PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Tenth Edition Volume 2 Support and Movement of the Human Body
Gerard J. Tortora Bergen Community College
Sandra Reynolds Grabowski Purdue University
John WiIey & Sons, Inc. .... , " '.. j' .. I'
Brief Table of Contents ! jl : I1 11 , n il
Preface IV Acknowledgements XVI To the Student XVIII
Unit 1 Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body 1 Organization of 2 The Chemical Level of Organization 26 the Human Body 3 The Cellular Level of Organization 59 4 The Tissue Level of Organization 103 5 The Integumentary System 139
Unit2 Chapter 6 The .Skeletal System: BoneTissue 161 Principles of Support 7 The Skeletal System:The Axial.Skeleton 185 and Movement 8 The Skeletal System:The Appendicular Skeleton 218 9 Joints 243 10 Muscle Tisuue .273 11 The Muscular System 308
Unit3 Chapter 12 Nervous Tissue 385 Control Systems of 13 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 419 the Human Body 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves 451 15 Sensory, Motor and Integrative Systems 498 16 The Special Senses 526 17 The Autonomic Nervous System 565 18 The Endocrine System 586
Unit4 Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood 633 Maintenance of 20 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 659 I the Human Body 21 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics 696 22 The Lymphatic and Immune System and Resistance to Disease 764 - I 23 The Respiratory System 805 24 The Digestive System 851 25 Metabolism 906 26 The Urinary System 948 27 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis 991
Unit 5 Chapter 28 The Reproductive Systems 1011 Continuity 29 Development and Inheritance 1062
Appendix A Measurements A-1 B Periodic Table B-1 C Normal Values for Selected Blood Tests C-O D Normal Values for Selected Urinefests D-1 E Answers E-1 Glossary G-1 Credits CR-1 Index 1-0 XXI
h ] Contents
Intervertebral Discs 204 Parts of a Typical Vertebra· 204 2 PRINCIPLES OF SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT Body· Vertebral Arch· Processes INIT 1 Regions of the Vertebral Column 205 ;hapter 6 The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue 161 Cervical Region· Thoracic Region· Lumbar Region· Sac rum • Coccyx 1 i'unctions of the Bone and Skeletal System 162 Thorax 211 ) ;tructure of Bone 162 Sternum 211 Ribs 211 Iistology of Bone Tissue 164 /"''4 ~ • • ". Cllmcal Applications Compact Bone Tissue 165 Spongy Bone Tissue 166 ~' Black Eyes 191 Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip 196 1 and Nerve Supply of Bone 167 3lood Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome 198 168 30ne Formation Deviated Nasal Septum 199 Sinusitis 200 Ossification 168 Intramembranous Caudal Anesthesia 211 Rib Fractures 212 Endochondral Ossification 170 Homeostatic Imbalances 214 170 Disorders: l30ne Growth Medical Terminology 214 in Length 170 Growth in Thickness 172 Growth Study Outline 214 Self-Quiz Questions 215 Affecting Bone Growth 174 Factors Critical Thinking Questions 217 Answers to Figure Questions 217 I: Bones and Homeostasis 174 !\i Bone Remodeling 174 Fracture and Repair of Bone 175 The Appendicular S Bone's Role in Calcium Homeostasis 177 Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: ( Exercise and Bone Tissue 178 Skeleton 218 178 Development of the Skeletal System Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 219 <: Aging and Bone Tissue 180 Clavicle 219 Scapula 220 ( Upper Limb 222 ~--" Clinical Applications Humerus 222 Ulna and Rad~lJ.s. 223 Bone Scan 167 HormonalAbnormalities that Affect Height 174 Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges 226 Treatments for Fractures 177 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 227 s Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 180 MedicaITerminology181 Ilium 227 Ischium 229 182 Study Outline 181 Self-Quiz Questions Pubis 229 True and False Pelves 229 184 Answers to Figure Questions 184 Critical Thinking Questions Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 230 of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 232 Comparison "- Chapter 1 The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton 185 Lower Limb 232 232 Patella 233 Tibia and Fibula 234 Divisions of the Skeletal System 186 Femur ( Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges 237 Arches of the Foot 238 Types of Bones 188 Bone Surface Markings 188 f>~~? Clinical Applications 233 Skull 189 Fractured Clavicle 220 Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome General Features 189 Cranial Bones 189 Flatfoot and Clawfoot 238 Frontal Bone· Parietal Bones· Temporal Bones· Occipital 1\ Bone· Sphenoid Bone· Ethmoid Bone FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: 239 Facial Bones 196 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Nasal Bones· Maxillae· Zygomatic Bones· Lacrimal Bones • Palatine Bones· Inferior Nasal Conchae· Vomer· Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 240 Mandible· Nasal Septum Medical Terminology 240 Orbits 199 Foramina 199 Study Outline 240 Self-QuiZ Questions 241 ( 242 Unique Features of the Skull 200 Critical Thinking Questions 242 Answers to Figure Questions Sutures' Paranasal Sinuses· Fontanels Bone 202 Hyoid Chapter 9 Joints 243 Vertebral Column 203 244 Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column 204 Joint Classifications XXII b CONTENTS XXIII
Y'broUs Joints 244 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 294 . 1 Sutures 244 Syndesmoses 244 Gomphoses 245 Slow Oxidative Fibers 295 cartilaginouS Joints 245 Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers 295 synchondroses 245 Symphyses 245 Fast Glycolytic Fibers 295 Synovial Joints 246 Distribution and Recruitment of Different Types of Fibers 295 StrUcture of Synovial Joints 246 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 296 Articular Capsule· Synovial Fluid' Accessory Ligaments and Cardiac Muscle Tissue 297 Articular Discs Nerve and Blood Supply 247 Bursae and Tendon Sheaths 247 Smooth Muscle Tissue 297 Microscopic Anatomy of Smooth Muscle 298 Types of Synovial Joints 248 Planar Joints· Hinge Joints' Pivot Joints" Condyloid Joints Physiology of Smooth Muscle 298 • Saddle Joints' Ball-and-Socket Joints Regeneration of Muscle Tissue 299 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 251 Development of the Muscular System 299 Gliding 251 Angular Movements 251 Aging and the Muscle Tissue 301 /"(1.::t- Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, and Hyperextension· Abduction, (\~,.,;J' Clinical Applications Adduction, and Circumduction Muscular Atrophy and Hypertrophy 279 Rotation 254 Special Movements 254 Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage 279 Selected Joints of the Body 256 Rigor Mortis 285 Pharmacology of the NMJ 286 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Creatine Supplementation 290 Synovial Joints 266 Aerobic Training Versus Strength Training 293 Aging and Joints 266 Anabolic Steroids 297 ~/ Clinical Applications Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 302 Medical Terminology 302 Torn Cartilage andArthroscopy 247 Sprain and Strain 247 Study Outline 303 Self-Quiz Questions 305 Bursitis 248 Joint Dislocation 256 Critical Thinking Questions 307 Answers to