of has been up to now almost exclusively amazing accidents. Whole fields have a realm of amateurs. The serious grown up through the discoveries of a sociologists, linguists, and single person, or through the historians who have devoted time to energies of a small group of pioneers. Esperanto cannot number more than a Whole areas of research have been dozen or so. The purpose of the mapped out because of the presence, of present survey is to suggest a few a particular group of people in one ways in which we can change this place at one time. The coming into state of affairs and to explain why being of the discipline of sociology, it is important to do so. the growth of the study of civilization, the establishment of tne The langUage dates from 1887, the year discipline of comparative literature, of publication of the first booklet the beginnings of psychiatry-- all by its creator, Ludwig Zamenhof (1). these are the products of small groups Ten years went into the preparation of brilliant people, who combined of this booklet (2). The social and genius with a measure of hard-headed cultural movement that grew out of practicality. these small beginnings is surely one of the most interesting of the 8y the same token, whole areas have period. All across Europe people yet to receive the attention they heard about Esperanto. Many began to deserve. We often find ourselves learn it. In the the saying, of some book or article in American Philosophical Society our own field, that it should have reported on it (3), and in it been written years ago; or expressing was examined by the Academy of amazement that this or that task has Sciences (4). Esreranto speakers still not been completed, this or that came together for the first time in essential work still not been under- 1905, in a congress in Boulogne-sur- taken. Esperanto studies seem to Mer. Zamenhof was.there. He was at belong in this latter category.They the next congress in . In 1907 constitute a field whose exploration he went to the conference_in is long overdue. In fact it is a Cambridge, was received by the Lord constant source of amazement to me Mayor in London, visited the!!new that the study of the language and town" of Letchworth Garden City. In movement associated with Esperanto --1910The-came to the United States ifo , Hence, for the conference in Washington. to speakers of Esperanto. Adepts of Esperanto were everywhere. thnugh we know a good deal about the Esperantists travelled through Russia ez,-ly history of the language, there and Central Asia, the language was has been little attempt to link this introduced into China, in it early movement with similar social caught hold. In the euphoria of the movements of the period; though we early Soviet period it played its know a good deal about the development part. Later, Stalin persecuted it. of in the So did Hitler. Many of its leaders twenties and thirties, it has not been died in his concentration camps (5). set in the context of the national The gave it literary histories of the time; consideration but rejected it (6). though we know our own international Many conscientious objectors learned movement well, it has not been it in prison in the First World War, studied in relationship to other Yugoslav revolutionaries learned it, modern international groupings. in China its beginnings were linked with attempts to introduce western Remedying these deficiencies, and othography, in Japan its use is Other that I shallmention, is a today linked with one of the largest task both difficult and easy -- national religious movements. Today, difficult in that it involves you can hear Esperanto on the radio, learning another language and working buy numerous books in the language, often with a paucity of materials, reed periodicals, pray and fight in easy in that the language is atleast it (7) a manageable language and the materials, though often hard to come It is an extraordinary history, and by, are in many areas marvellously it is linked to an extraordinary complete. American libraries are shockingly deficient in materials for language. Speakers of Esperanto apparently of every kind of linguistic the study of Esperanto. I know of no background communicate successfully public or university library with more through the language. As for the than a handful of Esperanto titles. speech community itself, it is unlike The largest collection in this any other in that most of its members continent is probably the library of are geographically scattered, the vast the Canadian Esperanto Association, majority of them are (by definition) with a mere 3500 volumes. By contrast at least bilingual, they are all of the International Esperanto Museum, in them literate. Their level of Vienna, a public, state-supported educational attainment is institution founded in 1929, has in its extraordinarily high, they are well possession 15,000 volumes. The British read, they travel a great deal, they Esperanto Association, in London, has are generally well inforned about 33,000 titles listed (not all of them international affairs.Their actually books), and the Hodler organization, largely amateur, spans Library of the Universal Esperanto Association, in Rotterdam, contains the world.They support a flourishing Other large literature. The language itself is some 10,000 volumes. largely a poatertioni in make-up :it collections are in the Bulgarian is based on existing languages. But National Library (Sofia), and in it has characteristics quite unlike Prague, Tokyo, Amsterdam, Paris and the European languages known to its several German universities (6). inventor. It contains also a potioni elements, it is basically agglutinat- Any systematic study of Esperanto ive, it has developed its own style therefore requires either a visit to a and modes of expression (6). major existing library or an effort to gather the basic materials. Fortunate- The very fact that it is possible to ly several of the mOre important list this congeries of facts is libraries have published their. evichgice that such information is at catalogues (u), and there also exist a least recorded, but Very little of the number of general bibliographies, of foregoing has been the subject of which the most importantis the systematic study. Where such study monumental bibliography of Stojan, had taken place it is often known only covering the first forthy years of the

