Forensic Science and Beyond: Authenticity, Provenance and Assurance

Edinburgh Research Explorer ‘Notions of purity Citation for published version: Bray, F 2015, '‘Notions of purity: an anthropological perspective’' Annual Report of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser 2015. Forensic Science and Beyond: Authenticity, Provenance and Assurance. , pp. 120- 122. <<a href="/goto?url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/forensic-science-and-beyond" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/forensic-science-and-beyond</a>> Link: <a href="/goto?url=https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/f250bc6d-b059-4be6-b393-7096f70269dd" target="_blank">Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer </a>Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Annual Report of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser 2015. Forensic Science and Beyond: Authenticity, Provenance and Assurance. 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Oct. 2021 FORENSIC SCIENCE AND BEYOND: AUTHENTICITY, PROVENANCE AND ASSURANCE EVIDENCE AND CASE STUDIES l l l l l l l Annual Report of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser 2015 Forensic Science and Beyond: Authenticity, Provenance and Assurance Evidence and Case Studies This volume comprises chapters which form the evidence for the Government Chief Scientific Adviser’s Annual Report 2015, together with illustrative case studies. It should be cited as: Annual Report of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser 2015: Forensic Science and Beyond : A uthenticity, Provenance and Assurance. Evidence and Case Studies. The Government Office for Science would like to thank the authors who contributed evidence chapters, case studies and their time towards this report and gave it freely. This report is intended for: Policymakers, legislators, and a wide range of business people, professionals, researchers and other individuals whose interests include the use of forensic analysis within the Criminal Justice System through to authenticity, provenance and assurance in the provision of goods and services. The report project team was Martin Glasspool, Richard Meadows, Lindsa y T a ylor, Ada m T rigg and Jenny Wooldridge. This report consists of contributions received from academia and industry and others outside of government.The views expressed do not represent policy of any government or organisation. This report is presented in two parts.The first is the summary report of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser.This was developed as a result of seminars and the advice of the experts who provided the source of the evidence.The second part, the evidence, has been gathered from and written by a distinguished group of experts.The evidence takes two forms: chapters that consider a major aspect of the forensic landscape; and individual case studies that illuminate points of detail and principle.The evidence section provides the views of the experts themselves, who met on several occasions during the preparation of the report and had the opportunity to help to develop the narrative and to comment on each other’s contributions.The Government Chief Scientific Adviser is responsible and accountable for the summary report, and the experts for their individual contributions to the evidence papers and case studies. Neither should be blamed for the sins and omissions of the other! FOREWORD My second annual report explores new and emerging forensic techniques so that policy makers can ensure they are developed and used for the benefit of the UK. It covers four main areas: ● An overview of the UK’s forensic science landscape from the perspective of its users ● The changing nature of crime (including cybercrime), examining how forensic science can predict, deter and overtake it ● The forensic application of analytical science beyond the court system ● The steps required to secure the UK’s forensic science sector for the long term, with particular attention to innovation and new market opportunities. In producing the report, I have drawn on the knowledge of a range of experts and academics. They have provided a clear evidence base for each of these four areas.This volume