Figure Questions 307 Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 267 Medical Terminology 268 Chapter 11 The Muscular System 308 Study Outline 268 Self-Quiz Questions 270 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement 309 Critical Thinking Questions 271 Answers to Figure Questions 272 Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin and Insertion 309 Lever Systems and Leverage 309 Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue 273 Effects of Fascicle Arrangement 312 Coordination Within Muscle Groups 312 Overview of Muscle Tissue 274 How Skeletal Muscles are Named 313 Types of Muscle Tissue 274 Functions of Muscle Tissue 274 Principal Skeletal Muscles 315 Properties of Muscle Tissue 274 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 275 fl~> Clinical Applications Connective Tissue Components 275 Tenosynovitis 309 Benefits of Stretching 313 Nerve and Blood Supply 277 Bell's Palsy 318 Strabismus 322 Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber 277 Intubation During Anesthesia 326 Inguinal Hernia 332 Sarcolemma, T Tubules, and Sarcoplasm· Myofibrils and Sar Injury of Levator Ani and Stress Incontinence 338 coplasmic Reticulum· Filaments and the Sarcomere Impingement Syndrome 344 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 356 Muscle Proteins 281 Back Injuries and Heavy Lifting 359 Pulled Groin 364 Contraction and Relexation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 282 Pulled Hamstrings 369 Shinsplint Syndrome 372 The Sliding Filament Mechanism 282 . Plantar Fasciitis 376 The Contraction Cycle' Excitation-Contraction Coupling' Length-Tension Relationship FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: The Neuromuscular Junction 285 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 379 Muscle Metabolism 289 Production of ATP in Muscle Fibers 289 Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 380 Study Outline 381 Self-Quiz Questions 382 Creatine Phosphate· Anaerobic CelluZar Respiration Critical Thinking Questions 383 Answers to Figure Questions 384 • Aerobic Cellular Respiration Muscle Fatigue 290 Oxygen Consumption After Exercise 291 UNIT 3 CONTROL SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY Control of Muscle Tension 291 Chapter 12 Nervous Tissue 385 Motor Units 291 Twitch Contraction 292 Frequency of Stimulation 292 Overview of the Nervous System 386 Structure of the Nervous System 386 Motor Unit Recruitmen 292 Muscle Tone 293 Functions of the Nervous System 386 Isotonic and Isometric Contractions 294 Organization of the Nervous System 387 XXIV CONTENTS
Histology of Nervous Tissue 388 Injuries to the Phrenic Nerves 436 Neurons 388 Injuries to Nerves Emerging from the Brachial Plexus 438 Parts of a Neuron' Structural Diversity in Neurons Lumbar Plexus Injuries 442 Sciatic Nerve Injury 444 Neuroglia 391 Myelination 392 Spinal Cord Transection and Muscle Function 446 Gray and White Matter 393 Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 447 Medical Terminology 447 Electrical Signals in Neurons 395 Study Outline 447 Self-QuiZ Questions 448 Ion Channels 395 Resting Membrane Potential 396 Critical Thinking Questions 450 Answers to Figure Questions 450 Graded Potentials 398' Generation of Action Potentials 398 Depolarizing Phase' Repolarizing Phase' Refractory Period Chapter 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves 451 Propagation of Nerve Impulses 400 Brain Organization, Protection, and Nourishment 452 Continuous and Saltatory Conduction' Speed ofNerve Major Parts of the Brain 452 Impulse Propagation Brain Blood Flow and the Blood-Brain Barrier 452 Encoding of Stimulus Intensity 402 Protective Coverings of the Brain 453 Comparison of Electrical Signals Produced by Excitable Cells 403 Cerebrospinal Fluid 453 Signal Transmission at Synapses 404 Formation of CSF in the Ventricles' Circulation of CSF Electrical Synapses 404 The Brain Stem 458 Chemical Synapses 404 Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials • Removal Medulla Oblongata 458 Pons 459 Midbrain 460 Reticular Formation 462 of Neurotransmitter Spatial and Temporal Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials 406 The Cerebellum 462 Neurotransmitters 407 The Diencephalon 464 Small-Molecule Neurotransmitters 408 Thalamus 464 Hypothalamus 466 Epithalamus 467 Acetylcholine· Amino Acids' Biogenic Amines • ATP and Subthalamus 467 Circumventricular Organs 467 Other Purines • Nitric Oxide The Cerebrum 467 Neuropeptides 409 Lobes of the Cerebrum 469 Cerebral White Matter 469 Neural Circuits 410 Basal Ganglia 469 The Limbic System 471 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue 412 Cerebral Cortex Areas and Functions 473 Neurogenesis in the CNS 412 Sensory Areas 473 Motor Areas 474 AssociationAreas 475 Damage and Repair in the PNS 412 Hemispheric Lateralization 475 Brain Waves 476 ,;)0'::'0 ~. Cranial Nerves 477 ~'?' Clinical Applications Cranial Nerve I: Olfactory Nerve 477 Tetanus 390 Neurotoxins and Local Anesthetics 400 Cranial Nerve II: Optic Nerve 478 Strychnine Poisoning 407 Excitotoxicity 409 Cranial Nerve III: Oculomotor Nerve 478 Mimicking and Blocking the Effects of Neurotransmitters 410 Cranial Nerve IV: Trochlear Nerve 478 Disorde.rs: Homeostatic Imbalances 413 MedicalTerminology 414 Cranial Nerve V: Trigeminal Nerve 478 Study Outline 414 Self-QuiZ Questions 415 Cranial Nerve VI: Abducens Nerve 481 Critical Thinking Questions 417 Answers to Figure Questions 418 Cranial Nerve VII: Facial Nerve 481 Cranial Nerve VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve 482 Chapter 13 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 419 Cranial Nerve IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve 482 Cranial Nerve X: Vagus Nerve 483 Spinal Cord Anatomy 420 Cranial Nerve XI: Accessory Nerve 484 Protective Structures 420 Cranial Nerve XII: Hypoglossal Nerve 484 Vertebral Column' Meninges Development of the Nervous System 490 External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 420 Aging and the Nervous System 491 Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 423 Spinal Cord Physiology 425 ~--"~'Clinical Applications Sensory and Motor Tracts 425 Breaching the Blood-Brain Barrier 452 Hydrocephalus 457 Reflexes and Reflex Arcs 426 Injury of the Medulla 458 Brain Injuries 472 Aphasia 475 The Stretch Reflex· The Tendon Reflex· The Flexor and Dental Anesthesia 480 Crossed Extensor Reflexes Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 492 Medical Terminology 493 Spinal Nerves 433 Study Outline 493 Self-Quiz Questions 495 Connective Tissue Coverings of Spinal Nerves 433 Critical Thinking Questions 497 Answers to Figure Questions 497 Distribution of Spinal Nerves 434 Branches' Plexuses' Intercostal Nerves Chapter 15 Sensory, Motor, and Integrative Systems 498 Dermatomes 446 Sensation 499 ~"''' Clinical Applications Sensory Modalities 499 The Process of Sensation 499 - Spinal Tap 423 Sensory Receptors 500 Plantar Flexion Reflex and the Babinski Sign 433 Types of Sensory Receptors • Adaptation in Sensory Receptors ...... ------~•
Index
Note Page numbers in boldface type indicate a major discussion. A t following a page number indicates a table, anffollowing a page number indicates a figure, and an e following a page number indicates an exhibit.