2 5 language and nov. happily available languages as though Esperanto were again (1) . They has been little merely those bare bones of a language systematic descriptive bibliography of that were first presented to the Esperanto works, except for some public in 1887. Of course, since 1887 studies by Haupenthal and by the language has grown enormously, and Waringhien. As for modern biblio- any serious study needs to take this graphical work, little is going on, into account. Nevertheless, the and several major libraries, among comparative study of constructed them those of the British Esperanto language projects, or interlinguistics, Association and the Universal has received more extended attention Esperanto Association, are in need of than most others connected with attention from cataloguers. Over the Esperanto. Of the various individual past twenty years, the Center for studies, those of Menders and Gilbert Research and Documentation on the are the most immediately useful, World Language Problem has produced because they were done by people who occasional lists of new books, at least understood the characteristics dictionaries, and so on, and has of Esperanto as a spoken language (w). surveyed the Esperanto movement in various ways through statistical A few years ago I had the unusual studies and summaries of important pleasure of meeting a very old events. Its Documents are essential Esperanto speaker from California (he tools for the study of the Esperanto was in his nineties) who had been movement (a). largely outside the Esperanto movement for fifty years or more. He In the bibliography of Esperanto we spoke the Esperanto of the very first find numerous works on the language years of the languaoe in this country itself, beginning with Zamenhof's own -- and did so, after all these years, Lingvaj Reapendoj (I, written to with amazing fluency. The clarify early usage, and extending to characteristic of his usage that most the work of Kalocsay and Waringhien, impressed me, I remember, was its Ptena Gnamatity de Eapetanto (14), and amazing flexibility. Working with a assorted modern studies like La restricted and limited vocabulary, Zamenho6a apenanto (15) Nevertheless, he was able through skilful use of there has been no full-scale attempt compound words to deal adequately with to write a modern linguistic any concept, any idea that we description of Esperanto, studies of discussed. The modern speaker of phonetic aspects of Esperanto have Esperanto, with another fifty years of been rather minimal, and little work coinages at his disposal, has become has been done on sociolinguistic lazy by comparison : he has more roots aspects of the Esperanto movement. to choose from and exercises less As might be expected, the most ingenuity in their use. It occurred to extensive work has gone into the me then that a systematic study of lexicography of the language, led changes in style and usage between especially by Waringhien, but with 1887 and today would be an immensely important contributions by Bokarev, valuable addition to our knowledge Wells, Butler, and others (16). The of the development of Esperanto. Ptena Ituatnita Voittalw, by Several efforts in this direction have Waringhien, runs to 1300 pages of been made. has painted tightly packed information (i). It the way in his recent study of the is an essential piece of equipment development of literary language in for the researcher. Esperanto; Kalocsay and Waringhien have worked in this field, and in Perhaps the most regrettable aspect of recent years the controversy over the linguistic study of Esperanto is participles has shed some light on the Woet most serious' linguists'who are whole question of the evolution of the t themselviS"speakers of the language (11). Esperanto is probably /4L1inguage treat -it not.as a living unique among languages in that it was .-language; but4as alanguage project, a written language, as well as a jnaklng comparisons tietween Esperanto spoken one, from the beginning (and andprojects for,vtger constructed 4 the implications of that fact are -