presents that body of evidence, as well as illustrative case studies. The chapters and case studies herein represent the authors’ personal views rather than those of the Government Office for Science, but their insights – for which I am greatly indebted – have fundamentally informed the messages and questions raised in my report. Sir Mark Walport Government Chief Scientific Adviser December 2015 CONTENTS SECTION 1: The forensic science landscape CHAPTER 1: FORENSIC SCIENCE IN CONTEXT Dr Angela Gallop, Axiom International Ltd Karen Squibb-Williams , A corn Chambers 12 DNA ANALYSIS Dr Susan Pope, Director of DNA Principal Forensics Ltd 17 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">20 </li><li style="flex:1">A PARADIGM SHIFT IN UK FORENSIC SCIENCE </li></ul>Professor Niamh Nic Daeid, Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee CHAPTER 2: FORENSIC SCIENCE IN PRACTICE Gary Pugh, Director of Forensic Services at the Metropolitan Police Service 24 27 29 30 THE POLICYMAKER’S PERSPECTIVE Amanda Cooper, SRO Digital Policing and Science, Home Office THE COMMERCIAL PROVIDERS’ PERSPECTIVE Roger Robson, Managing Director of Forensic Access FORENSIC SCIENCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION Dr Geraldine Fahy, University of Kent CHAPTER 3: ASSURANCE – STANDARDS, VALIDATION AND ACCREDITATION Dr Josephine Bunch, National Physical Laboratory 32 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">34 </li><li style="flex:1">UKAS ACCREDITATION: PROVIDING CONFIDENCE IN FORENSIC SCIENCE </li></ul>Malcolm Hynd, External Affairs Manager, UK Accreditation Service CHAPTER 4: COGNITIVE AND HUMAN FACTORS Dr Itiel Dror, University College London (UCL) and Cognitive Consultants International (CCI-HQ) 40 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">50 </li><li style="flex:1">STATISTICS IN COURT </li></ul>Dr David Lagnado, University College London, with contributions from Professor Colin Aitken, University of Edinburgh SECTION 2: The changing nature of crime CHAPTER 5: THE CHANGING NATURE OF CRIME Pete Merrill, Head of Science & Innovation, National Crime Agency 56 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">62 </li><li style="flex:1">TROJAN OPENS THE GATES TO COMPANY CASH </li></ul>Oliver Smith, PwC Cybe r T hreat Operations CHAPTER 6: IDENTITY AND IDENTIFICATION Professor Sue Black, Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee 64 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">68 </li><li style="flex:1">SUPERIDENTITY </li></ul>Dr Sarah Stevenage, University of Southampton MANAGING BIOMETRICS Isabelle Moeller, Chief Executive, Biometrics Institute 71 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">73 </li><li style="flex:1">EMERGING BIOMETRICS IN THE COURTROOM </li></ul>Dr Lucina Hackman, Dr Chris Rynn and Dr Helen Meadows, Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">CHAPTER 7: CYBER FORENSICS </li><li style="flex:1">74 </li></ul>Professor Andrew Blyth, University of South Wales Matthew Johnson, Chie f T e chnology Officer, Guardtime 80 82 CHILD ABUSE IMAGE DATABASE Chris Felton, Safeguarding Directorate’s Online and Digital Lead, Home Office CHAPTER 8: THE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Professo r T i m W ilson, Northumbria Centre for Evidence and Criminal Justice Studies, Northumbria University 90 92 94 DISASTER VICTIM IDENTIFICATION: MH17 Detective Superintendent Je n W illiams, National Civil Contingencies and Disaster Victim Identification Coordinator, National Police Chiefs Council (NPCC) FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS IN SYRIA Dr Cerys Rees, Head of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Attribution, Defence Science an d T e chnology Laboratory (Dstl) WILDLIFE CRIME Dr Luc y W ebster, Wildlife Forensic Scientist, Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture (SASA) 96 CHAPTER 9: DESIGNING OUT CRIME Nick Ross, Chairman, UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science 100 ETHICS IN FORENSIC SCIENCE Chris Hughes, Chair of the National DNA Database Ethics Group 102 105 DESIGNING OUT MOBILE PHONE CRIME Nick Ross, Chairman, UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science TRENDS IN VEHICLE CRIME Mike Briggs, Crime Research