Making Faces

Chris Landreth CSC2529, Session 3 24 January 2011 FACS: The Facial Action Coding System

Created by Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen in 1976

Based on the distinct muscles in the human face

Each muscle produces one or more distinct changes in the face’s appearance, called Action Units (AU’s)

Think of these AU’s as “Letters” in the alphabet of facial expression.

Think of facial expressions as “words”: combinations of these AU “letters”. Primary Muscles of the Face 1. Frontalis: Brow Raiser

2. Corrugator: Brow Lowerer

1 3. Levitor Palpabrae: Eyelid Raiser/Lowerer

4. Orbicularis Oculi: Eye Squinter

5. Alaeque Nasi Labius Superioris: Lip Wincer 2 3 4 6. Labius Superioris: Lip Sneerer

7. Zygomatic Major: Lip Smiler

5 8. Buccinator (deep, not shown)

6 9. Triangularis: Lip Frowner 7 10. Labius Inferioris: Lip Lowerer 14 (12) (8) 11. Mentalis: Lip Shrugger

12. Incicivus (deep, not shown): Lip Purser 10 13 9 11 13. Risorius/Platysma: Lip Grimacer

14. Orbicularis Oris: Lip Tightener/Loosener Action Units: The Letters of The Alphabet

Relaxed Face 1)

Action Unit 1,2 1. Inner 2. Inner + Outer (shown) 2)

Action Unit 4 3)

Action Unit 5 5a. L + R (shown) 5b. L only 5c. R only Action 4) Unit 6, 44 6a. Lower L+R 6b. Lower L 6c. Lower R 44a. Entire L+R (shown) 44b. Entire L 44c. Entire R

5)

Action Unit 9 6)

Action Unit 10 10a. L + R (shown) 10b. L only 10c. R only 7)

Action Unit 12 12a. L + R (shown) 12b. L only 12c. R only

8)

Action Unit 14 14a. L + R (shown) 14b. L only 14c. R only 9)

Action Unit 15 15a. L + R (shown) 15b. L only Toyota President Akio Toyoda at US Congressional hearings, Feb 2010 15c. R only 10)

Action Unit 16 11)

Action Unit 17 12) s

Action Unit 18 13)

Action Unit 20 20a. L + R (shown) Robert Deniro in 20b. L only Cape Fear, 1991 20c. R only 14)

Action Unit 22a-c 22a. Up + Lo (shown) 22b. Up only 22c. Lo only 14) (Cnt'd)

Action Unit 23a-c 23a. Up + Lo (shown) 23b. Up only 23c. Lo only 14) Face Action: Lip Locking (Cnt'd) Muscle: Orbicularis Oris Signature: Lips Pressed Together Action Unit 24a-c 23a. Up + Lo (shown) 23b. Up only 23c. Lo only 15)

Action Unit 26a-d 26a. Open (shown) 26b. Leftward 26c. Rightward 26d. Forward AU1,2 (Frontalis): 2

AU4 (Corrugator): 1

AU5 (Levitor Palpabrae): 3

AU6,44 (Orbicularis Oculi): 6 How AU9 (Alaeque Nasi Labius Superioris): 1 AU10 (Labius Superioris): 3 many AU12 (Zygomatic Major): 3 letters in AU14 (Buccinator): 3 AU15 (Triangularis): 3 this AU16 (Labius Inferioris): 1 alphabet? AU17 (Mentalis): 1 AU18 (Incisivus): 1

AU20 (Risorius/Platysma): 3

AU22,23 (Orbicularis Oris): 6

AU26 (Jaw): 4 ______TOTAL: 41 AU’s Homework (for Monday Jan. 31): Take photographs of yourself flexing all the muscles shown in Session 3. Compile these photos, with appropriate captions. Example: Neutral Face Frontalis Currogator Lev. Palpabrae open Lev. Palpabrae closed Orbicularis Oculi Labius Superioris AN

Labius Superioris Zygomatic Major Buccinator Triangularis Labius Inferioris Mentalis