A band, 279, 280f Anaerobic cellular respiration, 290 radius, 223, 2241, 225f Abdominal Wall, muscles that act on, Anal triangle, 340e tarsals, 237 332-333e , 334-335f Anatomical neck, 222, 223f tibia, 234, 236f Abduction, 252, 253f, 256t Anconeus, 348e, 355f true/false pelvis, 229 Abductor digiti minimi, 357e, 358 Angular movements, 251-254, 256t ulna, 223, 2241, 225f Abductor hallucis, 376-377e, 378f Ankle (talocrural) joint, 258t upper limb, 222-227 Abductor pollicis brevis, 357 e, 358f Annulus fibrosus, 204 Appositional growth, 170, 172, 173f Abductor pollicis longus, 353e, 354-355f Antagonist, 313 Arches, 238 Abnormal curves, 204 Anterior arch, 206, 207f Arcuate line, 2281, 229 Accessory ligaments, 247 Anterior border, 234, 236f Arcuate popliteal ligament, 264e, 265f Acetabular labrum, 262e, 263f Anterior (flexor) compartment, 348e, 352 Arthralgia, 268 Acetabular notch, 2281, 229 Anterior compartment of leg, 372e Arthritis, 267 Acetabulum, 2281, 229 Anterior (extensor) compartment of thigh, Arthrology, 244 Acetylcholine (ACh), 286 36ge Arthroscopy,247 Acetylcholine receptors, 286 Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), 264e, Arthrosis. See Joints Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 286 265f Articular capsule ACh,286 Anterior fontanel, 201 elbow joint, 261e, 261f AChE, 286 Anterior gluteal line, 2281, 229 hip joint, 262e, 263f ACL, 264e, 265f Anterior inferior iliac spine, 2281, 229 knee joint, 264e, 265f Acromial extremity, 220, 220f Anterior sacral foramen, 210, 210f shoulder joint, 25ge, 2591, 260f Acromioclavicular joint, 2191, 220, 258t Anterior scalene, 35ge, 361e, 363f synovial joints, 246-247 Acromioclavicular ligament, 2591, 260f Anterior triangle, 330e, 33lf Articular cartilage, 162, 1631, 1671, 246 Acromion, 220, 221f Anterolateral fontanels, 201 Articular discs, 247, 264e, 265f Actin, 281, 28lf Anticholinosterase agents, 286 Articular facets, 233 Action potentials, 275 Aortic hiatus, 336e Articular fat pads, 247, 265f Adduction, 252-253, 256t Aponeurosis, 275 Articular processes, 205 Adductor brevis, 364-365e, 366-368f Appendicular skeleton, 218-242 Articular tubercle, 191, 191f Adductor hallucis, 376-377e, 378f carpals, 226 Articulation. See Joints Adductor longus, 364-365e, 366-368f disorders, 240 Atlanto-axial joint, 206 Adductor magnus, 364-365e, 366-368f femur, 232-233 Atlanto-occipitaljoint, 193,206, 257t Adductor pollicis, 357 e, 358f humerus, 222, 223f Atlas, 205, 206f Adult rickets, 181 ilium, 227, 229 Atrophy, 279 Aerobic cellular respiration, 290 ischium, 229 Auricular surface, 2101, 211, 2281, 229 Aerobic training, 293 lower limb, 232-238 Autorhythmicity, 274 Aging male/female pelvis, compared, 230, 231t Axial muscles, 344-345e, 346-347f bone tissue, 180 metacarpals,226-227 Axial skeleton, 185-217 joints, 266 metatarsals, 237-238 hyoid bone, 202 muscle tissue, 301 patella, 233, 235f ribs, 211-213 Agonist, 312 pectoral girdle, 219-220 skull, 189-202. See also Skull Alendronate, 181 pelvic girdle, 227 - 229 sternum, 211 Amphiarthrosis, 244 phalanges, 227, 238 surface markings, 188, 189t Anabolic steroids, 297 pubis, 229 thorax, 211-213 1-0 INDEX 1-1
types of bones, 188 Calcification, 164, 168 Conoid tubercle, 220, 220f vertebral column, 203 -211. See also Ver Calcified matrix, 17lf Contractile protein, 281 tebral column Calcitonin (CT), 177 Contractility, 275 Axis, 186,206 Calcium homeostasis, 177 Contraction cycle, 282-283 Axon terminals, 287f Calmodulin, 298 Contraction period, 292 Calsequestrin, 284 Contraction/relaxation of muscle fibers, Backbone, See Vertebral column cAMP, 177 282-288 Ball_and-socket joint, 248,'249f, 250t Canaliculi, 165, 165f, 166f Contracture, 380 Bell's palsy, 318 Capitate, 226f Contribution to other body systems, 379 Belly, 309 Capitulum, 222, 223f Coordination within muscle groups, 312-313 BicepS brachii, 348e, 350-35lf Cardiac muscle fibers, 297 Coracobrachialis, 344-345e, 346-347f BicepS femoris, 369-370e, 37lf Cardiac muscle tissue, 274, 297, 300 Coracohumeral ligament, 25ge, 259f Bifid, 205 Carotid foramen, 192, 194f, 201t Coronal suture, 190f, 191f, 200 Bipennate muscle fascicles, 312t Carpal bones, 226 Coronoid fossa, 222, 223f Black eye, 191 Carpal tunnel, 226, 356e Coronoid process, 198, 198f, 223, 224f, 225f Body, 204 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 356e COITugator supercilii, 31ge, 320-32lf Bone formation, 168-170 Carpals, 226 Costal angle, 212, 213f Bone fractures, 175, 177 Carpometacarpal joint, 227, 258t Costal cartilage, 211-212f, 213f Bone growth, 170-174 Carpus, 226 Costal groove, 212, 213f Bone remodeling, 174, 177 Cartilage model, 170 Costal tuberosity, 220, 220f Bone re sorption, 174 Cartilaginous joints, 245, 246f, 250t Costochondritis,212 Bone scan, 167 Caudal anesthesia, 211 Coxal bones, 227 Bone surface markings, 188, 189t Center of ossification, 168 Coxaljoillt,262-263e Bone tissue, 161-184 Central (Haversian) canals, 165 Cramp, 302 aging, 180 Central canal, 165f Cranial bones, 190-196 blood/nerve supply, 167 -168 Central fatigue, 290 Creatine kinase (CK), 290 bone remodeling, 174, 177 Central tendon (diaphragm), 336e, 337f Creatine phosphate, 289-290 calcium homeostasis, 177 Central tendon (perineal body), 340e Creatine supplementation, 290 cells, 164 Cervical curve, 203f Crest, 189t compact, 165 -166 Cervical vertebrae, 205-206, 206f, 210t Cribriform plate, 192f, 196 disorders, 180-181 Chondritis, 268 Crista galli, 192f, 196, 197f exercise, 178 Circular muscle fascicles, 312t Crossbridges,281 formation, 168-170 Circumduction, 253, 253f, 256t CT,I77 fracture, 175, 177 CK,290 Cuboid, 237f, 238f functions of bone, 162 Clavicle, 187f, 219-220 Cuneiform bones', 237f growth, 170-174 Clavicular notch, 211, 212f Curare, 286 histological features, 164 Clawfoot, 238 Cyclic AMP (cAMP), 177 ossification, 168 -170 Cleft lip, 196-198 repair of bone, 175-177 Cleft palate, 196 -198 Deep anterior compartment, 352e spongy, 166 -167 Closed (simple) fracture, 175 Deep fascia, 275, 276f structure of bone, 162-163 Closed reduction, 177 Deep posterior compartment, 352e Bony callus, 177 Clubfoot, 240 Deep transverse perineal, 340e, 34lf Bony pelvis, 227, 227f Coccygeal cornua, 21Of, 211 Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), 