Manager a t T hatcham Research SECTION 3: Forensic science: beyond the court CHAPTER 10: AUTHENTICITY AND PROVENANCE Dr Derek Craston, Government Chemist, LGC 110 112 NUCLEAR FORENSICS D r V ladimír Šucha, Professor Maria Betti and Dr Klaus Lützenkirchen Joint Research Centre, European Commission <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">116 </li><li style="flex:1">PROVENANCE OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS </li></ul>Dr Danie l T homas, Nuclea r T hreat Reduction , A WE <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">FORENSIC GEOSCIENCE </li><li style="flex:1">118 </li></ul>Professor Lorna Dawson, Head of the Soil Forensic Group, James Hutton Institute Dr Ruth Morgan, Director of the UCL Centre for the Forensic Sciences NOTIONS OF PURITY: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Professor Francesca Bray, Social Anthropology, University of Edinburgh 120 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">122 </li><li style="flex:1">CHAPTER 11: FOOD AND DRINK </li></ul>D r V ladimír Šucha, Professor Elke Anklam and Professor Franz Ulberth, Joint Research Centre, European Commission SCOTCH WHISKY: AUTHENTICITY, PROVENANCE AND ASSURANCE Julie Hesketh-Laird, Deputy Chief Executive, Scotch Whisky Association 125 129 130 STOPPING FOOD FRAUD Sue Davies, Chief Policy Adviser , W hich? EXPLOITING THE MICROBIOME Paul Brereton, Head of Agri-food Research, Fera Science Ltd. CHAPTER 12: COUNTERFEIT PHARMACEUTICALS AND METHODS TO TEST THEM Dr Harparkash Kaur, London School of Hygiene an d T ropical Medicine 132 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">138 </li><li style="flex:1">OPERATION PANGEA </li></ul>Gift Minta, Senior Criminal Intelligence Analyst, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency THE COUNTERFEITING OF HEALTHCARE PRODUCTS David A T a insh, Chief Product Quality Officer 140 Nisha Mistry, Senior Investigator (R&D), GlaxoSmithKline CHAPTER 13: CONSUMER PRODUCTS Melissa Dring, Director of Policy Robyn Ellison, Policy Officer, Chartere d T rading Standards Institute 142 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">143 </li><li style="flex:1">MAKING THE MOST OF TRADING STANDARDS SERVICES </li></ul>Melissa Dring, Director of Policy, Chartere d T rading Standards Institute Robyn Ellison, Policy Officer, Chartere d T rading Standards Institute CONSUMER PROTECTION AND SOCIAL MEDIA Mike Andrews, Nationa l T rading Standards eCrim e T e am 147 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">148 </li><li style="flex:1">BLOCK CHAIN – AUTHENTICITY AND PROVENANCE </li></ul>Jessi Baker, CEO of Project Provenance Ltd CHAPTER 14: ENVIRONMENTAL FORENSICS Professor Ian L Boyd, Chief Scientific Adviser, Defra 150 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">152 </li><li style="flex:1">ENVIRONMENTAL DNA ANALYSIS FOR WILDLIFE CONSERVATION </li></ul>Dr Peter Brotherton, Director of Specialist Services and Programmes, Natural England SECTION 4: Securing the future of UK forensic science CHAPTER 15: FUTURE APPROACHES IN ANALYTICAL SCIENCES Dr Steve Bleay 162 Dr Neil Cohen Dr Barbara Daniel, Head of Forensic Science Unit, King’s College London Ian Elkins, Crown Prosecution Service Professor Dick Lacey Shaun Mallinson, Partnerships and Funding Coordinator, CAST Nick McCoy, Head of Forensic Services , W arwickshire Police and West Mercia Police Pete Merrill, Head of Sciences, National Crime Agency Kevin Morton, Director of Regional Scientific Support Services,Yorkshire and the Humber 166 170 172 SKILLS AND COMPETENCY FOR THE FUTURE Dr Anya Hunt , CEO,The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences FORENSICS AND THE INTERNET OF THINGS Alastair Cook , Director of Critical Insight Security Ltd NEXT-GENERATION DIGITAL FORENSICS Graham Bromelow, MCM Solutions 174 179 CHAPTER 16: ENCOURAGING INNOVATION Dr Geraint Morgan, The Open University, D r T homas Bassindale, Sheffield Hallam University, Dr Mark Pearse, LGC INNOVATE UK AND THE FORENSIC SCIENCE SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP Dr Meez Islam, T e esside University 181 182 BIOSENSORS IN FORENSICS Dr Barbara Daniel, Head of Forensic Science Unit, King’s College London CHAPTER 17: ACCESSING FORENSICS AS A NEW MARKET Dr Mark