Incisivus Risorius/Platysma Orb. Oris (lip loose) Orb. Oris (lip tight) Orb. Oris (lip lock) Open Jaw Anatomy of a happy face

e f b g d a Neutral face c

Slight smile: Grin: Laugh: The Zygomatic kicks As her smile increases, Labius In intense joy, her eyes in first, pulling the corners of Inferioris pulls down on narrow down to slits, with her lips back, up and into the her lower lip, exposing her sharply defined crow’s feet (f.). Maxilla part of her skull (a.). upper teeth (c.). Her cheeks are so puffed The folds under her eyes Zygomatic pulls harder, out that a specular highlight flatten out (b.). deepening her nasolabial is clearly visible (g.). fold (d.) and puffing out her cheeks (e.). Anatomy of Anger

c

g a f b d Neutral face e

Glare: Snarl: Rage: Alequi Nasi Labius As her anger increases, her In a full scream of anger, AN Superioris contracts brow begins to furrow (c). Labius Superioris fully slightly, deepening her Both Labius Superioris and contracts, producing diagonal nasolabial fold (a) and AN Labius Superioris wrinkles from her tear ducts rounding her upper lip (b) contract, squaring off the down her nose (f). Her eyes corners of her upper lip (d). narrow to slits from Orbicularis Oculi, complete Labius Inferiors begins with pronounced crow’s feet contracting, exposing her (g). lower teeth (e) Portraits of Grief

b a d

f

Neutral face e g c j i h

Muted Grief: Anguish: Crying: Her eyes show the pain: The As her sadness escalates, the In a full cry, the face stretches in eyebrows are pulled slightly furrows in her brow become many different directions. The upward by Medial Frontalis (a), more pronounced, but her brows eyes squint heavily (Orbicularis and there are slight furrows in still keep their upward pull (d). Oculi, f), the upper lips are her brow from Currogator (b). The corners of her mouth begin contorted by Labius Superioris (g), Below her lips, Mentalis begins to turn down sharply from and the chin is deeply puckered to pucker her chin (c). Triangularis (e). by Mentalis (h).

Her anguish is capped off by Risorius/Platysma, which pulls the corners of her lower lip out (i) and the tendons in her neck up (j). Gross Anatomy

b a d a c g f b d Neutral face e g c e h f

Mild Disgust: Yechh: Retching: In her low-level disgust, her As she gets more grossed She is on the verge of face resembles mild anger out, her sneering increases sickness now. Her sneering (inset): her brow furrows (Labius Superioris, d). But (Labius Superioris) and (a) and her nose and lips most pronounced is the grimacing crinkle (b). One difference grimace in her lower lip and (Risorius/Platysma) are in is in her eyes: they don’t flaring tendons in her neck, overdrive, and her lower glare in anger (open from Risorius/Platysma (e, eyelids are so contorted (Lo. eyelids)—they are actually f). Orbicularis Oris) that they are slightly relaxed (c). concave in shape (g). Anatomy of Surprise

b d b a d a a b c g f c d Neutral face e g c e h f

Stunned: Slackjawed: OMYGOD!: Her face is mostly relaxed, Brow goes up (Frontalis, b) Worry lines are really bulging except for a slight widening and jaw goes down. The now. Frontalis is rounding of her eyes (Levitor whites of the eyes are out the shape of her Palpabrae, a). visible above her irises (c). eyebrows (d).

But even in extreme surprise, most of her face is relaxed. Anatomy of Fear

b a a d a b

c d Neutral face e c

Worry: Deep Concern: Her worried face resembles Eyebrows are more her mildly angry glare, upturned, like her except for the slightly expression of sadness upturned eyebrows (a). (inset). The difference is in the eyelids—they are opened wider than grieving eyes. Anatomy of Fear, continued

b e a a a b d

a c c Neutral face b c

Terror: Screaming: Eyes are wide and brows Even in full scream, her fully furrowed and mouth has an upturned look upturned. from her Zygomatics (c), similar to her anger scream Deep nasolabial folds from (inset). Labius Superioris (a). Mouth is upturned, as in a Unlike her anger scream, smile, from Zygomatic (b). however, her eyes are still opened wide (d) and her eyebrows upturned (e).