6 worth study tool. Nevertheless there on those taking part in Universal are bound to be differences Congresses (2) between the spoken and written usage. Currently, efforts are being The whole subject of motivation to made to record spoken Esperanto in learn Esperanto merits investigation. systematic fashion (a). There are In my own observation, many of the many questions that this effort most active speakers learned for should help to answer. Does usage practical rather than idealistic vary with circumstance ? To what reasons. The idealism came second, if extent does the native language of it cane at all. A related and, to me, a speaker influence linguistic usage equally fascinating question has to in Esperanto ? What are the do with why people try to construct phonetic implications of linguistic languages in the first place. We all background ? How are standards of know that there have been hundreds Esperanto pronunciation and usage of language projects over the years. transmitted and received ?We Why ?What is it about people's currently know very little about any psychological make-up that makes them of these subjects. create their own linguistic systems ? Is it related to other kinds of A small and largely ignored group of utopianism ? Is it a process akin to Esperanto speakers are those who speak literary creation, as some studies of the language as their first language Zamenhof imply (2) ? We have few of -- children brought up in homes where the answers, and few have even raised Esperanto is the language of the the questions. home. We now nothing of any significance about native Esperanto Despite my observations about idealisrn . speakers, their speech development, its ideals have over the years been their acquisition of a second the driving force behind Esperanto. language outside the home, their view We know a considerable amount about of themselves, their attitude towards the early years of Zamenhof's career, language. Each year at the Universal his first attempts to create a langu- Congress of Esperanto a so-called age, his efforts at recognition for children's congress, a kind of summer his creation. But we still await a camp for young Esperanto speakers, is biography that sets Zamenhof's early held. The children who attend such aspirations in the social and events have been the kubject of at intellectual context of late least a brief study (), but there is nineteenth-century Russian Poland. a need for more work here. As for What did Zamenhof read, what did he their elders, how do they spend their think about, what did he discuss with time during the annual Universal his friends, to what extent was he a Congress, when 1500 or 2000 of them part of the intellectual trends of gather together for a week of his age (2) ?To what extent did his meetings, lectures, cultural events, ideals borrow their inspiration from and renewals of old acquaintance ? Judaism or, more particularly, from the Zionism that he expressly Indeed, what makes people interested repudiated (2) ?What made the in Esperanto in the first place ? The language catch on in Central Europe Freudian psychologist FlUgel thought or in France ? And what did the he knew and published an article on sub-committee of the American the subject in the twenties, but the Philosophical Society talk about in only person to give sustained their deliberations in 1887,and attention to the psychology or 1888 ? No one has tried to find out. sociology of the Esperanto movement since then is the British sociologist There is no shortage of accounts of Forster, who has studied the make-up the events of Esperanto's history. and background of the membership of They are contained in periodicals, the British Esperanto Association. in conference papers, in minutes, in The British linguist Richard Mood, now yearbooks, and in a number of literate living in the United States, has done histories. The early period is some comparable but more limited work particularly well served by the histories .pf Privat, Zakrzewski and already available on the relation Drezen, and a vast and utterly between Esperanto and the trade undigested collection of facts is union movement in the twenties and contained in Courtinat's history, thirties, and on the stormy history which extends to 1960 (Z). A good but of the language in the Soviet Union brief account is to be found in (n. Biographies of other major Lapenna's recent volume CspeAtutto en figures are needed. Petvektivo, the historical parts of which were written by the young Zamenhof's own writings signalled German historian Ulrich Lins. This the beginning of an extraordinary .work is an essential piece of equip- literary tradition in Esperanto. We ment for the student of Esperanto. To still lack a full account of it we should also add the recent Esperanto literary history -- the Yearbooks of the Universal Esperanto nearest approaches are those of Association, with their summaries of Novobilski. Kralj, Pechan, and each year's progress and extensive Carlevard () -- and it would be lists of organizations, publications a major undertaking to carry out such and special services, and perhaps the a task. Such a study should consider Eneatepedio de Ebpetanta, published not only the major events in in.the 1930s and now being revised Esperanto literary history, but also (17)- their relation to the development of the language, in which process An adequate account of the research literature played a uniquely import.nt needed on the role, shaping the language and would require a separate study. In a fitting it to new tasks and functions. field where so much depends en the It should relate the major figures initiative of particular individuals, to their own national backgrounds and and where talent and enterprise do to the intellectual currents of their not always go together, the coverage day. The maturity of Esperanto as is inevitably spotty. We have good a literay language came in the accounts of certain national Esperanto twenties and thirties, when the movements, notably the Japanese, the literary activity was centred on Yugoslav, and the German movements Hungary. We need to ask ourselves 01, but there is much thatwe need why. The history of Hungarian to know about the