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Field Guide for Integrated Pest Management in Hops

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Field Guide for Integrated Pest Management in Hops Field Guide for Integrated Pest Management in Hops Second Edition • 2010 A Cooperative Publication Produced by Oregon State University, University of Idaho, U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, and Washington State University Technical Editors David H. Gent United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, and Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR James D. Barbour Southwest Idaho Research and Extension Center University of Idaho, Parma, ID Amy J. Dreves Crop and Soil Science Department Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR David G. James Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center Washington State University, Prosser, WA Robert Parker Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center Washington State University, Prosser, WA Douglas B. Walsh Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center Washington State University, Prosser, WA Graphic Design Sally O’Neal Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center Washington State University, Prosser, WA Acknowledgements Contributors Funding for this handbook American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minnesota was made by possible C. Baird, Southwest Idaho Research and Extension Center, University of Idaho, Parma by a grant from the U.S. Environmental Dez J. Barbara, Horticulture Research International, Warwick, United Kingdom Protection Agency Pesticide James D. Barbour, Southwest Idaho Research and Extension Center, Environmental Stewardship University of Idaho, Parma Program. Financial support also was provided by Oregon Ron A. Beatson, HortResearch, Motueka, New Zealand Hop Commission, Oregon John C. Bienapfl, University of California, Davis State University, University of Idaho, U.S. Department Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health (formerly Bugwood Network), of Agriculture Agricultural University of Georgia, Tifton Research Service, Washington Amy J. Dreves, Oregon State University, Corvallis Hop Commission, Washington State University, Ken C. Eastwell, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, and the Western IPM Washington State University, Prosser Center. The editors gratefully Bernhard Engelhard, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Wolnzach, Germany acknowledge the many reviewers and authors Glenn C. Fisher, Oregon State University, Corvallis who contributed to this David H. Gent, U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, publication. We also recognize Oregon State University, Corvallis the U.S. hop industry for its continued support of Ken Gray Image Collection, Oregon State University, Corvallis research, extension, integrated Gary G. Grove, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, pest management, and Washington State University, Prosser environmental stewardship. Frank S. Hay, University of Tasmania, Burnie, Tasmania, Australia Reference in this publication David G. James, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, to a trademark, proprietary Washington State University, Prosser product, or company name by personnel of the U.S. Dennis A. Johnson, Washington State University, Pullman Department of Agriculture Walter F. Mahaffee, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, or anyone else is intended Corvallis, Oregon for explicit description only and does not imply approval Trish McGee, Sustainability Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia or recommendation to the Mark E. Nelson, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, exclusion of others that may Washington State University, Prosser be suitable. Cynthia M. Ocamb, Oregon State University, Corvallis All rights reserved. No portion of this book Robert Parker, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, may be reproduced in Washington State University, Prosser any form, including Wilson S. Peng, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, photocopy, microfilm, Washington State University, Prosser information storage and retrieval system, computer Sarah J. Pethybridge, Botanical Resources Australia, Ulverstone, Tasmania, Australia database, or software, or Johann Portner, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Wolnzach, Germany by any means, including electronic or mechanical, Cal B. Skotland, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, without written permission Washington State University, Prosser from the Washington Hop Darrell R. Smith, Busch Agricultural Resources, Inc., Yakima, Washington Commission. T. J. Smith, HortResearch, Motueka, New Zealand Copyright is not claimed Douglas B. Walsh, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, in any portion of this work Washington State University, Prosser written by U.S. government employees as a part of their Florian Weihrauch, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Wolnzach, Germany official duties. Joanna L. Woods, Oregon State University, Corvallis © 2010 Washington Hop Larry C. Wright, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Commission Washington State University, Prosser Table of Contents Introduction Arthropod and Slug Pest Management Pest Management, Crop Loss, and IPM .............................1 California Prionus Beetle ....................................................36 Hop Aphid..........................................................................38 Principles of Integrated Pest Management Garden Symphylan .............................................................40 Systems-level Management .................................................1 Hop Looper and Bertha Armyworm ..................................42 Pest and Natural Enemy Identification ...............................2 Root Weevils .......................................................................44 Pest and Natural Enemy Biology and Life History ..............2 Twospotted Spider Mite ......................................................46 Economic Injury Levels and Minor Arthropod and Slug Pests ........................................49 Economic (Action) Thresholds .................................2 Monitoring for Pests, Damage, and Treatment Success .......3 Beneficial Arthropods Multi-tactic Management Approaches ................................3 Predatory Mites ................................................................52 Predatory Lady Beetles Pesticide Toxicology and Selectivity Aphid Feeders .........................................................54 Pesticide Toxicity Ratings ...................................................4 Mite Feeders ...........................................................57 Pesticide Resistance Management .......................................6 Predatory Bugs Minute Pirate Bug ..................................................58 Disease Management Big-Eyed Bug..........................................................59 Fungal and Bacterial Diseases Predatory Mirid ......................................................59 Alternaria Cone Disorder .........................................8 Assassin Bugs ..........................................................60 Black Root Rot .........................................................9 Damsel Bugs ..........................................................60 Downy Mildew ......................................................10 Chart of Seasonal Development for Key Groups of Fusarium Canker ....................................................15 Predatory Athropods ..............................................61 Fusarium Cone Tip Blight ......................................16 Parasitic Wasps (Parasitoids) .............................................62 Gray Mold ..............................................................17 Predatory Thrips ...............................................................63 Powdery Mildew .....................................................18 Predatory and Parasitic Flies ............................................64 Red Crown Rot ......................................................22 Other Beneficial Arthropods and Pathogens .....................66 Sclerotinia Wilt (White Mold) ...............................23 Sooty Mold ............................................................24 Weed Management ..............................................69 Verticillium Wilt ....................................................25 Planning a Weed Management Program ...........................70 Diseases of Minor Importance ................................27 Prevention ........................................................................70 Virus and Viroid Diseases Weed Seedling Identification ............................................71 Carlavirus Complex: American hop latent virus, Cultural Tactics ................................................................72 Hop latent virus, and Hop mosaic virus ..............28 Herbicides ........................................................................72 Apple mosaic virus ...................................................29 Table of Efficacy Ratings for Weed Management Hop stunt viroid ......................................................30 Tools in Hops .........................................................75 Other Viruses, Viroids, and Virus-like Agents .........32 Calculating Treated Acres versus Sprayed Acres .................76 Nematodes Common Symptoms of Herbicide Injury on Hop ........................................................77 Hop Cyst Nematode ..............................................34 Abiotic Diseases Nutrient Management and Imbalances .......79
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