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Pagan and Mythological Statuary in Asia Minor Author(S): INE JACOBS Source: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol Edinburgh Research Explorer From production to destruction? Pagan and mythological statuary in late antique Asia Minor Citation for published version: Jacobs, I 2010, 'From production to destruction? Pagan and mythological statuary in late antique Asia Minor', American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 267-303. https://doi.org/10.3764/aja.114.2.267 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3764/aja.114.2.267 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: American Journal of Archaeology Publisher Rights Statement: © Jacobs, I. (2010). From production to destruction? Pagan and mythological statuary in late antique Asia Minor. American Journal of Archaeology, 114(2), 267-303. 10.3764/aja.114.2.267 General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 09. Oct. 2021 Production to Destruction? Pagan and Mythological Statuary in Asia Minor Author(s): INE JACOBS Source: American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 114, No. 2 (April 2010), pp. 267-303 Published by: Archaeological Institute of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25684275 . Accessed: 26/03/2014 06:55 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Archaeological Institute of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Archaeology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.215.19.193 on Wed, 26 Mar 2014 06:55:57 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Production to Destruction? Pagan and Mythological Statuary inAsia Minor INEJACOBS Abstract and social class and from individual to individual and still functioned in were on exact nature Pagan and mythological statuary also verymuch dependent the of the Late Roman Studies on this kind of all texts city. imagery the statue.1 Nevertheless, ancient and depictions too often focus on one or one of only aspect type action, that such statues were an essential and was the imply integral frequently assuming that destruction preferred part of the cityscape, which, ifdeprived of thisdecora way of dealing with conflicted images. To understand the would be sensed as The status of statues in an age when the Christian faith was tion, incomplete.2 integration an steadily conquering the Roman world, overview based of sculpted images into the cityscape may have been on various kinds of evidence from and so for most ancient viewers ranging production complete that, the part, conscious to violent destruction is preservation necessary. were not aware consciously of their presence, noticing This article brings this data together for the cities of Asia foremost on or had them special occasions when they Minor to enhance the general picture.* to an been subjected abnormal treatment.3 With the rise of Christianity, however, attention was PAGAN AND MYTHOLOGICAL STATUARY IN A to As a again drawn pagan and mythological statuary. CHANGING WORLD constant reminder of the conquered pagan religions, it became a more and at times Throughout the Greek and Roman period, pagan questionable problem and residences temples, baths, agoras, streets, private atic element of the cityscape.4 Literary and epigraphic were are source of embellished with statues, statuettes, and other sources?which still the predominant in a information on the that the transi sculptural decoration. Having been produced subject?suggest world where had almost as tion to religion penetrated every from paganism Christianity involved divergent one were pect of life,many of these decorations depicted either processes. On the hand, Christians given or or at least referred to to statues pagan mythological subjects, the opportunity physically harm believed theworld of gods, half-gods, and heroes. Inhabitants of to have been inhabited by a deity, or, inChristianized Roman cities came into contact with these and a demon. Discourses demand pagan discourse, threatening mythological statues on a daily basis, and their opin ing destruction became significant in the fourth and ions the nature and function of these stat In regarding fifth centuries.5 particular, the Lives of theSaints ues were diverse. varied to in They according time, place, tells rousing tales which the Christian community * I carried out this research as researcher of postdoctoral the statuary population around them. the Research Foundation-Flanders under the of supervision 4E.g., already in the first half of the third century C.E., Ter Marc Waelkens. Iwish to thank all Luke colleagues, especially tullian (De Sped 8) lamented the omnipresence of "Satan who read and commented on the as well as the Lavan, text, and his angels" in the city. In the third quarter of the fourth reviewers for the for their useful wrote a to anonymous AJA suggestions. century, Ambrose (Ep. 18) in letter Valentinian II, All errors are my own. "Because [the of Rome] out of num 1 they pagans get pleasure There is abundant literature on this Stewart over subject. bers, they perform sacrifices all the place." A few decen is vital for the of in the ancient a a (2003) functioning statuary nia later, Augustine (Ep. 16.1) received letter from certain world in Also in the Roman these a general. world, opinions Maximus, pagan grammarian, with the remark that "there led to diverse treatments such as before stat is no sure physical bowing evidence for the Greek fable that Mount Olympus ues and food in front of them we placing (Belting 1994, 49-50; is the dwelling place of the gods, but see and feel sure that Brown 1999, 24-5; Stewart 2003, 263-64). the market of our town is a crown of benefi 2 place occupied by It was, e.g., not uncommon to associate statues with lo cent deities." 5 calities. one of the of Side derived itsname on sources Thus, city quarters Based literary from the second to fourth cen from a statue of a Stewart quadriga (Nolle 1993, 403). (2003, turies C.E., Caseau (2007) shows that violence toward pagan other instances of as an and 121-22) provides statuary important objects statuary increased through the centuries. Man part of the urban environment. and both concise but useful 3 go (1963) James (1996) provide Stewart ch. 4 examines to what extent on 2003,118, 148-49; overviews of Christian thought pagan statues from the fifth and in which instances ancient viewers noticed on consciously century onward, focusing later centuries. 267 AmericanJournal ofArchaeology 114 (2010) 267-303 This content downloaded from 129.215.19.193 on Wed, 26 Mar 2014 06:55:57 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 268 INE JACOBS[AJA 114 under the of the saint in culture after was leadership question violently literary the fourth century C.E. not tears down and statues.6 On the restricted to the court or to courts suc threatening suspicious imperial the of other with the cessor to hand, gradual dilution of the cult func kingdoms but remained also relevant and tions and connotations of other val for religious statuary, important municipal upper classes.11 Asia Minor ues such as was a was historical, political, symbolic, and aesthetic region where traditional urban culture espe could become more In as a amount important.7 Italy and North cially long-lived, and, consequence, the for Africa, example, the relocation and reevaluation of preserved statuary is generally high. This has made of statues of ancient deities has been recorded in the itpossible not only to compare findspots within a spe record.8 Due to their uncover epigraphic apparent cultural, cific citybut also to wider trends applicable historic, and aesthetic value, collections became more to the whole of Asia Minor and maybe also to other numerous the Roman of the Roman The to throughout empire, especially regions empire. sites referred in contexts.9 These two attitudes in are private opposing this article diverse in size and history.Most of were not in time or which the material evidence comes from necessarily separated space, Aphrodisias and was not to even for contem a always easy understand, Ephesos. Although not very large city,Aphrodisias For in the fifth was one of the most centers of poraries. example, early century C.E., important production was Socrates faced with the problem of explaining statuary in the empire; in addition, until the late fifth why Theophilus, patriarch ofAlexandria, had ordered or early sixth century C.E., Aphrodisias had a strong a a the erection of pagan statue in public place in 392 pagan presence and was the location of a philosophi after commanded that all others cal school centered around In con C.E., having already Asklepiodotos.12 be should destroyed.10 trast,Ephesos, the cosmopolitan capital of the Asian was an center at diocese, important Christian least INTERPRETING STATUARY REMAINS from the late second or the early third century C.E.
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