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Bray, F 2015, '‘Notions of purity: an anthropological perspective’' Annual Report of the Government Chief

Scientific Adviser 2015. Forensic Science and Beyond: Authenticity, Provenance and Assurance. , pp. 120-

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FORENSIC SCIENCE AND BEYOND:

AUTHENTICITY, PROVENANCE AND ASSURANCE

EVIDENCE AND CASE STUDIES

l l l l l l l

Annual Report of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser 2015 Forensic Science and Beyond: Authenticity, Provenance and Assurance Evidence and Case Studies

This volume comprises chapters which form the evidence for the Government Chief Scientific Adviser’s Annual Report 2015, together with illustrative case studies. It should be cited as: Annual Report of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser 2015: Forensic Science and Beyond : A uthenticity, Provenance and Assurance. Evidence and Case Studies.

The Government Office for Science would like to thank the authors who contributed evidence chapters, case studies and their time towards this report and gave it freely.

This report is intended for:

Policymakers, legislators, and a wide range of business people, professionals, researchers and other individuals whose interests include the use of forensic analysis within the Criminal Justice System through to authenticity, provenance and assurance in the provision of goods and services.

The report project team was Martin Glasspool, Richard Meadows, Lindsa y T a ylor, Ada m T rigg and Jenny Wooldridge.

This report consists of contributions received from academia and industry and others outside of government.The views expressed do not represent policy of any government or organisation.

This report is presented in two parts.The first is the summary report of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser.This was developed as a result of seminars and the advice of the experts who provided the source of the evidence.The second part, the evidence, has been gathered from and written by a distinguished group of experts.The evidence takes two forms: chapters that consider a major aspect of the forensic landscape; and individual case studies that illuminate points of detail and principle.The evidence section provides the views of the experts themselves, who met on several occasions during the preparation of the report and had the opportunity to help to develop the narrative and to comment on each other’s contributions.The Government Chief Scientific Adviser is responsible and accountable for the summary report, and the experts for their individual contributions to the evidence papers and case studies. Neither should be blamed for the sins and omissions of the other!

FOREWORD

My second annual report explores new and emerging forensic techniques so that policy

makers can ensure they are developed and used for the benefit of the UK.

It covers four main areas:

● An overview of the UK’s forensic science landscape from the perspective of its users ● The changing nature of crime (including cybercrime), examining how forensic science can predict, deter and overtake it
● The forensic application of analytical science beyond the court system ● The steps required to secure the UK’s forensic science sector for the long term, with particular attention to innovation and new market opportunities.

In producing the report, I have drawn on the knowledge of a range of experts and academics. They have provided a clear evidence base for each of these four areas.This volume presents that body of evidence, as well as illustrative case studies.

The chapters and case studies herein represent the authors’ personal views rather than those of the

Government Office for Science, but their insights – for which I am greatly indebted – have

fundamentally informed the messages and questions raised in my report.

Sir Mark Walport

Government Chief Scientific Adviser

December 2015

CONTENTS

SECTION 1: The forensic science landscape

CHAPTER 1: FORENSIC SCIENCE IN CONTEXT

Dr Angela Gallop, Axiom International Ltd Karen Squibb-Williams , A corn Chambers

12

DNA ANALYSIS

Dr Susan Pope, Director of DNA Principal Forensics Ltd

17

  • 20
  • A PARADIGM SHIFT IN UK FORENSIC SCIENCE

Professor Niamh Nic Daeid, Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification,

University of Dundee

CHAPTER 2: FORENSIC SCIENCE IN PRACTICE

Gary Pugh, Director of Forensic Services at the Metropolitan Police Service

24

27 29 30
THE POLICYMAKER’S PERSPECTIVE

Amanda Cooper, SRO Digital Policing and Science, Home Office

THE COMMERCIAL PROVIDERS’ PERSPECTIVE

Roger Robson, Managing Director of Forensic Access

FORENSIC SCIENCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Dr Geraldine Fahy, University of Kent

CHAPTER 3: ASSURANCE – STANDARDS, VALIDATION AND ACCREDITATION

Dr Josephine Bunch, National Physical Laboratory

32

  • 34
  • UKAS ACCREDITATION: PROVIDING CONFIDENCE IN FORENSIC SCIENCE

Malcolm Hynd, External Affairs Manager, UK Accreditation Service

CHAPTER 4: COGNITIVE AND HUMAN FACTORS

Dr Itiel Dror, University College London (UCL) and Cognitive Consultants International (CCI-HQ)

