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Principles of Anatomy and Physiology PRINCIPLES OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Tenth Edition Volume 2 Support and Movement of the Human Body Gerard J. Tortora Bergen Community College Sandra Reynolds Grabowski Purdue University John WiIey & Sons, Inc. .... , " '.. j' .. I' Brief Table of Contents ! jl : I1 11 , n il Preface IV Acknowledgements XVI To the Student XVIII Unit 1 Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body 1 Organization of 2 The Chemical Level of Organization 26 the Human Body 3 The Cellular Level of Organization 59 4 The Tissue Level of Organization 103 5 The Integumentary System 139 Unit2 Chapter 6 The .Skeletal System: BoneTissue 161 Principles of Support 7 The Skeletal System:The Axial.Skeleton 185 and Movement 8 The Skeletal System:The Appendicular Skeleton 218 9 Joints 243 10 Muscle Tisuue .273 11 The Muscular System 308 Unit3 Chapter 12 Nervous Tissue 385 Control Systems of 13 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 419 the Human Body 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves 451 15 Sensory, Motor and Integrative Systems 498 16 The Special Senses 526 17 The Autonomic Nervous System 565 18 The Endocrine System 586 Unit4 Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Blood 633 Maintenance of 20 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 659 I the Human Body 21 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics 696 22 The Lymphatic and Immune System and Resistance to Disease 764 - I 23 The Respiratory System 805 24 The Digestive System 851 25 Metabolism 906 26 The Urinary System 948 27 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis 991 Unit 5 Chapter 28 The Reproductive Systems 1011 Continuity 29 Development and Inheritance 1062 Appendix A Measurements A-1 B Periodic Table B-1 C Normal Values for Selected Blood Tests C-O D Normal Values for Selected Urinefests D-1 E Answers E-1 Glossary G-1 Credits CR-1 Index 1-0 XXI h Contents ] Intervertebral Discs 204 Parts of a Typical Vertebra· 204 INIT 2 PRINCIPLES OF SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT Body· Vertebral Arch· Processes ;hapter 6 The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue 161 Regions of the Vertebral Column 205 1 Cervical Region· Thoracic Region· Lumbar Region· Sac rum • Coccyx i'unctions of the Bone and Skeletal System 162 Thorax 211 1 ;tructure of Bone 162 Sternum 211 Ribs 211 ) Iistology of Bone Tissue 164 /"''4 ~ • • ". Compact Bone Tissue 165 Spongy Bone Tissue 166 ~' Cllmcal Applications 3lood and Nerve Supply of Bone 167 Black Eyes 191 Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip 196 1 30ne Formation 168 Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome 198 Intramembranous Ossification 168 Deviated Nasal Septum 199 Sinusitis 200 Endochondral Ossification 170 Caudal Anesthesia 211 Rib Fractures 212 l30ne Growth 170 Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 214 Growth in Length 170 Growth in Thickness 172 Medical Terminology 214 Factors Affecting Bone Growth 174 Study Outline 214 Self-Quiz Questions 215 Bones and Homeostasis 174 Critical Thinking Questions 217 Answers to Figure Questions 217 I: Bone Remodeling 174 Fracture and Repair of Bone 175 !\i Bone's Role in Calcium Homeostasis 177 Chapter 8 The Skeletal System: The Appendicular S Exercise and Bone Tissue 178 Skeleton 218 ( Development of the Skeletal System 178 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 219 Aging and Bone Tissue 180 Clavicle 219 Scapula 220 <: ~--" Clinical Applications Upper Limb 222 ( Bone Scan 167 HormonalAbnormalities that Affect Height 174 Humerus 222 Ulna and Rad~lJ.s. 223 Treatments for Fractures 177 Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges 226 Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 180 MedicaITerminology181 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 227 s Study Outline 181 Self-Quiz Questions 182 Ilium 227 Ischium 229 Critical Thinking Questions 184 Answers to Figure Questions 184 Pubis 229 True and False Pelves 229 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 230 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 232 "- Chapter 1 The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton 185 Lower Limb 232 Divisions of the Skeletal System 186 Femur 232 Patella 233 Tibia and Fibula 234 Types of Bones 188 Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges 237 Arches of the Foot 238 ( Bone Surface Markings 188 f>~~? Clinical Applications Skull 189 Fractured Clavicle 220 Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome 233 General Features 189 Cranial Bones 189 Flatfoot and Clawfoot 238 Frontal Bone· Parietal Bones· Temporal Bones· Occipital 1\ Bone· Sphenoid Bone· Ethmoid Bone FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: Facial Bones 196 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 239 Nasal Bones· Maxillae· Zygomatic Bones· Lacrimal Bones • Palatine Bones· Inferior Nasal Conchae· Vomer· Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 240 Mandible· Nasal Septum Medical Terminology 240 Orbits 199 Foramina 199 Study Outline 240 Self-QuiZ Questions 241 ( Unique Features of the Skull 200 Critical Thinking Questions 242 Answers to Figure Questions 242 Sutures' Paranasal Sinuses· Fontanels Hyoid Bone 202 Vertebral Column 203 Chapter 9 Joints 243 Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column 204 Joint Classifications 244 XXII b CONTENTS XXIII Y'broUs Joints 244 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 294 . 