Littlewood, co-ordinator of the Forensic Science Special Interest Group, Dr Gillia n T u lly, Forensic Science Regulator 185 188 BRINGING A FORENSIC PRODUCT TO MARKET Michael Heffernan, CEO of ArroGen, Kim Sandquist, CSO Chemistry, Peter Schad, CSO Biology, John Owen, Managing Director CYBER SCIENCE AND CONSUMER INTELLIGENCE Stephen Hay, Director, Pilot Lite Ventures SECTION 1: THE FORENSIC SCIENCE LANDSCAPE THE FORENSIC SCIENCE LANDSCAPE THE FORENSIC SCIENCE LANDSCAPE The interaction between criminal investigation, justice and science is complex, but offers one of the strongest safeguards against false allegation and wrongful conviction. Digital forensics can recover, analyse and compare vast amounts of information from mobile phones, tablets, PCs, CCTV and satellite data. 10 Traditional types of forensics <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Drugs </li><li style="flex:1">DNA </li><li style="flex:1">Toxicology </li></ul>Fingerprints <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Firearms </li><li style="flex:1">Footwear Patterns </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Blood Spatter </li><li style="flex:1">Fibres </li></ul>Fire Investigation In the UK we There are id5ent0ify a,p0pro0xim0ately 25,000 DNA offenders from crime scenes using fingerprints each year matches between crime scenes and offenders each year The National DNA Database produces over 2,000 DNA matches a month 11 and has a match rate of over 60% with a DNA profiles obtained from samples taken from a crime scene or victim Cognitive and human factors underpin many aspects of forensic work, from the initial collection and evaluation of data at the crime scene, throughout work in the laboratory where evidence is interpreted, to presentation in court. The complexity of forensic science is increasing rapidly. Policymakers and practitioners need to work towards consistency, collaboration, clarity and common standards. THE FORENSIC SCIENCE LANDSCAPE CHAPTER 1 FORENSIC SCIENCE IN CONTEXT ANGELA GALLOP, The privatisation of forensic science services in England andWales has Axiom been a resounding success, in some ways: it has saved costs, reduced International Ltd, case turnaround times, maintained quality and, to some extent, inspired KAREN innovation. But the way services are procured has become increasingly SQUIBB-WILLIAMS, fragmented, threatening future innovation and potentially undermining Acorn Chambers public confidence in the criminal justice process. The UK urgently needs a national strategy covering all aspects of forensic science that takes account of all stakeholders, not just the police. n reality there may be no such thing as ‘Forensic Science’. Perhaps instead, a multiplicity of sciences and scientific methodologies, old and new, when applied tread patterns on shoes and feet marks inside them; differences between voices; paint and glass fragments on tools; the life cycle of flies; and assemblages of pollen grains. Ito legal questions, become the discipline of forensic science. These questions are usually associated with the prosecution of crime, but they also cover consumer and environmental Most recently, forensic science has been further transformed by our ability to detect and analyse tiny amounts of DNA, found to varying extents in every part of the human body and in animals 12 protection, health and safety, and civil proceedings and plants too (see case study p17).And it can such as breach of contract and negligence. The sheer variety of scientific disciplines involved in now recover, analyse and compare vast amounts of information stored on mobile phones, tablets forensic science can potentially distract focus from and PCs, in CCTV footage and other imagery, the formation of a coherent strategy for their use as well as incalculable quantities of satellite data. within the justice system. Forensic science is a term that has come to be used over the past century and a half to This seemingly endless list of capabilities also includes the statistical analysis of the likelihood of a probability, which can generate confusion that describe an increasing number of practices. These potentially weakens the contribution of scientific

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