British movement, in literature is itself rather short, and which a number of noted intellectuals in that country literary language were involved in the early years (2). played an important role in the About the American movement our know- development of the national lap :age ledge is deplorably slight, and there as a modern idiom. Did Hungarian has been no organized attempt to writers in Esperanto chart a similar write its history. No one has course for Esperanto literature ? scoured Washington for accounts of Indeed, to what extent has the history the Universal Congress there in 1910; of Esperanto literature followed the no one has done the same for San same line of development as that of Francisco in 1915. The attics of the other literatures ? I have long bel Universal Esperanto Association in attracted by the hypothesis that al Rotterdam are jammed with the literatures develop through somewha correspondece and account books of the.same processes -- that there aP early leaders of that association, and common elements in all literary there is abundant unpublished material histories. Esperanto literature, as awaiting intelligent interpretation the creation of bilingual or in the collections in Vienna and multilingual intellectuals drawing on London. On Zamenhorhimself there is their native intellectual traditions fairly full published material-- his as well as those that they perceive in literary Works (which are extensive), Esperanto itself, may well have gone his letters, his speeches (31.Land, through the process of development founder of the principal workers' more rapidly than certain other Esperanto movement, is the subject of literatures and may reveal the process a stud Y soon to be published by the of change with unusual clarity. It Dutchman Eduard Borsboom, though more would be helpful to know where work is needed to supplement that Esperanto's literary roots lie -- 8 willing to assertthat Esperanto is how much of theBritish tradition has rootless, a mere literature through the indeed culturally come into the literature and without Auld, how much of code, without work of Boulton or Scholarly through the a living history. the Japanese tradition ignorance is alwaysshocking. In and so on. work of Miyamoto masao, this instance itis little short of tragic (I). But if this largehistorical and has still to comparative undertaking Under the generalheading of be written, there arenevertheless literature we need toinclude also important studies wore limited but other types ofwrit!ng -- scientific Margaret writing, the use of already in existence. and technical Hagler's dissertation, of1971, on and so on. (n), Esperanto in commerce, Esperanto as a literarylanguage Here we moveinevitably from the mere subjects Esperanto poetryto the observation of a phenomenon --the tools of modern criticalanaljsis, linguistic and social smaller studies unique cultural, and there are several phenomenon that isEsperanto -- into We can, I hope, along similar lines. feasibility. I do not kind of work, the realm of expect more of this intend in this present surveyto scholars. ,mrticularly from American examine the realm ofinternational strikingly Esperanto poetry, quite language problems ingeneral, where fairly easily scholarly work has been rich and varied, is a good deal of accessible in the publicationsof the especially on Auld's done. We need more, Spanish publisher Stafeto. language problems inparticular areas Esperanto poetry anthology of original (internationaljbUsiness, diplomacy, hundred pages and runs to over six (3.). science, and so.on). my interest here ninety poets contairn works by is specifically withthe feasibility of the adoption ofEsperanto in In the early years,especially, particular fields of humanactivity. made up translations into Esperanto How woad we introduceEsperanto into of the Esperanto books like the a larT: part an organization available. We have good translations adopted the Koran, Dante, many if that organization of the Bible, the language tomorrow ?What are the of the sonnets of the plays and some management problemsassociated with Goethe, Baudelaire, of Shakespeare, the adoption of thelanguage by an host of others. Heine, Tagore: and a organization, a group ofcompanies, a attempts to study There have been some profession ?It is one of the the art of translationinto Esperanto, unaccountable tragedies af ourday need for more but again, there is a that there has beenlittle systematic systematic efforts inthis area. In problems have more than one study cn' the management some cases we even associated withmultilingualism translation of a givenwork -- for Multilingualism has simply Shakespeare's either. example ,ante's ZnpAno, always been thvre, and ourefforts to the Bible -- and Hamtet and parts of cope with it havebeen largely hand- compari!,ons are poSsible(4). of to-mouth. In the literature language ploblems theleading probably discover The scholar will publication is theperiodical La Monda that literature is oneof the by Mouton, factors to that Lingvo-Pkobtemo, published principal contributirg but its articlesseldom examine these elusive entity,. It may be that the main this culture has been questions. The existence of adoption of those who maintain obstacle to the general vehemently denied by Esperanto is not thereluctance of that Esperantois culturally neutral, officials to give it a trybut the affirmed by those and as vehemently lack of preparednessof its advocates language can who feel that no themselves. command aspeech'community. without and ideals of reflecting the history Certainly this lastassertion has some I am not one of that'comnunity. validity when applied tothe history those wht would denyEsperanto its !n schools. The it is an of Esperanto teaching cultural 'oots, though most recent count,for the academic interesting fact that manyscholaes, year 1968-69,revealed that over who should knowbetter, are still 6 9 16,000 students in at least 31 count- giving special attention to the whole ries were learning Esperanto as a question of experimental instrgction. school subject (fl). In most cases these classes had come about because The introduction of Esperanto into of enterprising instructors and schools 4pd colleges