279 Botox, 286 Coccygeus, 338e, 339f Deltoid tuberosity, 222, 223f Bowleg,240 Coccyx, 21Of, 211 Demifacets, 206 Brachialis, 348e, 350-351f Cold spots, 167 Demineralization, 180 Brachioradialis, 348e, 354f Collarbone, 219 Denervation atrophy, 279 Breastbone, 211 ColIes' fracture, 175 Dens, 206 Breathing, muscles used in, 336e, 337f Comminuted fracture, 175 Dense bodies, 298, 298f Buccinator, 318-31ge, 320'-32lf Compact bone, 163f, 167f Dentoalveloar joint, 245 Bulbospongiosus, 340e, 34lf Compact bone tissue, 165-166 Depression, 254, 255f, 256t Bunion, 240 Compartment, 313, 348e Depressions and openings, 188, ~89t Bursae, 247 -248 Compartment syndrome, 380 Depressor anguli oris, 31ge, 320-321e Bursectomy, 268 Compound fracture, 175 Depressor labii inferioris, 31ge, 320-321e BurSitis, 248 Concentric isotonic contraction, 294 Dermatome, 299 Concentric lamellae, 165 Desmosomes, 297 Ca2+,284 Condylar process, 198, 198f Deviated nasal septum, 199 Ca2+ channels, 284 Condyle, 189t Diaphragm, 336e, 337f Calcaneus, 237, 237f, 238f Condyloid joint, 248, 249f, 250t Diaphysis, 162, 163f, 167f 1-2 INDEX 354-355f Fibularis (peroneus) tertius, 372-373e, Diarthrosis, 244 Extensor carpi ulnaris, 353e, 353e, 354-355f 374-375f DigasDic,328e,329f Extensor digiti rninirni, 376-377e, Fibural collateral ligament, 264e, 265f Dislocated knee, 267 Extensor digitorum brevis, Filaments, 279, 280f Dislocation, 256 378f 372-373e, First-class lever, 311 Dislocation of radial head, 267 Extensor digitorum longus, First (medial) cuneiform, 237f Disorders. See Homeostatic imbalances 374-375f 372-373e, Fissure, 189t Distal epiphysis, 163f Extensor hallucis longus, Fixators, 313 Distal radiouinar joint, 225 374-375f 354-355f Flat bones, 188 Distal tibiofibular joint, 235 Extensor indicis, 353e, 353e, 354-355f Flatfoot, 238 Disuse atrophy, 279 Extensor pollicis brevis, 353e, 354-355f Flexion, 251, 252f, 256t DMD,302 Extensor pollicis longus, 352e Flexor carpi radialis, 352e, 354-355f DOMS,279 Extensor retinaculum, 34lf Flexor carpi ulnaris, 352e, 354-355f Dorsal interossei, 357e, 358f, 376-377e, 378f External anal sphincter, 340e, 192 Flexor digiti rninirni brevis, 357e, 358f, Dorsal muscle, 376-377 e, 378f External auditory meatus, 336e, 337f 376-377e,378f Dorsiflexion, 255, 255f, 256t External intercostal muscles, 336e, 337f Flexor digitorum brevis, 376-377e, 378f Dorsum sellae, 192f, 194 External intercostals, 334-335f Flexor digitorum longus, 372-373e, Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), 302 External oblique, 332-333e, External occipital proturbence, 191f, 192f, 374-375f Dystrophin, 281 353e, 354-355f 193, 193f Flexor digitorum profundus, 340e, 34lf Flexor digitorum superficialis, 352e, Eccentric isotonic contraction, 294 External urethral sphincter, 247 354-355f Effort, 309, 310f Extracapsular ligaments, 187f Flexor hallucis brevis, 376-377e, 378f Elasticity, 275 Extremeties, 186, 186t, 322e, 323f Flexor hallucis longus, 372-373e, 374-375f Elbow joint, 224, 261e ExDinsic eye muscles, 352e Flexor pollicis brevis, 357 e, 358f ElecDical excitability, 275 ExDinsic hand muscles, 326e, 327f Flexor pollicis longus, 353e, 354-355f Elevation, 254, 255f, 256t ExDinsic tongue muscles, Flexor retinaculum, 352e Ellipsoidal joint, 248 Eye socket, 199, 200f Floating ribs, 212 Endochondral ossification, 170-17lf FOG fibers, 295, 296t Endomysium, 275, 276f Facet, 189t, 205, 206 Fontanels, 201-202 Endosteum, 163 Facial bones, 196-198 Foot plates, 179, 179f Epicondyle, 189t Facial paralysis, 318 229, 230f Foramen,189t Epicranial aponeurosis, 318e, 320-32lf False (greater) pelvis, Foramen for the vena cava, 336e Epidural block, 211 False ribs, 211 Foramen lacerum, 194f, 1951, 196 Epimysium, 275, 276f Fascia, 275 Foramen magnum, 19if, 193, 193f, 195f Epiphyseal arteries, 167f, 168 Fascia lata, 364e 312 Foramen ovale, 194f, 195f, 196 Epiphyseal line, 162, 163f, 167f, 172 Fascicle arrangement, 276f, 312 Foramen rotundum, 195f, 200 Epiphysealplate~ 162, 170, 171f, 172f Fascicles, 275, Foramina, 199-200, 20lt Epiphyseal veins, 167f, 168 Fascicu1ation, 302 Forearm extensors, 34ge, 350-35lf Epiphyses, 162, 163f, 167f Fasciotomy, 380 295, 296t Forearm flexors, 348e, 350-35lf Erector spinae, 359-360e, 362f Fast glycolytic (FG) fibers, (FOG) fibers, 295, Forearm pronators, 34ge, 350-35lf Esophageal hiatus, 336e Fast oxidative-glycolytic Forearm supinator, 34ge, 350-351f Ethmoid bone, 190f, 191f, 196, 197f 296t 230, 231t Fosamax, 181 Ethmoidal cell, 202f Female/male pelvis, compared, 234f Fossa, 189t Ethmoidal sinus, 196,2021 Femur, 163f, 187f, 232-233, 364-365e, Fovea capitis, 232, 235f Eversion, 255, 255f, :256t Femur, muscles that move, Fracture Evista, 181 366-368f Bone, 175, 177 Excitation-contraction coupling, 283 - 284 FG fibers, 295, 296t closed (simple), 172 Exercise . Fibrillation, 302 Colles', 175 aerobic/strength training, 293 Fibrocartilaginous callus, 177 formation, 176 comminuted, 175 bone tissue, 178 Fibrocartiloginous callus greenstick, 17~ oxygen consumption, 291 Fibromyalgia, 302 hip, 240 skeletal muscle tissue, 296 Fibrosis, 299 impacted, 175 stretching, 313 Fibrous capsule, 246 250t open (compound), 175 Exercise-induced muscle damage, 279 Fibrous joints, 244-245, Pott's, 175 Extensibility, 275 Fibula, 187f, 235,236f rib, 212 Extension, 251, 252f, 256t Fibular notch, 235, 236f 372-373e, simple, 175 Extensor carpi radialis brevis, 353e, Fibularis (peroneus) brevis, stress, 175 354-355f 374-375f 372-373e, Fracture hematoma, 175 Extensor carpi radialis longus, 353e, Fibularis (peroneus) longus, Fractured clavicle, 220 354-355f 374-375f INDEX 1-3
