A Psychoanalysisi of Anorexia Nervosa As Portrayed in Laurie Halse Andersons’S Novel Wintergirls

A PSYCHOANALYSISI OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA AS PORTRAYED IN LAURIE HALSE ANDERSONS’S NOVEL WINTERGIRLS

A THESIS

BY SILVY YOSVIANA MELIALA REG. NO. 160721014

DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA A PSYCHOANALYSIS OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA AS PORTRAYED IN LAURIE HALSE ANDERSON’S NOVEL WINTERGIRLS

A THESIS

BY SILVY YOSVIANA MELIALA REG. NO. 160721014

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Drs. Parlidungan Purba, M.Hum. Riko Andika, S.S, M.Hum NIP. 19630216 198903 1 003 NIP. 19840609 201504 1 001

DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as a thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head of Department, Secretary of Department,

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A, Ph.D Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A,Ph.D. NIP. 1957117 198303 2 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of Sarjana of Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cutural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on July 22nd, 2019

Dean of Cultural Studies Faculty

University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP. 19600805 198703 1 001

Board of Examiners

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph.D.

Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M.Hum.

Drs. Siamir Marulafau M.Hum.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, SILVY YOSVIANA MELIALA, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS. EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS, THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGMENT IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION. SIGNED : ...... DATE : JULY, 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : SILVY YOSVIANA MELIALA

TITLE OF THESIS : A PSYCHOANALYSIS OF ANOREXIA NERVOSA AS PORTRAYED IN LAURIE HALSE ANDERSON’S NOVEL WINTERGIRLS

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISRECTION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed:

Date: , 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Tesis ini berjudul A Psychoanalysis of Anorexia Nervosa as portrayed in Laurie Halse Anderson’s Novel Wintergirls. Fokus analisis adalah karakter utama novel yang telah menderita anoreksia nervosa. Analisis diarahkan pada hubungan karya sastra dengan masalah psikologis. Dengan demikian, tesis ini berhubungan dengan psikologi sastra dalam hal studi psikologis karakter utama bernama Lia. Kasus anoreksia nervosa terjadi karena ketidak harmonisan hubungan orang tua. Pertengkaran antara ayah dan ibu telah membuat si gadis, Lia memasuki sindrom kehilangan nafsu makan. Ke tidak harmonisan yang menyebabkan perceraian membuatnya sangat frustrasi dengan mengalami sindrom anoreksia nervosa atau kehilangan nafsu makan. Tesis ini digunakan untuk menggambarkan penyebab penyebab dari Anorexia Nervosa yakni : Psychodynamic factors : Ego defiance, Biological Factors, and Sociocultural Condition and Family. Analisis skripsi ini menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif sebagai cara untuk menganalisis data yang di ambil dari Novel Wintergirls oleh Laurie Halse Anderson dan menggunakan riset perpustakaan sebagai cara dalam mengumpulkan data dengan membaca dan memilih kutipan dari Wintergirls. karena penulis tesis ini tidak menerapkan angka dalam menggambarkan analisis data tetapi hanya analisis dalam hal menafsirkan data dengan deskripsi. Keluarga atau orang orang terdekat bagi seorang yang terkena anorexia nervosa seharusnya mendukung seseorang yang terkena anorexia nervosa tersebut agar dapat melawan rasa takut yang dia rasakan serta memberikan mereka perhatian dan kasih sayang.