does present enlightened school administrators. special opportunities of a directly While the statistics show a big educational nature, however. We are increase over an earlier survey living in a period of sharply carried out two or three years before, declining enrolments in language several of the eaelier classes had courses across the country. disappeared by the time of the new Unfortunately many students are bored survey -- probably not because the by foreign languages, they do not see classes were failures (Esperanto their relevance, they cannot apply classes in schools have a high them. The grind uf learning the success rate) or because basics of a language outweighs the administrators changed their minds, promise of the ultimate rewards of but because teachers moved on, or its mastery. While teachers maintain were reassigned, and replacements that an awareness of the relativity could not be found. It is the of linguistic forms is an essential supply of teachers, rather than the part of the development of a student's reluctance of school officials, that verbal skills, and an awareness of is the biggest obstacle to the the relativity of cultures is basic to widespread adoption of Esperanto as a education for world citizenship, srhool subject. students look for quick returns, for job prospects, for an education that The supply of teachers will increase, can be readily cashed in on ('). The of course, only when Esperanto is answer to this problem is not simly more generally available to students to sit back and complain about it, in colleges and universities, and when for self-righteousness never carries the methodology of the teaching of the day, The answer is to try new Esperanto is more highly developed forms of language instruction and, than it is now. Recent years have above all, new languages which promise witnessed a vast increase in the high returns. Esperanto is one of availability of teaching materials. these. Because it is so extra- There are now good texts in English crdinarily easy, the student rapidly for secondary schools, several home- reaches a stage where he can put it study kits with records or cassettes to practical use, the intellectual (there are half a dozen or more now on rewards in learning it are unusually the market), good dictionaries, a high, and the scope for actually children's magazine. Evenlginnie-the- speaking and using it is surprisingly Pooh has been translated-inZo Esperan- broad. The network of Esperanto 'to (31. There are some pioneering organizations across the world makes studies in curriculum developmer: -- it easy to arrange school exchanges, Parson's dissertation at San trips abroad, visits not merely to Francisco State on elementary one foreign country but to several, (31, RakuKa's important study W.-, family stays, and so on. There are de Ca Eapercanta Inat'4uado (1970), tne books and records available, work of Szerdahelyi in Inteknacia magazines, as well as radio broadcasts. Pedagogia Revuo (n, and so on. But Esperanto teaching has all the more is needed.There is a need, too, excitement of discovery about it, and for additional controlled experiments little of the drudgery of rote on the teaching of Esperanto. A learning. It is also no threat to the number of claims 'nave been made to the learning cf foreign languages, for a effect that Esperanto is an excellent greater awareness of other peoples and introduction to language learning in other cultures is more 14ely to general, and that students of a encourage the acquisition of foreign language may make more additional languages. progress in that language if they The fact that Esperanto is easi',7 begin with a year of Esperanto than if learned means that a trained language they start right in on the foreign teacher can add it to his or her language itself (4). The International repertoire quite rapidly. This summer, League of Esperanto Teachers is now courses dt San Francisco State and 7 1 0 Johns Hopkins designed expressly for If Esperanto studies have one major teachers provide such an opportunity. priority it is to raise the level of The college teacher of French or Esperanto's visibillcy. It must Spanish can soon reach a level of find a place in the major reference competence at which he or she can works used by our scholars and its offer a course or two in Esperanto, publications must be accomodated on and there are several colleges the shelves of our great research across the country where such libraries. There is a need, too, for courses are now offered. At fundamental research tools -- good Elizabethtown College, in bibliographies, an American Esperanto Pennsylvania, students can now dictionary, an abstract service. And satisfy the language requirement we must rOabilitate and strenghten through Esperanto. They are doing the principal research centers in so with new eagerness. Perhaps Edrope, Pspecially the Esperanto their acquaintance with Esperanto librariec in London and Rotterdam. will in due course take them on to Meanwhile, let us bring this other languages, and will persuade phenome...an to the attention of our them to travel or to make contact students, as an ideal introduction with pecple abroad on their own to language learning and initiative. internationalism for our children in elementary and seccndary schools, a It would be wrong, of course, to route to the effective use of a assume that the growth in Esperanto second language for college students, studies that we are now witnessing and a professional asset and a yast in this country will change the storehouse of research for our academic landscape overnight, but student teachers and our it does seem evident that Esperanto dissertation writers. is coming into its own as a subject for serious scholarly study. We need to ask ourselves why it has not done so before. I have already alluded to one reason. The scholarly community has in the past been seriously ignorant of the language's scope and dimensions. The standard Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics does not mention Esperanto at all. Nor is it mentioned in...At other literary encyclopedias. Many textbooks on lirguistics either ignore it or misspeak themselves in the most risible fashion. Ignorance