Frequency of stimulation, 292 Hip joint, 262-263e Inferior articular processes, 205 Frontal belly, 318e, 320-321/ Homeostasis imbalances Inferior gemellUS, 364-365e, 366-368/ Frontal bone, 190, 195/ arthritis, 267 Inferior gluteal line, 2281, 229 Frontal sinus, 1921, 202/ calcium, 177 Inferior nasal concha, 1901, 1971, 198 Frontal sinuses, 190 compartment syndrome, 380 Inferior nuchal lines, 193, 193/, 194/ Frontal squama, 190 fibromyalgia, 302 Inferior oblique, 322e, 323/ Fulcrum, 309, 310/ gouty arthritis, 267 Inferior orbital fissure, 196, 199, 200/ Fused tetanus, 292 herniated disc, 214 Inferior rectus, 322e, 323/ Fusiform muscle fascicles, 312t hip fracture, 240 Infrahyoid muscles, 328e, 329/ joint injuries, 267 Infraorbital foramen, 1901, 191f, 196, 201t Galea aponeuorotica, 318 lyme disease, 268 Infrapatellar fat pad, 265/ Gap junction, 297 MD, 302 Infraspinatus, 344-345e, 346-347/ Gastrocnemius, 372-373e, 374-375/ muscular system, 379 Infraspinous fossa, 220, 221f General mesoderm, 299 myasthenia gravia, 302 Inguinal canal, 332e Genioglossus, 326e, 327/ osteoarthritis, 267 Inguinal hernia, 332e Geniohyoid, 328e, 329/ osteomalacia, 181 Inguinal ligament, 332e, 334/ Genu valgum, 240 osteoporosis, 180-181 Inner circumferential lamellae, 1651, 166 Genu varum, 240 RA, 267 Insertion, 309, 310/ Girdles, 186 rheumatism, 267 Insulinlike growth factors (IGFs), 174 Glenohumeral joint, 2191, 220, 222, rickets, 181 Intercarpal joints, 226, 258t 259-260e nmning injuries, ;380 Intercondylar eminence, 234, 236/ Glenohumeral ligaments, 25ge, 259/ skeletal system, 239 Intercondylar fossa, 233, 234f Glenoid labrum, 25ge, 260/ spina bifida, 214 Intercostal muscles, 336e, 337/ Gliding, 251,2511, 256t Horizontal plates, 1931, 1941, 198 Intercostal spaces, 2121, 213, 213/ Gluteal tuberosity, 233, 234/ Hot spots, 167 Interlocated discs, 297 Gluteus maximus, 364-365e, 366-368/ Human growth hormone (hGH), 174 Intermediate (midpalmar) muscles, 356-357, Gluteus medius, 364-365e, 366-368/ Humeroscapular joint, 259-260e 358/ Gluteus minimus, 364-365e, 366-368/ Humerus, 1631, 1871, 222, 223/ Intermediate filament, 298 Gophosis, 245, 250t Humerus, muscles that move, 344-345e, Internal auditory meatus, 192, 192/ Gout, 267 346-347/ Internal intercostals, 336e, 337/ Gouty arthritis, 267 Hydroxyapatite, 164 Internal oblique, 332-333e, 334-335/ Gracilis, 369-370e, 371/ Hyoglossus, 326e, 327/ Interosseous membrane, 224, 224/ Greater sciatic notch, 2281, 229 Hyoid bone, 202 Interphalangeal joints, 227, 238 Greater trochanter, 232, 234/ Hyperextension, 251-252, 2521, 256t Interspinates, 35ge: 361e, 363/ Greater tubercle, 222, 223/ Hyperplasia, 299 Interstitial growth, 170 Greater wings, 194, 195/ Hypertrophy, 279 Interstitial lamellae, 1651, 166, 166/ Greenstick fracture, 175 Hypoglossal foramen, 1921, 193, 1951, Intertarsaljoints, 237, 258t Growth spurt, 174 201t Intertransversarii, 35ge, 361e, 363/ Hypophyseal fossa, 1921, 194 Intertrochanteric crest, 233, 234/ H zone, 279,280/ Hypothenar muscles, 356-357, 358/ Intertrochanteric line, 232, 234f Hallux valgus, 240 Intertubercular sulcus, 222, 223/ Hamate, 226/ I band, 279, 280/ Interval training, 293 Hamstring strains, 36ge IGFs,174 Intervertebral disc, 2031, 2041, 204 Hamstrings, 369-370e, 371f Iliac crest, 228/, 229 Intervertebral foramen, 205 Hand plates, 179, 179/ Iliac fossa, 2281, 229 Intervertebral joint, 205, 257t Haversian canal, 165 Iliac tuberosity, 2281, 229 Intracapsular ligaments, 247, 264e Haversian system, 165 Iliacus, 364-365e, 366-368/ Intramembranous ossification, 168, 169/ Head, 189t Iliococcygeus, 338e, 339/ Intrapatellar bursa, 264e, 265/ Head, muscles that move, 330e, 331f Iliocostalis cervicis, 359-360e, 362/ Intrinsic hand muscles, 356e Heavy lifting, 359 Iliocostalis lumborum, 359-360e, 362/ Intrinsic muscles, 356-357, 358/ Hemiarthroplasty, 240 Iliocostalis thoracis, 359-360e, 362/ Intrinsic muscles offoot, 376-377e, 378/ Hemopoiesis,162 Iliofemoral ligament, 262e, 2621, 263/ Intrinsic tongue muscles, 326e Herniated (slipped) disc, 214 Iliotibial tract, 364e Inversion, 255, 2551, 256t hGH,174 Ilium, 227 - 229 Irregular bones, 188 Hinge joint, 248, 2491, 250t Illiopectinealline, 229, 230/ Ischial spine, 2281, 229 Hip (coxal) joint, 229, 232 Impacted fracture, 175 Ischial tuberosity, 228/ Hip bones, 227, 228/ Impingement syndrome, 344e Ischiocavernosus, 340e, 34lf Hip fracture, 240 Inferior angle, 220, 221f Ischiofemoral ligament, 262e, 263/ Hip girdle, 227-229, 232 Inferior articular facets, 206 Ischium, 2281, 229 ~.. ! 1-4 INDEX
Isometric contraction, 275, 294 Levator scapulae, 342-343e, 343f Medial patellar retinaculum, 264e, 265f Isotonic contraction, 275, 294 Lever, 309 Medial pterygoyd, 324e, 3241, 325e Lever systems, 309-312 Medial rectus, 322e, 323f Joint dislocation, 256 Leverage, 309 Medial (internal) rotation, 254, 254f Joint injuries, 267 Ligament of head offemur, 262e, 263f Median sacral crest, 210 Joints, 243-272 Ligaments, 246 Medullary cavity, 163, 1651, 167f aging, 266 Ligamentum nuchae, 193 Menisci, 247, 264e, 265f cartilagenous, 245 Limb buds, 178-179 Mental foramen, 1901, 198, 201t classification, 244 Line, 189t Mentalis, 31ge, 320-321e disorders, 267 -268 Linea alba, 332e, 334-335f Mesenchymal cells, 178 elbow, 261e Linea aspera, 233, 234f Mesoderm, 178,299 fibrous, 244-245 Little-league elbow, 267 Mesoderm of sornites, 299 hip, 262-263e Load, 309, 310f Mesodermal cells, 300 knee, 264-265e Long bones, 188 Mestinon, 302 ROM, 266 Longissimus capitis, 330e, 359-360e, 362f Metacarpal bones, 226 selected, 257t, 258t Longissimus cervicis, 359-360e, 362f Metacarpals,226-227 shoulder, 259 - 260e Longissimus muscle group, 360e, 362f Metacarpophalangeal joint, 227, 258t synovial, 246-255. See also Synovial Longissimus thoracis, 359-360e, 362f Metacarpus, 226 joints Longitudinal arch, 238 Metaphyseal arteries, 1671, 168 Jugular foramen, 193, 194f, 201t Lordosis, 214 Metaphyseal veins, 1671, 168 Lower limb buds, 178, 179f Metaphyses, 162, 1631, 167f Kegel exercises, 338e Lower limbs, 186, 186t, 1871, 232-238 Metatarsal bones, 237 - 238 Kinesiology, 244 Lumbar curve, 203f Metatarsophalangeal joints, 238, 258t Knee joint, 264-265e Lumbar spine stenosis, 214 Metatarsus, 237 Knock-knee, 240 Lumbar vertebrae, 207, 2091, 210t Metopic suture, 190,244 Knuckles, 227 Lumbosacral joint, 211, 257t Miacalcin, 177 Kyphosis, 214 Lumbricals, 357e, 3581, 376-377e, 378f Middle nasal concha, 196, 197f Lunate, 226f Middle scalene, 35ge, 361e, 363f Lacrimal bones, 1901, 1911, 198 Luxation, 256 Mineral homeostasis, 162 Lacrimal fossa, 198, 200f Lyme disease, 268 Motor end plate, 286, 287f Lacunae, 165, 1651, 166f Motor proteins, 281 Lambdoid suture, 1931, 200 M line, 279, 2801, 281 Motor unit, 291 Laminae,20~205f Male/female pelvis, compared, 230, 231t Motor unit recruitment, 292-293 Laminectomy, 214 Mandible, 190f, 1911, 1921, 