40

  • 50
  • STATISTICS IN COURT

Dr David Lagnado, University College London, with contributions from

Professor Colin Aitken, University of Edinburgh

SECTION 2: The changing nature of crime

CHAPTER 5: THE CHANGING NATURE OF CRIME

Pete Merrill, Head of Science & Innovation, National Crime Agency

56

  • 62
  • TROJAN OPENS THE GATES TO COMPANY CASH

Oliver Smith, PwC Cybe r T hreat Operations

CHAPTER 6: IDENTITY AND IDENTIFICATION

Professor Sue Black, Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee

64

  • 68
  • SUPERIDENTITY

Dr Sarah Stevenage, University of Southampton

MANAGING BIOMETRICS

Isabelle Moeller, Chief Executive, Biometrics Institute

71

  • 73
  • EMERGING BIOMETRICS IN THE COURTROOM

Dr Lucina Hackman, Dr Chris Rynn and Dr Helen Meadows,

Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee

  • CHAPTER 7: CYBER FORENSICS
  • 74

Professor Andrew Blyth, University of South Wales

Matthew Johnson, Chie f T e chnology Officer, Guardtime

80

82

CHILD ABUSE IMAGE DATABASE

Chris Felton, Safeguarding Directorate’s Online and Digital Lead, Home Office

CHAPTER 8: THE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

Professo r T i m W ilson, Northumbria Centre for Evidence and Criminal Justice Studies,

Northumbria University

90 92 94
DISASTER VICTIM IDENTIFICATION: MH17

Detective Superintendent Je n W illiams, National Civil Contingencies and Disaster Victim

Identification Coordinator, National Police Chiefs Council (NPCC)

FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS IN SYRIA

Dr Cerys Rees, Head of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Attribution, Defence Science an d T e chnology Laboratory (Dstl)

WILDLIFE CRIME

Dr Luc y W ebster, Wildlife Forensic Scientist, Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture (SASA)

96
CHAPTER 9: DESIGNING OUT CRIME

Nick Ross, Chairman, UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science

100
ETHICS IN FORENSIC SCIENCE

Chris Hughes, Chair of the National DNA Database Ethics Group

102 105
DESIGNING OUT MOBILE PHONE CRIME

Nick Ross, Chairman, UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science

TRENDS IN VEHICLE CRIME

Mike Briggs, Crime Research Manager a t T hatcham Research

SECTION 3: Forensic science: beyond the court

CHAPTER 10: AUTHENTICITY AND PROVENANCE

Dr Derek Craston, Government Chemist, LGC

110

112
NUCLEAR FORENSICS

D r V ladimír Šucha, Professor Maria Betti and Dr Klaus Lützenkirchen

Joint Research Centre, European Commission

  • 116
  • PROVENANCE OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS

Dr Danie l T homas, Nuclea r T hreat Reduction , A WE

  • FORENSIC GEOSCIENCE
  • 118

Professor Lorna Dawson, Head of the Soil Forensic Group, James Hutton Institute Dr Ruth Morgan, Director of the UCL Centre for the Forensic Sciences

NOTIONS OF PURITY: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Professor Francesca Bray, Social Anthropology, University of Edinburgh

120

  • 122
  • CHAPTER 11: FOOD AND DRINK

D r V ladimír Šucha, Professor Elke Anklam and Professor Franz Ulberth,

Joint Research Centre, European Commission

SCOTCH WHISKY: AUTHENTICITY, PROVENANCE AND ASSURANCE

Julie Hesketh-Laird, Deputy Chief Executive, Scotch Whisky Association

125 129 130
STOPPING FOOD FRAUD

Sue Davies, Chief Policy Adviser , W hich?

EXPLOITING THE MICROBIOME

Paul Brereton, Head of Agri-food Research, Fera Science Ltd.

CHAPTER 12: COUNTERFEIT PHARMACEUTICALS AND METHODS TO TEST THEM

Dr Harparkash Kaur, London School of Hygiene an d T ropical Medicine

132

  • 138
  • OPERATION PANGEA

Gift Minta, Senior Criminal Intelligence Analyst, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency

THE COUNTERFEITING OF HEALTHCARE PRODUCTS

David A T a insh, Chief Product Quality Officer

140

Nisha Mistry, Senior Investigator (R&D), GlaxoSmithKline

CHAPTER 13: CONSUMER PRODUCTS

Melissa Dring, Director of Policy

Robyn Ellison, Policy Officer, Chartere d T rading Standards Institute

142

  • 143
  • MAKING THE MOST OF TRADING STANDARDS SERVICES

Melissa Dring, Director of Policy, Chartere d T rading Standards Institute

Robyn Ellison, Policy Officer, Chartere d T rading Standards Institute

CONSUMER PROTECTION AND SOCIAL MEDIA

Mike Andrews, Nationa l T rading Standards eCrim e T e am

147

  • 148
  • BLOCK CHAIN – AUTHENTICITY AND PROVENANCE

Jessi Baker, CEO of Project Provenance Ltd

CHAPTER 14: ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS

Professor Ian L Boyd, Chief Scientific Adviser, Defra

150

  • 152
  • ENVIRONMENTAL DNA ANALYSIS FOR WILDLIFE CONSERVATION

Dr Peter Brotherton, Director of Specialist Services and Programmes, Natural England