feeds on ignorance : an error in one textbook is repeated in another, failure to find Esperanto texts on a library shelf is easily taken as evidence that the books do not exist, and such an assertiori in print causes scholars to stop looking for them. One can hard]; blame an individual scholar for failure to notice the existence of something so effectively overlooked by his predecessors. And note the.t I emphasize the exiatence of Esperanto, not its merits. Regardless of hoW we feel about its ultimate suitability as a second language for all people, it is a major phenomenon and, as such, it merits our scholarly atten- tion. 1 1. 8 NOTES

(1) On Zamenhof see Marjorie Boulton, Zamenho6,Cleatok 06 Eapetanto (London : Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960) and Edmond Privat, Li6eo; Zamenho6 (1931; rpt. Oakville, Ont: Esperanto Pre.:, 1963).

(2) See Gaston Waringhitn's important essay "Pra-Esperantoj"in his Lingvo kaj Vivo (La Laguna: 11/Aulo, 1959), pp. 19-54.

(2) Supptementaky Repot 06 the Committee Appointedto Considek an lntetnation- at Language (Philadelphia: APS, 1868); (L. L. Zamenhof), AnAttempt Towanda An lnteAnationat Language by Dr. Esperanto, tr. Henry Phillips (NewYork: Holt, 1889).

(") Ivo Lapenna and others, Eyekanto en Pa.yektivo (Londonand Rotterdam: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, 1974), p. 250.

(6) See Ulrich Lins, "Persekutoj kontraii la Internacia Lingvo,"in Lapenna, Petapektivo, pp. 697-747.

(6) League cf Nations, Eyekanto azan Inteknationat Language, Report of the General Secretariat. . . adopted by the Third Assembly (Geneva: League of Nations, 1922); Ivo Lapenna, "The Common Language Question before International Organizations," La Monda Lingvo-Pkobtemo (BUN, 2 (1970), 83-102; Lapenna, Peropektivo, pp. 748-60.

(7) See, for example, M. C. Butkir's Himnako Eyekantiata (London: British Esperanto Association, 1910 and later edns.), and a curious piece ofwar- games literature, the U. S. Army Manual EepeAanto, the Agriebaon Language. On the information contained in this paragraph see Lapenna, Penyektivo, paezim.

(s) A good brief introduction to the structure of the languagecan be found in J. C. Wells, The Coneize Eapvianto and Engtiah Dictionaay (London: English Universities Press, 1969), p. 1-35.

(') Lins, in Lapenna, Peropektivo, pp. 678-81; Universala Esperanto-Asocio, Jaktibto (Rotterdam: UEA, 1972), 2:129-33.

(61 For example, Hugo Steiner, Kataloao pa la Kotektoj deInteknacia Eyekanto- Muzeo en Wien, 2 vols. (Wien: IEMW, 1957-58); Peter Lasz16, Katatogo de ta HungardandaEyekanto-Biblioteko (Szeged: HEIL 1967).