1931, 198, 198f Mouth muscles, 31ge, 320-32lf Latent period, 292 Mandibular canal, 198 Multifidus, 35ge, 36'le, 362f Lateral (axillary) border, 220, 221f Mandibular for amen, 198, 1981, 201t Multipennate muscle fascicles, 312t Lateral (fibular) compartment of leg, 372e Mandibular fossa, 191, 19lf Multiunit smooth muscle tissue, 2971, Lateral condyle, 233, 234f Mandibular notch, 198, 198f 298 Lateral epicondyle, 222, 2231, 233, 234f Manubrium, 211, 212f Muscle cell, 275 Lateral flexion, 251, 2521, 256t Marrow cavity, 163 Muscle fatigue, 290 Lateral malleolus, 235, 236f Masseter, 3201, 3211, 324-325e Muscle metabolism, 289-291 Lateral masses, 196, 1971, 206 Mastoid air cells, 192 Muscle tension, 291~-294 Lateral meniscus, 264e, 265f Mastoid portion, 191f, 192 Muscle tissue, 273-307 Lateral patellar retinaculum, 264e, 265f Mastoid process, 1911, 192, 193f aging, 301 Lateral pterygoyd, 324e, 3241, 325e Mastoiditis, 192 cardiac, 297 Lateral rectus, 322e, 323f Maxillae, 1911, 1941, 196 contraction/relaxation of muscle fibers, Lateral (extemal) rotation, 254, 254f Maxillary sinus, 202f 282-288 Lateral sacral crest, 210 Meatus, 189t development of muscle, 299-301 Latissimus dorsi, 344:"'345e, 346-347f Mechanical advantage, 309 disorders, 302 Leg muscles, 372-373e, 374-375f Mechanical disadvantage, 310 exercise/skeletal muscle tissue, 296 Length-tension relationship, 285 Mechanical stresses, 178 functions, 274 Lesser sciatic notch, 2281, 229 Medial (adductor) compartment the thigh, muscle metabolism, 289-291 Lesser trochanter, 232, 234f 36ge muscle tension, 291-294 Lesser tubercle, 222, 223f Medial (vertebral) border, 220, 22lf properties, 274-275 Lesser wings, 1951, 196 Medial (internal) rotation, 254, 254f regeneration, 299 Levator ani, 338e, 339f Medial condyle, 233, 234f skeletal, 275-281 Levator labii superioris, 31ge, 320-321e Medial epicondyle, 222, 2231, 233, 234f skeletal muscle fibers, 294-295 Levator palpebrae superioris, 318-31ge, Medial malleolus, 234, 236f smooth, 297 - 299 320-32lf Medial meniscus, 264e, 265f types, 274 INDEX 1-5
Muscle tone, 293 wristihand, muscles that move, 352-353e, Opponens digiti minimi, 357e, 3581 Muscles. See Muscular system 354-3551 Opponens pollicis, 357e, 3581 Muscles of mastication, 324e, 324-3251 Musculoskeletal system, 186 Opposition, 255, 256t Muscular atrophy, 279 Myalgia, 303 Optic foramen, 190f, 195f, 196, 199, 201t Muscular dystrophy, 302 Myasthenia gravis, 302 Orbicularis, 318-31ge, 320-3211 Muscular hypertrophy, 279 Myelin, 277 Orbicularis oris, 31ge, 320-321e Muscular system, 308-38~ Mylohyoid, 328e, 3291 Orbit/eyebrow muscles, 31ge, 320-32lf abdominal wall, muscles that act on, Myoblasts, 277, 2781 Orbits, 199,2001 332-333e, 334-3351 Myofibrils, 278f, 279 Origin, 309, 3101 breathing, muscles used in, 336e, 3371 Myoglobin, 279 Orthopedies, 186 contribution to other systems, 379 Myogram, 292 Os pubis, 229 coordination within muscle groups, Myology, 274 Osseous tissue, 164 3l2-3l3 Myoma, 303 Ossification, 168 disorders, 380 Myomalacia, 303 Osteoarthritis (OA), 181,267 dorsal muscle, 376-377e, 3781 Myomesin, 281 Osteoclasts, 164, 164f, 1661 extrinsic eye muscles, 322e, 3231 Myopathy, 302 Osteocytes, 164, 164f, 1661 extrinsic tongue muscles, 326e, 3271 Myosin, 281 Osteogenesis, 168 fascicle arrangement, 312-3l3 Myosin heads, 281, 28lf Osteogenic cells, 164, 1641 femur, muscles that move, 364-365e, Myosin light chain kinase, 298 Osteogenic sarcoma, 181 366-3681 Myosin tail, 281, 2811 Osteology, 162 forearm extensors, 34ge, 350-35lf Myosin-binding site, 281 Osteomalacia, 181 forearm flexors, 348e, 350-35lf Myositis, 303 Osteomyelitis, 181 forearm pronators, 34ge, 350-35lf Myotome, 299 Osteon, 165 forearm supinator, 34ge, 350-3511 Myotonia, 303 Osteopenia, 181 hamstrings, 369-370e, 3711 Osteoporosis, 180-181 head, muscles that move, 330e, 33lf N anometer, 279n Outer circurnferentiallamellae, 165f, 166 humerus, muscles that move, 344-345e, Nasal bones, 190f, 196 Oxygen debt, 291 346-3471 Nasal septum, 199 hypothenar muscles, 356-357, 3581 Navicular, 237f, 2381 Painful heel syndrome, 376e infrahyoid muscles, 328e, 3291 Neck muscle, 31ge, 320-32lf Palatine bones, 194f, 198 insertion, 309, 3101 Neuromuscular disease, 302 Palatoglossus, 326e, 3271 intennediate (midpalmar) muscles, Neuromuscular junction (NMJ), 285-286, Palmar interossei, 357 e, 3581 356-357,3581 2871 Palmaris longus, 352e, 354-3551 intrinsic muscles, 356-357, 3581 Neurotransmitter, 285 . Pannus, 267 leg muscles, 372-373e, 374-3751 Nonnal curves, 204, 2041 Parafollicular cells, 177 lever systems, 309-312 Notochord, 179 Parallel muscle fascicles, 312t mouth muscles, 3lge, 320-3211 Nucleus pulposus, 204 Paranasal sinuses, 200, 2011 muscle attachment sites, 309 Nutrient artery, 167f, 168 Parathyroid honnone (PTH), 177 muscles of mastication, 324e, 324-3251 Nutrient foramen, 167f, 168 Parietal bones, 190f, 191, 191f, 192f, 193f, naming of muscles, 314t Nutrient veins, 167f, 168 194f, 1951 neck muscle, 3lge, 320-32lf Patella, 187f, 233, 2351 orbit/eyebrow muscles, 31ge, 320-32lf OA, 181,267 Patellar ligament, 264e, 2651, 36ge origin, 309, 3101 Oblique popliteal ligament, 264e, 2651 Patellar surface, 233 pelvic floor, muscles, 338e, 3391 Obturator externus, 364-365e, 366-3681 Patellofemoral joint, 233 perineal muscles, 340e, 34lf Obturator foramen, 228f, 229 Patellofemoral stress syndrome, 233 I, i plantar muscles, 376-377e, 3781 Obturator internus, 364-365e, 366-3681 PCL, 264e, 2651 principal superficial skeletal muscles, 315f, Obturator membrane, 229 Pectineus, 364-365e, 366-3681 3161 Occipital belly, 318e, 320-3211 Pectoral (shoulder) girdle, 219-220, 232 quadriceps, 369-370e, 37lf Occipital bone, 191f, 192f, 193t, 193f, 194f, Pectoralis major, 3341, 344-345e scalene muscle group, 35ge, 361e, 1951 Pectoralis minor, 342e, 3431 362-3631 Occipital condyles, 193, 1931 Pedicles, 204, 2051 scalp muscles, 318e, 320-3211 Occipitofrontalis, 318e, 320-3211 Pelvic axis, 229, 2301 segmental muscle group, 35ge, 361e, Odontoid process, 206 Pelvic brim, 229, 2301 362-3631 Olecranon, 223, 2241 Pelvic diaphragm, 338e splenius muscles, 359-360e, 3621 Olecranon fossa, 222, 2231 Pelvic fioor, muscles, 338e, 3391 suprahyoid muscles, 328e, 3291 Olfactory foramina, 195f, 196, 20lt Pelvic (hip) girdle, 227 - 229, 232 thoracic muscles, 342e, 3431 Omohyoid, 328e, 3291 Pelvic inlet, 229 transversospinales, 35ge, 361e, Open (compound) fracture, 175 Pelvic outlet, 229, 2301 326-3631 Open reduction, 177 Pelvimetry, 240 1-6 INDEX