1 Sutures 244 Syndesmoses 244 Gomphoses 245 Slow Oxidative Fibers 295 cartilaginouS Joints 245 Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers 295 synchondroses 245 Symphyses 245 Fast Glycolytic Fibers 295 Synovial Joints 246 Distribution and Recruitment of Different Types of Fibers 295 StrUcture of Synovial Joints 246 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 296 Articular Capsule· Synovial Fluid' Accessory Ligaments and Cardiac Muscle Tissue 297 Articular Discs Nerve and Blood Supply 247 Bursae and Tendon Sheaths 247 Smooth Muscle Tissue 297 Microscopic Anatomy of Smooth Muscle 298 Types of Synovial Joints 248 Planar Joints· Hinge Joints' Pivot Joints" Condyloid Joints Physiology of Smooth Muscle 298 • Saddle Joints' Ball-and-Socket Joints Regeneration of Muscle Tissue 299 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 251 Development of the Muscular System 299 Gliding 251 Angular Movements 251 Aging and the Muscle Tissue 301 /"(1.::t- Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, and Hyperextension· Abduction, (\~,.,;J' Clinical Applications Adduction, and Circumduction Muscular Atrophy and Hypertrophy 279 Rotation 254 Special Movements 254 Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage 279 Selected Joints of the Body 256 Rigor Mortis 285 Pharmacology of the NMJ 286 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Creatine Supplementation 290 Synovial Joints 266 Aerobic Training Versus Strength Training 293 Aging and Joints 266 Anabolic Steroids 297 ~/ Clinical Applications Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 302 Medical Terminology 302 Torn Cartilage andArthroscopy 247 Sprain and Strain 247 Study Outline 303 Self-Quiz Questions 305 Bursitis 248 Joint Dislocation 256 Critical Thinking Questions 307 Answers to Figure Questions 307 Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 267 Medical Terminology 268 Chapter 11 The Muscular System 308 Study Outline 268 Self-Quiz Questions 270 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement 309 Critical Thinking Questions 271 Answers to Figure Questions 272 Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin and Insertion 309 Lever Systems and Leverage 309 Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue 273 Effects of Fascicle Arrangement 312 Coordination Within Muscle Groups 312 Overview of Muscle Tissue 274 How Skeletal Muscles are Named 313 Types of Muscle Tissue 274 Functions of Muscle Tissue 274 Principal Skeletal Muscles 315 Properties of Muscle Tissue 274 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 275 fl~> Clinical Applications Connective Tissue Components 275 Tenosynovitis 309 Benefits of Stretching 313 Nerve and Blood Supply 277 Bell's Palsy 318 Strabismus 322 Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber 277 Intubation During Anesthesia 326 Inguinal Hernia 332 Sarcolemma, T Tubules, and Sarcoplasm· Myofibrils and Sar­ Injury of Levator Ani and Stress Incontinence 338 coplasmic Reticulum· Filaments and the Sarcomere Impingement Syndrome 344 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 356 Muscle Proteins 281 Back Injuries and Heavy Lifting 359 Pulled Groin 364 Contraction and Relexation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 282 Pulled Hamstrings 369 Shinsplint Syndrome 372 The Sliding Filament Mechanism 282 . Plantar Fasciitis 376 The Contraction Cycle' Excitation-Contraction Coupling' Length-Tension Relationship FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: The Neuromuscular Junction 285 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 379 Muscle Metabolism 289 Production of ATP in Muscle Fibers 289 Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 380 Study Outline 381 Self-Quiz Questions 382 Creatine Phosphate· Anaerobic CelluZar Respiration Critical Thinking Questions 383 Answers to Figure Questions 384 • Aerobic Cellular Respiration Muscle Fatigue 290 Oxygen Consumption After Exercise 291 UNIT 3 CONTROL SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY Control of Muscle Tension 291 Chapter 12 Nervous Tissue 385 Motor Units 291 Twitch Contraction 292 Frequency of Stimulation 292 Overview of the Nervous System 386 Structure of the Nervous System 386 Motor Unit Recruitmen 292 Muscle Tone 293 Functions of the Nervous System 386 Isotonic and Isometric Contractions 294 Organization of the Nervous System 387 XXIV CONTENTS Histology of Nervous Tissue 388 Injuries to the Phrenic Nerves 436 Neurons 388 Injuries to Nerves Emerging from the Brachial Plexus 438 Parts of a Neuron' Structural Diversity in Neurons Lumbar Plexus Injuries 442 Sciatic Nerve Injury 444 Neuroglia 391 Myelination 392 Spinal Cord Transection and Muscle Function 446 Gray and White Matter 393 Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 447 Medical Terminology 447 Electrical Signals in Neurons 395 Study Outline 447 Self-QuiZ Questions 448 Ion Channels 395 Resting Membrane Potential 396 Critical Thinking Questions 450 Answers to Figure Questions 450 Graded Potentials 398' Generation of Action Potentials 398 Depolarizing Phase' Repolarizing Phase' Refractory
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