Kata Kunci: Karakter utama, anoreksia nervosa, ketidakharmonisan

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT

This thesis is entitled A Psychoanalysis of Anorexia Nervosa as portrayed in Laurie Halse Anderson’s Novel Wintergirls. The focus of analysis is the main character of the novel that has been suffered from anorexia nervosa. The analysis is directed to the connection of literary work with psychological matter. Thus, the thesis available is connected to psychology of literature in terms of the psychological study of the main character named Lia. The case of anorexia nervosa takes place because of disharmony of parent’s relationship. The quarrel between father and mother has made the girl, Lia enter the syndrome of being lost on food appetite. The disharmony that results divorce has made her in deep frustration by having anorexia nervosa syndrome or loss of appetite. This thesis used to described the causes of Anorexia Nervosa those are Psychodynamic factors: Ego defiance, Biological Factors, and Sociocultural Condition and Family. This thesis analysis use descriptive qualitative as the way to analyze the data that is taken from Laurie Halse Anderson’s Novel Wintergirls and uses library research as the way in collecting data by reading and selecting quotation from Wintergirls. Because, the writer of this thesis does not apply number in describing the data analysis but only analysis in terms of interpreting the data by description. Family or close person for Anorexia nervosa people should support him or her to face the fear and give them attention and affection.

Keywords: main Character, anorexia nervosa, disharmony

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to thank and praise to the Almighty God, Jesus Christ for giving me health, strength, and hope in every morning to accomplish this paper . I can not deny without His blessing, I cannot finish this paper. Then, I would also like to express a deepest gratitude, love, and appreciation to:

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S., as the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies,

University of Sumatera Utara. I would like to express my gratitude to our Dean.

Thank you for guiding us to be a better student through your directions and regulations that makes us to stay on the best line to study in our beloved faculty. It is my honor to be a part of your students here.

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar as the Head of English Department, I would like to express my thanks for everything you have shared to me. Every knowledge and dedication you give to me will never be forgotten and it is my honor to share with people around me.

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, Ph.D, as the Secretary of English Department and also my examiner, I would like to express my warm gratitude to you for all your help during my student years in English Extension Program. Thank you for all efforts and you are an inspiration to help me in finishing my degree in University of Sumatera

Utara. You are inspiring me in any aspects of my student year.

Drs. Siamir Maralafau, M.Hum as my examiner and my teacher, Thank you for your help during my student year in English Literature Extension program.

You have taught me about literature and culture from your subject. I wish you have a very healthy life and keep your spirit to teach your students cheerfully.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Drs. Parlindugan Purba, M.Hum as my supervisor and my teacher. You are an inspiration for me and some students to life as human. Thank you for your guidance, all your supports, kindness, patience and your help so I can finish my student years without any hesitation. Thank you for everything. May God always bless you and your family.

And also thank you for Riko Andika, S.S, M.Hum as my Co-Supervisor for your suggestion and help in writing this thesis.

My Great Thank to all of teacher in University of Sumatera Utara that I can’t mention all of you one by one. You are great teachers and all of you bear student’s courage in studying at University of Sumatera Utara Thank you for helping me during my student years. I wish you the very best wishes in doing your duties. And also Pak Kirno, thank you so much for helping me in administration. May God always be with you.

The greatest thanks are fully dedicated to both of the most God given gift, my family, Yosep Sembiring and Risviana Dewi. I’ve finished my degree without any hesitation. You keep supporting me in any aspect. Your love makes me strong to walk in my path to finish the degree. Thank you for everything. For my beloved sisters, Clarisa Yolanda Meliala and Agatha Callysta Putri. Thank for everything you have done to support me in finishing my degree in University of Sumatera. I am here today because of your prayer, love, support, and care.

To all my friends during my student years in Extension Program, Yulitami

Annisa Pandia, Geta Brenaita, Helmi Fauzi, Egy Frien, and other that I can’t mention one by one. Thank you for the day we faced together it will be beautiful experiences that can be my sweetest memory. Thank you for encouraging and

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA cheering me during the arrangement of this thesis. You are my inspiration I hope and wish the very best luck to all of you.