SECTION 4: Securing the future of UK forensic science

CHAPTER 15: FUTURE APPROACHES IN ANALYTICAL SCIENCES

Dr Steve Bleay

162

Dr Neil Cohen

Dr Barbara Daniel, Head of Forensic Science Unit, King’s College London Ian Elkins, Crown Prosecution Service

Professor Dick Lacey

Shaun Mallinson, Partnerships and Funding Coordinator, CAST Nick McCoy, Head of Forensic Services , W arwickshire Police and West Mercia Police Pete Merrill, Head of Sciences, National Crime Agency

Kevin Morton, Director of Regional Scientific Support Services,Yorkshire and the Humber

166 170 172
SKILLS AND COMPETENCY FOR THE FUTURE

Dr Anya Hunt , CEO,The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences

FORENSICS AND THE INTERNET OF THINGS

Alastair Cook , Director of Critical Insight Security Ltd

NEXT-GENERATION DIGITAL FORENSICS

Graham Bromelow, MCM Solutions

174

179

CHAPTER 16: ENCOURAGING INNOVATION

Dr Geraint Morgan, The Open University,

D r T homas Bassindale, Sheffield Hallam University, Dr Mark Pearse, LGC

INNOVATE UK AND THE FORENSIC SCIENCE SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP

Dr Meez Islam, T e esside University

181

182

BIOSENSORS IN FORENSICS

Dr Barbara Daniel, Head of Forensic Science Unit, King’s College London

CHAPTER 17: ACCESSING FORENSICS AS A NEW MARKET

Dr Mark Littlewood, co-ordinator of the Forensic Science Special Interest Group,

Dr Gillia n T u lly, Forensic Science Regulator

185 188
BRINGING A FORENSIC PRODUCT TO MARKET

Michael Heffernan, CEO of ArroGen, Kim Sandquist, CSO Chemistry, Peter Schad, CSO Biology,

John Owen, Managing Director

CYBER SCIENCE AND CONSUMER INTELLIGENCE

Stephen Hay, Director, Pilot Lite Ventures

SECTION 1:

THE FORENSIC SCIENCE
LANDSCAPE

THE FORENSIC SCIENCE LANDSCAPE

THE FORENSIC SCIENCE LANDSCAPE

The interaction between criminal investigation, justice and science is complex, but offers one of the strongest safeguards against false allegation and wrongful conviction.

Digital forensics

can recover, analyse and compare vast amounts of information from mobile phones, tablets, PCs, CCTV and satellite data.

10

Traditional types of forensics

  • Drugs
  • DNA
  • Toxicology

Fingerprints

  • Firearms
  • Footwear Patterns

  • Blood Spatter
  • Fibres

Fire Investigation

In the UK we

There are

id5ent0ify a,p0pro0xim0ately

25,000 DNA

offenders

from crime scenes using fingerprints each year

matches

between crime scenes and offenders

each year

The National DNA Database produces over

2,000 DNA matches a month

11

and has a match rate of over 60% with a DNA profiles obtained from samples taken from a crime scene or victim

Cognitive and human factors underpin many aspects of forensic work, from the initial collection and evaluation of data at the crime scene, throughout work in the laboratory where evidence is interpreted, to presentation in court.

The complexity of forensic science is increasing rapidly.
Policymakers and practitioners need to work towards consistency, collaboration, clarity and common standards.

THE FORENSIC SCIENCE LANDSCAPE

CHAPTER 1

FORENSIC SCIENCE IN CONTEXT

ANGELA GALLOP, The privatisation of forensic science services in England andWales has
Axiom been a resounding success, in some ways: it has saved costs, reduced
International Ltd,  case turnaround times, maintained quality and, to some extent, inspired
KAREN innovation. But the way services are procured has become increasingly
SQUIBB-WILLIAMS, fragmented, threatening future innovation and potentially undermining

Acorn Chambers  public confidence in the criminal justice process. The UK urgently needs

a national strategy covering all aspects of forensic science that takes

account of all stakeholders, not just the police.

n reality there may be no such thing as ‘Forensic Science’. Perhaps instead,

a multiplicity of sciences and scientific

methodologies, old and new, when applied tread patterns on shoes and feet marks inside them; differences between voices; paint and glass

fragments on tools; the life cycle of flies; and

assemblages of pollen grains.

