Edinburgh Research Explorer ‘Notions of purity Citation for published version: Bray, F 2015, '‘Notions of purity: an anthropological perspective’' Annual Report of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser 2015. Forensic Science and Beyond: Authenticity, Provenance and Assurance. , pp. 120- 122. <https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/forensic-science-and-beyond> Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Annual Report of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser 2015. Forensic Science and Beyond: Authenticity, Provenance and Assurance. 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Oct. 2021 FORENSIC SCIENCE AND BEYOND: AUTHENTICITY, PROVENANCE AND ASSURANCE EVIDENCE AND CASE STUDIES l l l l l l l Annual Report of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser 2015 Forensic Science and Beyond: Authenticity, Provenance and Assurance Evidence and Case Studies This volume comprises chapters which form the evidence for the Government Chief Scientific Adviser’s Annual Report 2015, together with illustrative case studies. It should be cited as: Annual Report of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser 2015: Forensic Science and Beyond: Authenticity, Provenance and Assurance. Evidence and Case Studies. The Government Office for Science would like to thank the authors who contributed evidence chapters, case studies and their time towards this report and gave it freely. This report is intended for: Policymakers, legislators, and a wide range of business people, professionals, researchers and other individuals whose interests include the use of forensic analysis within the Criminal Justice System through to authenticity, provenance and assurance in the provision of goods and services. The report project team was Martin Glasspool, Richard Meadows, Lindsay Taylor, Adam Trigg and Jenny Wooldridge. This report consists of contributions received from academia and industry and others outside of government. The views expressed do not represent policy of any government or organisation. This report is presented in two parts. The first is the summary report of the Government Chief Scientific Adviser. This was developed as a result of seminars and the advice of the experts who provided the source of the evidence. The second part, the evidence, has been gathered from and written by a distinguished group of experts. The evidence takes two forms: chapters that consider a major aspect of the forensic landscape; and individual case studies that illuminate points of detail and principle. The evidence section provides the views of the experts themselves, who met on several occasions during the preparation of the report and had the opportunity to help to develop the narrative and to comment on each other’s contributions. The Government Chief Scientific Adviser is responsible and accountable for the summary report, and the experts for their individual contributions to the evidence papers and case studies. Neither should be blamed for the sins and omissions of the other! FOREWORD My second annual report explores new and emerging forensic techniques so that policy makers can ensure they are developed and used for the benefi t of the UK. It covers four main areas: ● An overview of the UK’s forensic science landscape from the perspective of its users ● The changing nature of crime (including cybercrime), examining how forensic science can predict, deter and overtake it ● The forensic application of analytical science beyond the court system ● The steps required to secure the UK’s forensic science sector for the long term, with particular attention to innovation and new market opportunities. In producing the report, I have drawn on the knowledge of a range of experts and academics. They have provided a clear evidence base for each of these four areas. This volume presents that body of evidence, as well as illustrative case studies. The chapters and case studies herein represent the authors’ personal views rather than those of the Government Offi ce for Science, but their insights – for which I am greatly indebted – have fundamentally informed the messages and questions raised in my report. Sir Mark Walport Government Chief Scientifi c Adviser December 2015 CONTENTS SECTION 1: The forensic science landscape CHAPTER 1: FORENSIC SCIENCE IN CONTEXT 12 Dr Angela Gallop, Axiom International Ltd Karen Squibb-Williams, Acorn Chambers DNA ANALYSIS 17 Dr Susan Pope, Director of DNA Principal Forensics Ltd A PARADIGM SHIFT IN UK