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Digital Architecture – Towards a New Discourse

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Digital Architecture – Towards a New Discourse DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE – TOWARDS A NEW DISCOURSE Rivka E. Oxman Ruth Rotenstreich Faculty of Architecture and T.P Faculty of Architecture and T.P Technion, Haifa, Israel Technion, Haifa, Israel 32000 32000 [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Discourse in digital architecture has begun to occupy new design concepts related to digital design. Design concepts are now becoming integrated into the general architectural discourse. This research investigated this process, the emergence, migration, and crystallization of a new conceptual content under the influence of digital design. In order to demonstrate this shift, significant projects were selected to represent features of the expression that reflects the changes and evolution of conceptual content that underlie digital design. This analysis was accomplished employing the ICF analytical framework. Our findings demonstrate the change in the conceptual structure in digital architecture. Certain expressions that are related to digital technology have moved up from a low level descriptive level to a significant conceptual role in formulating current ideational content. The methodology findings and the contribution to the definition of the conceptual content of contemporary discourse in digital architecture are described and presented in this paper. 1. Introduction Beyond the exploitation of digital media and the employment of new methods and tools has the design The evolution of digital design as a unique field process been changed? of design endeavor, motivated by its own body of Are the relations between digital design and digital theoretical sources, promulgated by a culture of thinking creating a new ideational resource for design? discourse, is currently supported by new technologies. And if so, can we investigate and identify new conceptual Among the significance of digital design for the design content that may explain these unique changes? theoretical community is the way that this form of highly The following research reports on the investigation of mediated design is beginning to evolve unique design these changes. We are interested to trace the emergence, methodologies and unique models of design interaction dynamic migration, and crystallization of a new with digital design media. It is this emphasis upon conceptual structure developed under the influence understanding the influence upon design methodology of digital design. The research presented in this paper (Oxman, 2004) that characterizes much of the research examines the emergence of new ideas over the last in digital design and its contributions to this rapidly decade. In the following section we present a brief evolving field. Furthermore, digital design discourse introduction to the set of phenomena that characterize in the past decade has become part of the dominant the emergence of a digital design discourse in the field. theoretical discourse of architecture today. Concepts whose theoretical source is in digital design have begun 2. Discourse in digital architecture to occupy a central role in current architectural discourse. As a result of this intellectual phenomenon, architecture The evolution of digital design as a unique field motivated as a design discipline has became rich in ideas that drive by its own body of theoretical sources and supported the design process as well as changing ideas that serve by new technologies has been emerging rapidly in as ideational content of the architectural artifact itself. the last decade. To some extent these new directions As a result, we are able to define new paradigmatic can are already presented in design practice. By the approaches in architectural design that are based on the year 2003 and with the Non-Standard Architectures cultural impact of digital technology. Exhibition at the Pompidou Center in Paris (Migayrou, In response to current situation some Issues are raised: 2002) the concept of the digital design had become a 473 TEORIA Y PROCESO DE DISEÑO ARQUITECTÓNICO major theoretical focus of this new phenomenon. The general, the way conceptual knowledge is organized rise of a theoretical discourse refl ecting the increasing is as important as the amount of knowledge one has. importance of this fi eld became a seminal issue in the This view emphasizes the notion of structure. One’s 1990's (Spybroek, 1999; Spybroek and Lootsma, 1997; conceptual structures, or the structure by which one van Berkel and Bos, 1999; Lynn, 1999; Eisenman, 1992; organizes his knowledge of the world, is not something Goulthorpe, 2003; Goulthrope, 2004). During this period, of which we are naturally aware. Language is a case the theoretical discourse around developments in digital of the natural structural organization characteristic of design culture became one of the substantive infl uences human thinking is an important source of evidence in the upon design theory. investigation of conceptual structure. One of our main The works of the last decade, the public events of resources for the acquisition of knowledge is through conferences, competitions and exhibitions, and the written texts and graphical illustrations, forms in which design production served as catalysts during this period knowledge is conceptualized and organized in design. to formulate the theoretical discourse of digital design. In Conceptual abstractions derived from any signifi cant architecture, the Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao by Frank project are those which bridge between the conceptual Gehry (1992-1997) was the most prominent catalyst of and the physical and thus provide the basis for exploiting theorizing new formal directions and postulating new the conceptual knowledge of design thinking. In our design methods. approach, the acquisition and the construction of the The aim of this research is to investigate and identify the body of concepts from these projects were considered conceptual changes in architectural discourse in relation as means to demonstrate and facilitate meaningful to the increased signifi cance of digital technology. In the learning. following section we present the ICF methodology and Employing the ICF methodology its contribution to the defi nition of the conceptual content The ICF methodological framework (Oxman, 1994) of the contemporary discourse in digital architecture. was employed as a method in our conceptual analysis. It proposes that by constructing a conceptual structure 3. Methodology that refl ects one’s thinking in a specifi c domain, we The research presented in this paper is based on conceptual can make explicit the knowledge of this domain. The analysis and exploits the ICF framework (Oxman, 1994; representations of concepts and their relationships to 2003). In order to defi ne conceptual structures in digital other concepts are structured and fi lled with the content architecture we conducted an analysis of textual material of the specifi c design domain, or design task. These related to projects that were built during the last decade. concepts and structures are analyzed according to the The textual material is related to these projects that following three categories: design issues, design concepts were considered to be leading and signifi cant in digital and design forms (I-C-F). The ICF methodology has architecture. The aim of the analysis was to trace how been applied to various analytical tasks; among these the relationship of general conceptual content to digital it has been exploited for organizing and representing design has changed its structure and meaning during conceptual maps in architecture (Oxman, 2003). In this this period. This analysis was accomplished employing research we use the ICF methodology for understanding the ICF analytical framework. The ICF methodology is current conceptual maps related to the fi eld of digital briefl y presented below. architecture. Conceptual knowledge Selection of relevant projects By classifying textual material, we were attempting to We have selected a group of projects which were among identify conceptual structures in digital architecture. In those recognized as having a strong impact upon, and 474 VISIÓN Y VISUALIZACIÓN DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE – TOWARDS A NEW DISCOURSE OXMAN | ROTENSTREICH contribution to, architectural discourse during the last “A spatial and formal experience that is decade. This is a period of certain important projects dynamic rather than merely useful that and, a period in which interest and application of announces to all who enter that this is a digital design increased dramatically. Representative place for experiment, a place to leave behind architectural building types that are strongly and directly assumptions and conventions, a place that lays influenced by the conceptual content of the cultural us open to the surprises and challenges that discourse in architecture were selected to reflect the are necessarily presented by new art… The changes and evolution of conceptual structures that constant alternation of enclosure and void, underlie digital design. the shifts of angle and level, the cutaways that Among those projects that were selected are the following: reveal unexpected vistas and the opening in Wexner Center for Visual Art by Peter Eisenman (1989); the fifth-floor member’s room that reconnect Carré d�Art by Norman Foster (1993); Milwaukee you with the city, all contribute to a feeling of Art Museum, by Santiago Calatrava (1994); Groninger exhilaration few art museums can match.” Museum by Coop Himmelblau (1994), Guggenheim Ambient Amplifiers, Oslo / Ocean North Museum, Bilbao by Frank O. Gehry (1997);
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