Pennate muscle fascicles, 312t Proximal radioulnar joint, 225 Rigor mortis, 285 Perforating (Volkmann's) canals, 165 Proximal tibiofibular joint, 235 Risorius, 31ge, 320-321e Perichondrium, 170, 171f Psoas major, 364-365e, 366-368f ROM, 266 Pericytes, 299 Pterygoid processes, 194f, 196 Rotation, 254, 254f Perimysium, 275, 276f PTH,177 Rotator (musculotendinous) cuff, 344e Perineal muscles, 340e, 34lf Pubic crest, 229 Rotator cuff, 259 Periosteal arteries, 167f, 168 Pubic symphysis, 227f, 229, 230f, 258t Rotator cuff injury, 267 Periosteal artery, 165f Pubic tubercle, 228f, 229 Rotator cuff muscles, 259 Periosteal bone collar, 170 Pubis, 228f, 229 Rotatores, 35ge, 361e, 362-363f Periosteal veins, 165f, 167f, 168 Pubococcygeus,338e,339f Round-shouldered, 214 Periosteum, 162, 163f, 165f, 167f, 170, 276f Pubofemoral ligament, 262e, 262f Ruffled border, 164 Perpendicular plate, 192f, 196, 197f Pulled groin, 364e Runner's knee, 233 Petrousportion,192 Pulled hamstrings, 36ge Running injuries, 380 Phalanges, 226f, 227, 237f, 238 Pyridostigmine,302 Rupture of tibial collateral ligaments, 267 Phalanx, 227 Physical exercise. See Exercise Quadratus femoris, 364-365e, 366-368f Sacral ala, 210, 210f Pinching, 356e Quadratus lumborum, 333e, 337f Sacral canal, 21Of, 211 Piriformis, 364-365e, 366-368f Quadratus plantae, 376-377e, 378f Sacral cornua, 21Of, 211 Pisiform, 226f Quadriceps, 369-370e, 371f Sacral curve, 203f Pivot joint, 248, 249f, 250t Quadriceps femoris, 369-370e, 371f Sacral hiatus, 210f, 211 Planar joints, 248, 249f, 250t Quadriceps tendon, 36ge Sacral promontory, 210f, 211, 229, 230f Plantar aponeurosis (fascia), 376e Sacral tuberosity, 21Of, 211 Plantar fasciitis, 376e RA, 267 Sacroiliac joint, 258t Plantar flexion, 255, 255f, 256t Radial collateral ligament, 261e, 26lf Sacrum,209-211 Plantar interossei, 376-377e, 378f Radial fossa, 222, 223f Saddle joint, 248, 249f, 250t Plantar muscles, 376-377e, 378f Radial notch, 225, 225f Sagittal suture, 190f, 193f, 200 Plantaris, 372-373e, 374-375f Radial tuberosity, 223, 224f Sarcolemma, 276f, 277, 278f Platysma, 31ge, 320-321e Radiocarpal (wrist) joint, 225 Sarcomeres, 279, 280f Popliteal fossa, 36ge Radiocarpal joint, 258t Sarcoplasm, 276f, 278f, 279 Popliteus, 372-373e, 374-375f Radioulnar joint, 258t Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), 278f, 279 Posterior arch, 206, 207f Radius, 187f, 223-225 Sartorius, 369-370e, 37lf Posterior (extensor) compartment, 348e, Raloxifene, 181 Satellite cells, 277, 278f 352e Rami, 198 Scalene muscle group, 35ge, 361e, Posterior compartment of leg, 372e Range of motion (ROM), 266 362-363f Posterior (flexor) compartment of thigh, 36ge Recovery oxygen uptake, 291 Scalp muscles, 318e; 320-32lf Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), 264e, Rectus abdominis, 332-333e, 334-335f Scaphoid, 226f 265f Rectus femoris, 369-370e, 371f Scapula, 187f, 220, 221f Posteriorfontanel, 201 Rectus sheaths, 332e Scapular muscles, 344-345e, 346-347f Posterior gluteal line, 228f, 229 Red bone marrow, 162, 163f Scapular notch, 220, 22lf Posterior sacral foramen, 210, 211 Red muscle fibers, 295 Schwann cells, 277, 277f Posterior scalene, 35ge, 361e, 363f Reduction, 177 Sclerotome, 300, 30lf Posterior superior iliac spine, 228f, 229 Refractory period, 292 Scoliosis, 214 Posterior triangle, 330e, 33lf Regulatory proteins, 281 Second-class lever, 311 Posterolateral fontanels, 202 Relaxation/contraction of muscle fibers, Second (intermediate) cuneiform, 237f Pott's fracture, 175 282-288 Secondary curves, 204 Power grip, 356e Relaxation period, 292 Secondary ossification center, 170, 171f Power stroke, 282 Repair of bone, 175-177 Segmental muscle group, 35ge, 361e, Precision handling, 356e Resistance, 309 362-363f Prepatellar bursa, 264e, 265f Resorption, 164 Sella turcica, 194, 195f Primary curves, 204 Retinacula, 352e Semimembranosus, 369-370e, 371f Primary ossification center, 170 Retraction, 254, 255f, 256t Semispinalis capitis, 330, 35ge, 361e, 362f Prime mover, 312 Rheumatism, 267 Semispinalis thoracis, 35ge, 361e, 362f Procallus, 176 Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 267 Semitendinosus, 369-370e, 371f Processes, 188, 189t, 205 Rhomboid major, 342, 343e, 347f Separated shoulder, 267 Pronation, 255, 255f, 256t Rhomboid minor, 342, 343e, 347f Serratus anterior, 342e, 343f Pronator quadratus, 34ge, 354f Rib fractures, 212 Sesamoid bones, 188 Pronator teres, 34ge, 354f Ribs, 211-213 Sex steroids, 174 Protraction, 254, 255f, 256t RICE, 380 Shin, 234 Proximal epiphysis, 163f Rickets, 181 Shinsplint syndrome, 372e INDEX 1-7
Shinsplints,372e Spina bifida, 214 Superior orbital fissure, 196, 200f ShOrt bones, 188 Spinalis capitis, 359-360e, 362f Superior rectus, 322e, 323f ShOulder blade, 220 Spinalis cervicis, 359-360e, 362f Supination, 255, 2551, 256t Shoulder girdle, 219-220, 232 Spinalis muscle group, 360e, 362f Supinator, 34ge, 354f Shoulder joint, 259-260e Spinalis thoracis, 359-360e, 362f Suprahyoid muscles, 328e, 329f Simplefracture, 175 . Spine. See Vertebral column Supraorbital foramen, 190, 1901, 199, 201t in ale-unit smooth muscle tIssue, 297 Spinous process, 189t, 205, 205f, 208f, 209f Supraorbital margin, 190 S o , Sinusitis, 200 Splenius capitis, 330e, 359-360e, 362f Suprapatellar bursa; 264e, 265f Skeletal muscle fibers, 294-295 Splenius cervicis, 359-360e, 362f Supraspinatus, 344-345e, 346-347f Skeletal muscle tissue, 274, 275-281, 300t Splenius muscles, 359-360e, 362f Supraspinous fossa, 220, 22lf Skeletal system Spongy bone, 163f Suprasternal notch, 211, 212f appendicular skeleton, 218-242 Spongy bone tissue, 166-167 Surface markings, 188, 189t axial skeleton, 185-217 Sprain, 247 Suture, 200, 244, 250t, 257t bone tissue, 161-184 Spurs, 174 Swayback, 214 contribution to other body parts, 239 Squamous sutures, 190f, 191f, 200 Swollen knee, 267 defined, 162 SR, 278f, 279 Symphysis, 245, 2461, 250t development, 178 -180 Static stretching, 313 Synapse, 285 divisions, 186 Sternal angle, 