FORENSIC SCIENCE 20 Professor Niamh Nic Daeid, Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee CHAPTER 2: FORENSIC SCIENCE IN PRACTICE 24 Gary Pugh, Director of Forensic Services at the Metropolitan Police Service THE POLICYMAKER’S PERSPECTIVE 27 Amanda Cooper, SRO Digital Policing and Science, Home Office THE COMMERCIAL PROVIDERS’ PERSPECTIVE 29 Roger Robson, Managing Director of Forensic Access FORENSIC SCIENCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION 30 Dr Geraldine Fahy, University of Kent CHAPTER 3: ASSURANCE – STANDARDS, VALIDATION AND ACCREDITATION 32 Dr Josephine Bunch, National Physical Laboratory UKAS ACCREDITATION: PROVIDING CONFIDENCE IN FORENSIC SCIENCE 34 Malcolm Hynd, External Affairs Manager, UK Accreditation Service CHAPTER 4: COGNITIVE AND HUMAN FACTORS 40 Dr Itiel Dror, University College London (UCL) and Cognitive Consultants International (CCI-HQ) STATISTICS IN COURT 50 Dr David Lagnado, University College London, with contributions from Professor Colin Aitken, University of Edinburgh SECTION 2: The changing nature of crime CHAPTER 5: THE CHANGING NATURE OF CRIME 56 Pete Merrill, Head of Science & Innovation, National Crime Agency TROJAN OPENS THE GATES TO COMPANY CASH 62 Oliver Smith, PwC Cyber Threat Operations CHAPTER 6: IDENTITY AND IDENTIFICATION 64 Professor Sue Black, Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee SUPERIDENTITY 68 Dr Sarah Stevenage, University of Southampton 71 MANAGING BIOMETRICS Isabelle Moeller, Chief Executive, Biometrics Institute 73 EMERGING BIOMETRICS IN THE COURTROOM Dr Lucina Hackman, Dr Chris Rynn and Dr Helen Meadows, Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, University of Dundee 74 CHAPTER 7: CYBER FORENSICS Professor Andrew Blyth, University of South Wales Matthew Johnson, Chief Technology Officer, Guardtime 80 CHILD ABUSE IMAGE DATABASE Chris Felton, Safeguarding Directorate’s Online and Digital Lead, Home Office 82 CHAPTER 8: THE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Professor Tim Wilson, Northumbria Centre for Evidence and Criminal Justice Studies, Northumbria University 90 DISASTER VICTIM IDENTIFICATION: MH17 Detective Superintendent Jen Williams, National Civil Contingencies and Disaster Victim Identification Coordinator, National Police Chiefs Council (NPCC) 92 FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS IN SYRIA Dr Cerys Rees, Head of Chemical and Biological Analysis and Attribution, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) 94 WILDLIFE CRIME Dr Lucy Webster, Wildlife Forensic Scientist, Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture (SASA) 96 CHAPTER 9: DESIGNING OUT CRIME Nick Ross, Chairman, UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science 100 ETHICS IN FORENSIC SCIENCE Chris Hughes, Chair of the National DNA Database Ethics Group 102 DESIGNING OUT MOBILE PHONE CRIME Nick Ross, Chairman, UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science 105 TRENDS IN VEHICLE CRIME Mike Briggs, Crime Research Manager at Thatcham Research SECTION 3: Forensic science: beyond the court 110 CHAPTER 10: AUTHENTICITY AND PROVENANCE Dr Derek Craston, Government Chemist, LGC 112 NUCLEAR FORENSICS Dr Vladimír Šucha, Professor Maria Betti and Dr Klaus Lützenkirchen Joint Research Centre, European Commission 116 PROVENANCE OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS Dr Daniel Thomas, Nuclear Threat Reduction, AWE FORENSIC GEOSCIENCE 118 Professor Lorna Dawson, Head of the Soil Forensic Group, James Hutton Institute Dr Ruth Morgan, Director of the UCL Centre for the Forensic Sciences NOTIONS OF PURITY: AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 120 Professor Francesca Bray, Social Anthropology, University of Edinburgh CHAPTER 11: FOOD AND DRINK 122 Dr Vladimír Šucha, Professor Elke Anklam and Professor Franz Ulberth, Joint Research Centre, European Commission SCOTCH WHISKY: AUTHENTICITY, PROVENANCE AND ASSURANCE 125 Julie Hesketh-Laird, Deputy Chief Executive, Scotch Whisky Association STOPPING FOOD FRAUD 129 Sue Davies, Chief Policy Adviser, Which? EXPLOITING THE MICROBIOME 130 Paul Brereton, Head of Agri-food Research, Fera Science Ltd. CHAPTER 12: COUNTERFEIT PHARMACEUTICALS AND METHODS TO TEST THEM 132 Dr Harparkash Kaur, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine OPERATION PANGEA 138 Gift Minta, Senior Criminal Intelligence Analyst, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency THE COUNTERFEITING OF HEALTHCARE PRODUCTS 140 David A Tainsh, Chief Product Quality Officer