(U) P. E. Stojan, ltaitiogrigie de Intennacia Linnvo (1929;rpt. Hildesheim: Olms, 1973). Fee also the brief guides by Reinhard Haupenthal, Enhonduko en laLiLvtoac-ii:nconde Eyekanto (NUrnberg: Plckel, 1968), and Humphrey Tonkin, Eyekatto and Intonational Language Ptobtema: A Roeakch ilibtiognapiuj(3rd edn., Washington: Esperantic Studies Foundation, 1972).

() They are availahlz in English from Universala Esperanto-Asocio,Rotterdam. el L. L. Zamenhof, Lingvaj Reyondoj, ed. G. Wringhieo (Marmande:Esperantaj Francaj Eldonoj, 1962).

(") 3rd edn. (Milano: Esperanto-Propaganda Centro, 2 vols.,1958-64). See also Edmond Privat, Eapitimo deentoj enEapeitanto(1931; 3r4 edn., Den Haag: 12 (m) Miyamoto masao, Hiatohio de ta Japana Eapehanto-Movado(Kioto, 1969); Marinko Civoje, Hiatohio de Eapeunto-Novadoen Jugoaavio (Zagreb, 1965); A. Behrendt, Deutaehm EapeAanto-Bund (1906-31) ( : DEB, 1931); Ulrich Lins, in Lapenna, Pekapektivo, pp. 702-10.

(2') See John Merchant, Joaeph Rhodea haj ta FhuajTagoj de Eomanto en Angtujo (London: British Esperanto Association, 1925).

(m) Lay:0j, ed. G. Waringhien, 2 vols. (Paris : SAT, 1948); Ortiginata Vekkako ed. J. Dietterle (Leipzig : Hirt, 1929).

(m) See Lins's ch. "Laborista Esperanto-Movcdo,"in Lapenna, PehbpektiVO, PP. 635-63, and Histohio de SAT 1921-1952 (Paris : SAT, 1953).

(m) The nearest approaches are : V. Novobilsky, Skizo taEapencutta Li-Vita-tau(Opava : Esperanto-Junularo), Drago KralJ, ?Nan Phetegoj pki

Eapertanta Litenatw:o (Ljubljana : Slovenia Esperanto-Ligo, 1960), A. Pechan. ed. Gvidtibto poh Sapeu Ekzameno, vol. 2 (Budapest : Hungara Esperanto- Asocio, 1966), and Tazio Carlevaro, "Literaturo", inLapenna, Penapektivo PP. 113-310. The first volume of a new history of Esperanto literatureby- I. Szerdahelyi and A. Math4 is close to completion.

(33) Indiana University, 1971: VAT, vol. 32.no. 2, 1971. See also W.A. Verloren van Themaat, "Literature in a ," La Monda Linguo- Pubtemo, 4 (1972), 153-8.

('') William Auld, ed. E6pekanta Antotogio (La Laguna : Regulo, 1958).

(35) See Auld, "La Internacia Lingvo kiel BelartaTradukilo," in Lapenna, ed.. Memoir-tau, pp. 54-67; Humphrey Tonkin, SheAza/t n Eepeitamto:A BibticoctplI,!, (Documents of CRD, London, 1966).

(m) See H. Tonkin, "Code or Culture ? The Caseof Esperanto," Eka (University of Pennsylvania), 4 (1968), 5-21.

(1) Lapenna. Petapektivo, pp. 98-103.

(m) A.A. Milne, Winnie-ta-Pu (New York : Dutton, 1972).

(13) "An Esperanto Curriculum Guide for.ElementarySchools," M.A. diss.! 1963. See also Doris Vallon, "Teaching the Universal Language,"CatitioAnxa TeacheAaAaaociation Jouhnat, MaY, 1968.

(3) istván Szerdahelyi, "La Lerneja Instruado de laInternacia Lingvo." IPR, 2 (1971), 8-19; 3 (1972), 8-25. See also Szerdahelyi's important new work Metodotogio de Eapehanto (Budapest : Tankönyvkiado5, 1975).