211, 212f Synaptic cleft, 285, 287f functions, 162 Sternal extremity, 219 Synaptic end bulbs, 277, 287f Skull, 187f, 189-202 Sternoclavicular joint, 211, 219, 219f, 258t Synaptic vesicles, 286 cranial bones, 190-196 Sternocleidomastoid, 330e, 33lf Synarthrosis, 244 ethmoid bone, 196 Sternocostal joints, 211, 257t Synchodrosis, 245, 2461, 250t facial bones, 196-198 Sternohyoid, 328e, 329f Syndesmosis, 244, 250t features, 189-190 Sternothyroid, 328e, 329f Synergists, 313 fontanels, 201-202 Sternum, 187f, 211, 212f Synostosis, 244 foramina, 199-200, 201t Strabismus, 322 Synovial (joint) cavity, 246, 246f frontal bone, 190 Strain, 247 Synovial fluid, 247 inferior nasal concha, 198 Strength training, 293 Synovial joints, 246-255 lacrimal bones, 198 Stress fracture, 175 angular movements, 251-254, 256t maxillae, 196 Stress-relaxation response, 299 bursae, 247 - 248 nasal bones, 196 Stretching, 313 gliding, 251, 256t nasal septum, 199 Striated, 274 nervelblood supply, 247 occipital bone, 193 Striations,274 special movements, 254-255, 256t orbits (eye socket), 199, 200f Structural protein, 281 structure, 246 - 247 palatine bones, 198 Styloglossus, 326e, 327f tendon sheaths; 248 paranasal sinuses, 200, 202f Stylohyoid, 328e, 329f types, 248-249 parietal bones, 191 Styloid process, 192, 193f, 223, 2241 Synovial membranes, 247 sphenoid bone, 193 -196 Stylomastoid foramen, 192, 194f, 201t Synovitis, 268 sutures, 200 Subacromial bursa, 259f, 260f temporal bones, 191-193 Subclavius, 342e, 343f T tubules, 277, 278f vomer, 198 Subcoracoid bursa, 259 Talipes equinovarus, 240 zygomatic bones, 198 Subcutaneous layer, 275 Talocrural (ankle) joint, 237 Sliding filament mechanism, 282-285 Subdeltoid bursa, 259 Talocrural joint, 258t Slipped disc, 214 Subluxation, 256 Talus, 237, 237f Slow oxidative (SO) fibers, 295, 296t Subscapular bursa, 259f Tarsal bones, 237 Smooth muscle tissue, 274,297 -299, 300t Sulcus, 189t Tarsometatarsaljoints, 237, 258t Smooth muscle tone, 299 Superficial anterior compartment, 352e Tarsus, 237 SO fibers, 295, 296t Superficial fascia, 275 Temporal bones, 1901, 191-193, 1911, 1921, Soft spots, 201 Superficial inguinal ring, 332e 1931, 194f Soleus, 372-373e, 374-375f Superficial transverse perineal, 340e, 341f Temporal process, 19lf Somatic motor neurons, 277 Superificial posterior compartment, 352e Temporal squama, 191 SOrnites, 299, 301f Superior angle, 220, 221f Temporalis, 324f, 325e Spasm, 302 Superior articular facet, 206, 21Of, 211 Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 198, 257t Special movements, 254-255, 256t Superior articular processes, 205, 210f Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome, Sphenoid bone, 190f, 191f, 192f, 193-196, Superior border, 220, 22lf 198-199 194f, 195f Superior gemellus, 364-365e, 366-368f Tendinitis, 309 Sphenoidal sinuses, 192f, 194, 202f Superior nasal concha, 196, 197f Tendon, 275, 276f Sphenomandibularis muscle, 324e, 325f Superior nuchal lines, 193, 1931, 194f Tendon sheaths, 248 Sphincters, 274 Superior oblique, 322e, 323f Tennis elbow, 267 1-8 INDEX lumbar region, 207 Trapezium, 226f Tenosynovitis, 309 normal curves, 204 Trapezius, 342-343e, 343f Tensile strength, 164 parts of vertebra, 204-205 Trapezoid, 226f Tensor fasciae latae, 364-365e, 366-368f sacrum,209-211 Tremor, 302 344-345e, 346-347f thoracic region, 206-207 Teres major, muscle fascicles, 312t 346-347f Triangular foramen, 204, 205f, 207f Teres minor, 344-345e, 34ge, 350-35lf Vertebral Triceps brachii, notches, 204 Thermogenesis, 274 162 Vertebral Triglyceride storage, 212 Thick filaments, 279, 298 Vertebrochondral ribs, Triquetrum, 226f 257t Thin filaments, 279, 298 Vertebrocostal joint, 206, 212, Trochanter, 189t smooth muscle tissue, Third-class lever, 311 Visceral (single-unit) Trochlea, 222, 223f Third (lateral) cuneiform, 237f 297 Trochlear notch, 223, 225f Thoracic cage, 211 Vitamin B12, 174 Tropomyosin, 281, 281f Thoracic curve, 203f Vitamin C, 174 Troponin, 281, 28lf Thoracic muscles, 342e, 343f Vitamin K, 174 True (lesser) pelvis, 229, 230f 206-207, 208f, 210t canals, 165 'I Thoracic vertebrae, ribs, 211 Volkmann's True (vertebrosternal) 303 Thorax, 187f, 211-213 Volkmann's contracture, Tubercle, 189t Thyrohyoid, 328e, 329f Vomer, 190f, 194f, 198 Tuberculum sellae, 192f, 194 Tibia, 187f, 234-235, 236f Tuberosity, 189t Tibial collateral ligament, 264e, 265f VVavesummation,292 Twitch contraction, 292 Tibial tuberosity, 234, 236f VVhite muscle fibers, 295 move, 352-353e, Tibialis anterior, 372-373e, 374-375f VVristJhand, muscles that 374-375f Ulna, 187f, 223-225 Tibialis posterior, 372-373e, 261e,26lf 354-355f Ulnar collateral ligament, 258t Tibiofemoral (knee) joints, 233, 234, VVrist (radiocarpal) joint, Ulnar notch, 225 264-265e 2241 Ulnar tuberosity, 223, 212f Tibiofibular joint, 258t Xiphoid process, 211, Uncalcified matrix, 171f Titin,281 Unfused tetanus, 292 162 TMJ, 198, 257t Yellow bone marrow, Unipennate muscle fascicles, 312t TMJ syndrome, 198-199 Upper limbs, 178, 179f, 186, 186t, 187f, Torn cartilage, 247 Z disc, 279, 280f 222-227 172, 172f Total hip arthroplasty, 240 Zone of calcified cartilage, Urogenital triangle, 340e 172, 172f Trabeculae, 165f, 166, 166f, 168 Zone of hypertrophic cartilage, 238, 238f of overlap, 279 Transverse arch, 369-370e; 37lf Zone 207f Vastus intermedius, cartilage, 172, 172f Transverse foramen, 205, 371f Zone of proliferating 259f Vastus lateralis, 369-370e, 170, 172f Transverse humeral ligament, 25ge, Zone of resting cartilage, Vastus medialis, 369-370e, 371f Transverse ligament, 265f Zygomatic arch, 191 262e, Vertebra prominens, 206 200f Transverse ligament of acetabulum, Zygomatic bones, 198, Vertebrae, 203-205. See also Vertebral 263f Zygomatic process, 191 column foramen, 190 Transverse lines, 210 204 Zygomaticofacial 209f, 211 Vertebral (spinal) canal, 320-321e Transverse process, 205, 205f, 208f, Zygomaticus major, 31ge, Vertebral arch, 204, 205f 320-321e Transverse tubules, 277 Zygomaticus minor, 31ge, Vertebral column, 203-211 Transversospinales, 35ge, 361e, 362-363f cervical region, 205 - 206 Transversus abdominis, 332-333e, coccyx, 211 334-335f intervertebral disc, 204 Transversus thoracis, 336e
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