Die Kunst Des Hungerns Anorexie in Literarischen Und Medizinischen Texten Um 1900

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Die Kunst Des Hungerns Anorexie in Literarischen Und Medizinischen Texten Um 1900 Die Kunst des Hungerns Anorexie in literarischen und medizinischen Texten um 1900 Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Grades einer Doktorin der Philosophie beim Fachbereich Sprachwissenschaften der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Nina Diezemann aus Gießen Hamburg, 2005 Als Dissertation angenommen vom Fachbereich Sprach-, Literatur- und Medienwissenschaft der Universität Hamburg aufgrund der Gutachten von Prof. Dr. Jörg Schönert und Prof. Dr. Ortrud Gutjahr Hamburg, den 13.10.2004 Eine überarbeitete Version dieser Arbeit erscheint im Herbst 2005 unter dem Titel Die Kunst des Hungerns. Essstörungen in Literatur und Medizin um 1900 im Kulturverlag Kadmos, Berlin. Der Hunger wird geradezu populär. Die Wissenschaft beschäftigt sich mit ihm. […] Die Kunst geht nach ihm aus. Marie Herzfeld: Knut Hamsun (1890) Inhaltsverzeichnis I. Einleitung und Methodik............................................................................... Seite 6 1. Einführung: Schriftstellerkost und leicht verdauliche Lektüren........................6 2. Forschungsüberblick .......................................................................................8 3. Text und Kontext in einer kulturgeschichtlich orientierten Literaturwissenschaft ....................................................................................15 4. Die Literarizität medizinischer Fallgeschichten .............................................16 5. Literaturbegriff in dieser Arbeit.....................................................................19 6. Textualität von Geschichte/Geschichtlichkeit von Texten..............................21 7. Kulturwissenschaft des Essens ......................................................................27 8. Fazit und Gang der Darstellung.....................................................................31 II. Nervennahrung – Die Verwissenschaftlichung der Ernährung und die Krankheit der Nerven ...........................................................................Seite 33 1. Einleitung ...................................................................................................33 2. Ökonomie der Kräfte...................................................................................35 3. Anorexie als Symptom................................................................................39 4. Ernährungstherapien für Nervenkranke .......................................................41 5. Essen im (literarischen) Sanatorium ............................................................48 6. Diätetik des Seelenlebens............................................................................55 7. Zwei Krankheitsbilder bei Theodor Fontane................................................63 8. Fazit............................................................................................................69 III. Patientinnen – Anorexie als weibliches Leiden..........................................Seite 71 1. Einleitung ...................................................................................................70 2. Die ,Entdeckung‘ der Anorexia nervosa bzw. der Anorexie hystérique ........70 3. Ätiologien...................................................................................................75 4. Therapien....................................................................................................80 5. Patientinnen und Ärzte................................................................................83 6. Das Problem der geistigen Nahrung ............................................................89 7. Fazit............................................................................................................93 IV. Hungerkünstler – Ansichten männlichen Fastens ......................................Seite 97 1. Einleitung ...................................................................................................97 2. Junge Männer, die von Austern leben..........................................................98 3. Ein Gewinn für die Wissenschaft .............................................................. 103 4. „Die Mysterien der Nerven in einem ausgehungerten Körper“................... 115 5. Essen und Schreiben ................................................................................. 123 6. Verarbeiten und Verdauen, Ekel vor Sprache und Speisen......................... 126 7. Exkurs zu Verdauen und Verarbeiten bei Nietzsche ................................. 132 8. Fazit.......................................................................................................... 136 V. Magerkeit, Essen und Schreiben bei Franz Kafka.....................................Seite 138 1. Einleitung ................................................................................................. 138 2. Kafkas Ernährungs- und Körpervorstellungen im Kontext der zeitgenössischen Medizin.......................................................................... 139 3. Geschriebene Speisen – verspeistes Geschriebenes ................................... 148 4. Essen und Essstörungen in „Die Verwandlung“ (1915) ............................. 154 5. Gregor Samsas Anorexie........................................................................... 161 6. Die Kunst des Hungerkünstlers in „Ein Hungerkünstler“ (1924)................ 165 7. Der Körper des Hungerkünstlers ............................................................... 170 8. Fazit.......................................................................................................... 175 VI. „Brotverabreichungsbeziehungen“ bei Robert Walser ............................Seite 177 1. Einleitung ................................................................................................. 177 2. „Brotverabreichungsbeziehungen“ ............................................................ 178 3. Der bevorzugte Körper.............................................................................. 183 4. Zarte Zeilen............................................................................................... 185 5. Essen in Der Gehülfe (1908) und Jakob von Gunten (1909) ...................... 186 6. Poetologische Strategie ............................................................................. 194 7. Fazit der Walser-Analyse .......................................................................... 203 8. Anorexie und moderne Erzählverfahren: Der Fall Renata.......................... 204 9. Kind bleiben: Verbindung zwischen Renata und Walser............................ 208 VII. Schluss...................................................................................................Seite 213 1. Fazit: Hungern und Schreiben ................................................................... 213 2. Ausblick: Anorexie in der Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts........................... 215 Literaturverzeichnis......................................................................................Seite 222 1. Primärliteratur............................................................................................ 222 1.1. Siglen zu Kafka und Walser .................................................................... 222 1.2. Weitere literarische Texte ....................................................................... 222 1.3. Medizinische Texte und weitere zitierte Primärliteratur........................... 223 1.4. Zeitungen................................................................................................ 226 2. Sekundärliteratur ....................................................................................... 227 Abbildungen .................................................................................................Seite 237 Einleitung und Methodik Seite 6 I. Einleitung und Methodik 1. Einführung: Schriftstellerkost und leicht verdauliche Lektüren „Dickleibige Dichter sind etwas wie ein Ding der Unmöglichkeit“, schreibt Robert Walser 1917 in seinem Prosastück „Poetenleben“. „Einem Poeten steht Schlankheit an; er gewähre einen durchgeistigten Anblick. Schon aus beträchtlicher Entfernung soll man ihm ansehen können, daß er sich verhältnismäßig mehr mit tagelangem Denken als mit stundenlangem materiellem Schwelgen abgibt“ (SW 6 [1916], 126f.).1 Der Schweizer Autor – selbst während seiner Zeit in Berlin, als er dieses Prosastück verfasste, ein notorischer Vielfraß2 – zitiert ein Bild, das im ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert wiederbelebt wurde. Grund für diese Revitalisierung des schon zu Beginn des Jahrhunderts aufgekommenen Klischees war das veränderte Ernährungsverständnis, durch das auch der „magere Dichter“ eine neue Bedeutung gewann. Magerkeit wurde im ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert zunehmend mit der pathologischen Nervosität verknüpft. Wer nervös ist, ist mager, und so liegt umgekehrt stets der Schluss nahe, dass Magerkeit ein Nervenleiden impliziert. Nerven und Nahrung hängen zusammen, das zeigt auch das heute noch ironisch verwendete Wort Nervennahrung, das auf eine medizinische Debatte über die Therapie von Nervenleiden mit Mastkuren rekurriert. Die Krankheit Anorexia nervosa, 1873 zum ersten Mal beschrieben, erschien – im Unterschied zu ihrer heutigen Nosologie – geradezu als Musterfall dieser Verbindung. Hinzu kam ein wachsendes Interesse am Stoffwechsel, an der physiologischen Beschreibung des Körpers und seiner Funktionen. Mit den neuen Körperbildern veränderte sich die Wahrnehmung von Speisen. Berechenbare Nährwerte machten nun die Qualität von Speisen aus. Davon blieben auch die Schriftsteller nicht unbeeinflusst;
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