(1) A. Fisher, "Modern Languages by Way of Esperanto," Modenn Languagut 2(1921); J.H. Halloran, "A Four-Year Experiment in Esperantoas an Introduction to French," 13h.ttiah Jouhnat o Edueationat Payehotogy, 22 (1952); IstvAn Szerdahelyi, "Esperanto et propedeutique linguistique," Langue4 Modennee,

60 (1966) .

() See James W. Dodge, ed. The Caae 6on Foheign-Language Study (New York : Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, 1971; available from MLA); Gilbert A. Jarvis, ed. Reaponding to New ReaUtie4 ( Skokie, Illinois : National Textbook Company for the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, 1974).

14 WITH ESPERANTO STUDIES SZOIE ORGANIZATIONS CONCERNED APPENDIX :

Documentation on the World LanguageProblem organizes The Centre for Research and and publ4shes the periodic&La Monda Lingvo- research on language problems, Intektingvistoj. The Pnohlemo and a small newsletter,the Nova:gee/to pon is Professor Jonathan Pool,Dept. of Political Acting Director of the Centre 11794, and the Editor Science, State University of NewYork, Stony Brook, N.Y. Wood, Dept. of Languages andInternational Studies, of LMLP is Professor Richard obtained N.Y. 11530. The newsletter can be Adelphi University, Garden City, Gemarkenstr. 146, D-5 free of charge by writing toits editor, Dr. Ulrich Lins, Köln BO, Germany. :ociation of America linksAmerican scholars engaged The Esperanto Stud and related topics. , onEsperanto, the Esperanto movement in research and to. bibliographical information, news It publishes er giving up-to-date Professor in progress, and so on. Its coordinator is of conferences a,, work Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, Humphrey Tonkin, Dept.of English, University of PA 19174. Internationale is located in Centre de Documentation et d'Etudesur la Langue Its principal aims are thepre'servation, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland. and so on, classification, and study of books,leaflets, magazims, mlnuscripts, language projects or the searchfor an having to do with international The archivist is Mr. Claudi:Gacond, Miéville 133, international language. CH-23I4 La Sagne, Switzerland. Magogik, Postfach iS67, 0-479Paderborn, The Institut flir Kybernetische study and development of teachingmethods for Germany, is concerned with the . Esperanto and other languages. Its director is Professor 6451 Barnaby Street N.W.,Washington, D.C. The Esperantic Studies Foundation, scholarly study of internationallanguage problems 20015 exists to promote the research projects and Esperanto, and to serve as ameans for linking worthwhile with suitable funding agencies.

uat000totavaxekmomowureco-usloxcEmroxcEmommrsconocrar numbeA keying them Note : Au docwheuts emthis seAies «lite cairAy a nelfenence Peweittivo". The EP mol- to the Aetevant sectivn61 the tookh "EspeAanto en ben e6 this document a 3.2-9.

15 A selection of English-language documents from the Centre for Research and Documentation on the Language Problem

Ref.No.Title Price (Hfl.) A/II/3 The world communication problem '1.00 A/II/5 The language problem in international relations 2.00 A/IV/4-6 Yes, Esperanto is the answer to the world language problem (Ivo Lapenna); Remarks on the Esperanto symposium (Mario Pei) 2.00 .A/IV/7 Myth and fact about Esperanto 1.00 B/I/2 The educational value of Esperanto teaching in the schools 2.00 RDC/7 Basic facts about the International Language (Esperanto) 1.00

These documents, as well as all other kinds of literature in and about Esperanto, are available from the address given oh the front Cover. Orders should be prepaid at the current exchange rate for the Dutch guilder. If payment is made by cheque or bank draft or by bank transfer the equivalent of Hfl. 5.00 should be added to thesum to cover Dutch bank charges. PLENA ILUSTRITA VORTARO de Esperanto

G. WARINGHIEN

Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto (Complete Illustrated Dictionary of Esperanto) is the most com- prehensive work of its kind published to date. With definitions entirely in the international Language and with an abundance of examples from authoritative sources, this dictionary contains over 15,000 entries in its 1,299 pages the equivalent of at least 150,000 words in an English dictionary, given the differences in lexical structure between the two languages. Published in 1970 by Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, Paris. 20 x 15 cms. Available at Hf I. 108.00 plus 10% postage and packing from the Book Department of Universala Esperanto- Asocio, Nieuwe Binnenweg 176, Rotterdam-3002, Netherlands.

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