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Implications for the Persisitence of Nicrophorine Burying Beetles

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Implications for the Persisitence of Nicrophorine Burying Beetles University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Spring 2019 Spatio-temporal niche patterns and thermal environmental cues: Implications for the persisitence of Nicrophorine burying beetles Maranda Lillian Keller University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Keller, Maranda Lillian, "Spatio-temporal niche patterns and thermal environmental cues: Implications for the persisitence of Nicrophorine burying beetles" (2019). Master's Theses and Capstones. 1275. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/1275 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SPATIO-TEMPORAL NICHE PATTERNS AND THERMAL ENVIRONMENTAL CUES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PERSISTENCE OF NICROPHORINE BURYING BEETLES BY MARANDA L. KELLER Bachelor of Science, Oklahoma State University, 2016 THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences: Integrative and Organismal Biology May, 2019 This thesis/dissertation has been examined and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MS in Integrative and Organismal Biology by: Thesis Director, Dr. Carrie L. Hall, Assistant Professor of Ecology and Biology Education (Integrative Organismal Biology) Dr. Daniel Howard, Assistant Professor (Integrative Organismal Biology) Dr. Thomas Lee, Associate Professor (Natural Resources and the Environment) On 05/02/2019 Original approval signatures are on file with the University of New Hampshire Graduate School. ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my family. To my parents who support and love me as I pursue what I am passionate about. Thank you for your enthusiasm over the years and for setting an example of hard work and dedication. To Brianne who never fails to make me feel like I can accomplish anything and to Clarice who keeps me young. Thank you for your encouragement and for always making me feel loved. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Carrie Hall for taking me on as her graduate student and exposing me to the unique and curious ecologies of the burying beetles. I would also like to thank my thesis committee members, Dr. Daniel Howard and Dr. Tom Lee, for sharing their expertise and guiding me throughout these projects. Thank you to Sarah Dodgin, Mia Phillips and Brooke Woelber who not only helped me immensely with lab and field work, but also listened to me, laughed with me, and inspired me. Lastly, thank you to all the undergraduate research technicians in the Hall and Howard labs who were integral to the field and lab work that made these projects possible. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ viii INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1 The Ecological Niche ................................................................................................................................ 1 Climate Change Impacts on Ecological Interactions ................................................................................ 4 The Burying Beetles .................................................................................................................................. 7 Project Goals ........................................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2 – SPATIO-TEMPORAL NICHE USE PATTERNS OF SYMPATRIC NICROPHORUS SPP. .................................................................................................................. 13 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 13 Methods ................................................................................................................................................... 16 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 19 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................... 21 Tables ...................................................................................................................................................... 24 CHAPTER 3 – THERMAL ENVIRONMENTAL CUES ON THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF NICROPHORUS MARGINATUS ...................................................................... 33 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 33 Methods ................................................................................................................................................... 36 Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 40 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................... 41 Figures ..................................................................................................................................................... 46 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 53 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 57 v LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 2 2.1. Core range estimates 24 2.2. Spatial overlap estimates 25 2.3. Pair-wise spatial overlap estimates 26 2.4. Temporal activity peaks 27 2.5. Pair-wise temporal overlap coefficients 28 vi LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 2 2.1. Spatial segregation of N. marginatus and N. orbicollis 29 2.2. Mean interspecies core range overlap 30 2.3. Pair-wise percent core range overlap 31 2.4. Temporal activity patterns 32 CHAPTER 3 3.1. Experimental design 45 3.2. Activity monitor set-up 46 3.3. Burial duration in varying rearing temperatures 47 3.4. Burial duration due to parental rearing temperatures 48 3.5. Reproductive success rates 49 3.6. Offspring parameters 50 3.7. Movement activity 51 vii ABSTRACT SPATIO-TEMPORAL NICHE PATTERNS AND THERMAL ENVIRONMENTAL CUES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PERSISTENCE OF NICROPHORINE BURYING BEETLES by Maranda L. Keller University of New Hampshire The persistence of burying beetles (Silphidae: Nicrophorus) depends on the successful acquisition of a highly competitive resource. Breeding pairs of the Nicrophorine genus work together to bury and prepare a suitable carcass as food for their developing larvae. To understand the mechanisms allowing for the persistence of multiple burying beetle species in Nicrophorine- rich communities, this thesis explores how sympatric burying beetles utilize space and time to partition the carrion resource. Further, to explore how thermal environments influence the reproductive biology of burying beetles, the response of Nicrophorus marginatus, both within and across generations is measured by monitoring rearing behaviors, movement activity, and brood characteristics with exposure to varying temperature regimes. The results of these studies present an important interplay between space use and temporal activity patterns that may serve to mediate negative interactions among sympatric buying beetle species. Generally, where species exhibit high temporal or spatial overlap, they are segregated along the alternative niche dimension. Future work on this community of burying beetles should examine the trophic ecology of species that appear to overlap spatially and temporally. The findings of these studies also indicate that increasing temperatures may impose direct fitness consequences on populations of N. marginatus. While this species appears to exhibit higher activity in elevated temperatures, they also exhibited extended burial timing and significantly reduced reproductive success rates. viii Efforts should be made to increase our understanding of the thermal capacity of the Nicrophorine genus as a whole. ix INTRODUCTION The Ecological Niche Stable coexistence of organisms is facilitated through differences in species’ ecological niches. A species’ ecological niche is defined as all biotic interactions, abiotic conditions and resource qualities with
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