Medan, July 2019

Silvy Yosviana Meliala Reg. No. 160721014

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION…………………………………………………….iv

ABSTRAK…………………………………………………………………………..vi

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………...vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT………………………………………………………….viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………...1

1.1 Background of the Study…………………………………………...1

1.2 Problem of the Study……………………………………………….7

1.3 Objective of the Study……………………………………………...7

1.4 Scope of the Study………………………………………………….7

1.5 Significance of the Study…………………………………………...8

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………………………...9

2.1 Literature …………………………………………………………..9

2.2 Psychology of Literature …………………………………………11

2.3 Anorexia Nervosa ………………………………………………...14

2.3.1 Sub- types of Anorexia Nervosa ………………………………..18

2.3.2 The Factors Causing of Anorexia Nervosa ……………………..19

2.4 The Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa …………………………….21

2.5 Novel ……………………………………………………………...28

2.6 Review of Previous Study ………………………………………...31

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH …………………………………….33

3.1 Research Design ………………………………………………….33

3.2 Data and Source of Data ………………………………………….35

3.3 Data Collection …………………………………………………...35

3.4 The Technique in Collecting Data ………………………………..35

3.5 Data Analysis……………………………………………………...36

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDING …………………………………….37

4.1 Analysis the Causes of Anorexia Nervosa ……………………….37

4.1.1 Family …………………………………………………………..37

4.1.2 Psychodynamic Factors: Ego Defiance ………………………...41

4.2 Analysis of the Main Character’s way to overcome

the Anorexia Nervosa……………………………………………..46

4.3 Finding ……………………………………………………………48

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION …………………………...51

5.1 Conclusion ………………………………………………………..51

5.2 Suggestion………………………………………………………...52

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………...... 53

APPENDICES

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

As a living being, human beings have emotions and feelings. Feelings and emotions can be poured into a writing expression and it is called as a literary work.

As a product of literature, literary work is a disclosure of the problems of human life; in addition it is also an interpretation of the nature of life and the meaning of life in all aspects. Literary works also talk about human beings with all the complexity of life issues, then between the works of literature with humans have an indispensable relationship between one with another. Damono (2003:1) mengungkapkan bahwa sastra menampilkan gambaran kehidupan, dan kehidupan itu sendiri adalah suatu kenyataan sosial. In this sense, life involves interpersonal relationships, between society and people, between humans, and between events that occur within one's mind. Literature is a reflection of the human life in which express the attitude, behavior, thinking, knowledge, responses, feelings, imagination about the human itself. Literature can be described as something written through the process of imagination which is an imitation or a reflection from real life.

There are many kinds of literary works, such as poems, novels, essays, and plays. Novel is one of literary work which gives pleasure to the reader. Novel can take the readers to a certain situation, place or periods that occur in the story of novel. Through the series of events and conflicts experienced by the characters, the readers seem to enter the character‘s life in the novel. At the end of the novel, the readers can discover meaning, messages or values which are revealed in the novel, 1

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA like what is said by Elayne Mercier in Stanford‘s (2005:2) Responding to Literature

Stories, Poems, Plays, and Essays Fifth Edition, we read literature to find the beauty of words of great writers. Literature teaches us the truth about our lives. We learn good values from literature like Shakespeare‖.

In the novel, the most important element is character. According to

Abrams, characters are people who appear in a work of narrative or drama, which the reader is interpreted to have a certain moral quality and tendency as expressed in speech and action performed. It is through these characters that the reader can see the attitudes and expression being felt by the characters in the story, and though the characters also the events in the story can be involved. The characters in the novel are useful for building an object and psychologically represent the writers to give the messages through the characters. The characters in novel can see through their way of talking and the behavior shown in the novel. Characters in novel are judged to be psychologically an imitation of human in real life. The characters have its own way of dealing with their life according to every problem that occurs along a story.

Psychological activity on the character is included in the study of Psychology

Literature.

Humans become the object of literature because humans are images of behavior that can be seen in terms of life. Behavior is part of the soul because of human behavior can be seen the symptoms of psychiatric symptoms that must be different from each other. In the human being itself can be studied with the science of psychology that discusses the psychological. Therefore, literary work is referred to as one of psychiatric symptoms (Ratna, 2004: 62). Literary works that are the result of the author's activity are often associated with psychiatric symptoms because the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA literary works are the result of the creation of an author who consciously or unconsciously uses psychological theory.