I

to legal questions, become the discipline of forensic science. These questions are usually associated with the prosecution of crime, but they also cover consumer and environmental
Most recently, forensic science has been further transformed by our ability to detect and analyse tiny amounts of DNA, found to varying extents in every part of the human body and in animals

12

protection, health and safety, and civil proceedings and plants too (see case study p17).And it can such as breach of contract and negligence. The

sheer variety of scientific disciplines involved in

now recover, analyse and compare vast amounts of information stored on mobile phones, tablets forensic science can potentially distract focus from and PCs, in CCTV footage and other imagery, the formation of a coherent strategy for their use as well as incalculable quantities of satellite data. within the justice system.
Forensic science is a term that has come to be used over the past century and a half to
This seemingly endless list of capabilities also includes the statistical analysis of the likelihood of a probability, which can generate confusion that describe an increasing number of practices. These potentially weakens the contribution of scientific

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    House of Commons Science and Technology Committee Leaving the EU: implications and opportunities for science and research Seventh Report of Session 2016–17 Report, together with formal minutes relating to the report Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 16 November 2016 HC 502 Published on 18 November 2016 by authority of the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee The Science and Technology Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the expenditure, administration and policy of the Government Office for Science and associated public bodies. Current membership Stephen Metcalfe MP (Conservative, South Basildon and East Thurrock) (Chair) Dr Roberta Blackman-Woods MP (Labour, City of Durham) Victoria Borwick MP (Conservative, Kensington) Stella Creasy MP (Labour (Co-op), Walthamstow) Jim Dowd MP (Labour, Lewisham West and Penge) Chris Green MP (Conservative, Bolton West) Dr Tania Mathias MP (Conservative, Twickenham) Carol Monaghan MP (Scottish National Party, Glasgow North West) Graham Stringer MP (Labour, Blackley and Broughton) Derek Thomas MP (Conservative, St Ives) Matt Warman MP (Conservative, Boston and Skegness) The following were also members of the committee during the parliament: Nicola Blackwood MP (Conservative, Oxford West and Abingdon) (Chair of the Committee until 19 July 2016) Liz McInnes MP (Labour, Heywood and Middleton) Valerie Vaz MP (Labour, Walsall South) Daniel Zeichner MP (Labour, Cambridge) Powers The Committee is one of the departmental select committees, the powers of which are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in SO No 152. These are available on the internet via www.parliament.uk. Publication Committee reports are published on the Committee’s website at www.parliament.uk/science and in print by Order of the House.
  • SAGE COVID-19 Register of Participants' Interests Sir Patrick Vallance FRS Fmedsci FRCP Professor Chris Whitty CB Fmedsci Prof

    SAGE COVID-19 Register of Participants' Interests Sir Patrick Vallance FRS Fmedsci FRCP Professor Chris Whitty CB Fmedsci Prof

    SAGE COVID-19 Register of Participants’ Interests SAGE participants are required to declare any personal or business interests relevant to the SAGE meetings they attend. This register provides details of these interests. This register and the list of participants is regularly reviewed and updated. Sir Patrick Vallance FRS FMedSci FRCP • Government Chief Scientific Adviser • Office for Strategic Co-ordination of Health Research (OSCHR) Board (until 2017) • Fellow, Academy of Medical Sciences • Fellow, Royal Society • Fellow, Royal College of Physicians of London • Honorary Fellow, University College London • Honorary Member, British Pharmacological Society • Honorary Member, The Physiological Society • GSK shareholdings until March 2021 (mandatory holding period) Professor Chris Whitty CB FMedSci • Chief Medical Officer • Honorary Professor, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) • Consultant Physician, University College London Hospital (UCLH) • Honorary member, National Fever Service • Professor of Physic, Gresham College • Non-executive position, Malawi/Liverpool Wellcome Unit, Scientific Advisory Board • Non-executive Trustee, Sightsavers Professor Jonathan Van Tam MBE • Deputy Chief Medical Officer • Former UK Medical Director, Sanofi-Pasteur MSD Ltd. (2002-2004) • Former UK Head of Medical Affairs, Roche Products Ltd. (2001-2002) • Former Associate Director, SmithKline Beecham Plc. (2000-2001) • F. Hoffman-La Roche – Research grant on influenza (awarded 2010) • Chatham House and European Scientific Working Group on