Literary psychology is an interdisciplinary between psychology and literature.

Studying literary psychology is the same as studying human beings from the inside.

The appeal of literary psychology is to human problems that portray soul portraits.

Not only the soul itself appears in literature, but also can represent the soul of others.

(Endraswara, in Minderop 2010:14). The relation between psychology and literature is a bilateral relation. Human‘s soul makes the literature and literature nourishes human‘s soul. Human‘s psyche receptions take into consideration the human and natural life perspectives and provides references of literal works; on the other hand, literature also take into account the life‘s truths to make clear the perspectives of human‘s soul. Literature and psychology both, pay attention to fancy, thinks, feelings sensations and soul psychical issues.

Based on the above explanation of literature psychology studies can be seen through the psychological aspects of the characters that exist in the literary work.

This is in line with opinion Yatman (in Endraswara 2003:97) that literature and psychology do have close links, indirectly and functionally. The Indirect relationship, because both literature and psychology have the same object, that is human.

Psychology and literature have a functional relationship because it is equally useful to study the state of one's soul. The psychology and literature has differences, there are psychological symptoms in literature is imaginative but psychological symptoms in literature is real. Both can complement each other and fill each other to gain a deeper understanding of the human psyche because of the possibility of what is caught by the author is not able to be observed by a psychologist or otherwise.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Psychology of literature is not intended to solve psychological problems. But through the definition above, the goal of the psychology of literature is to understand psychological aspects contained in a literary work. Psychology was born to learn the human psyche; it is human that becomes the object of the study of psychology.

Literature is born from society, the author lives in the middle of society and the author also creates a literary work that includes figures in it. Psychology of literature is a literary study that sees literary work as a mental activity. The author uses an idea, sense and creation in the work. Projection by own experience or the experience other people around the author; will be projected into the imaginary of literary texts.

As a psychological issue, Anorexia Nervosa is a group of psychotic disorders that is which makes eating very distressing. It makes people obsessively anxious to maintain or reduce their body weight through rigid control of their calorie intake.

People with anorexia nervosa often have a much distorted perception of how they look and continue to feel the need to lose weight even when they are so thin that their health is very seriously at risk. They have an intense fear of gaining weight and feel that their value as a person is directly affected by their body shape. Many people still think of them as `slimmer‘s diseases‘. While it is true that both anorexia nervosa can develop from a strict diet, the reasons for a diet turning into an eating disorder involve more than just the wish to lose weight. The name `anorexia‘ is confusing as literally it means `loss of appetite‘. People with anorexia nervosa do not lose their appetite, they still feel hungry, but fear weight gain so much that they lose the ability to eat a normal diet. Some people attribute anorexia nervosa to media and fashion and it is clear that they both play their part. Many people who do not conform to the ideals presented by the fashion industry and the media feel that they need to diet. For

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA some people this presents no problem while for others it can turn into anorexia nervosa. People with anorexia nervosa develop a fear of fatness which goes far beyond that which most dieters feel. For someone with anorexia nervosa, the need to make them thinner dominates all other emotions. Some people with the condition lose their ability to see themselves as they really are, and instead become terriﬁed that they are fat even when they have become seriously malnourished and underweight. Others are able to see that they are thinner than most other people, but still strive to lose whatever body fat they feel remains. In many cases, they feel driven to continue to lose weight because they feel that their value as a person depends on their weight and body shape and those they will only be liked and appreciated if they are able to make themselves increasingly thinner. People who develop anorexia nervosa often have emotional needs which are not being met in their lives. They may not have a stable family background, may have trouble making friends socially or at work or feel uncomfortable about sexual relationships. It is important to realize though that anorexia nervosa is not anyone‘s fault. It cannot be seen to hinge entirely on relationships; this is simply one factor which may play a part. People can develop anorexia nervosa even if they have very supportive families and partners and a wide circle of friends.

This phenomenon has discovered in people today and become a unique phenomenon to be analyzed because people with anorexia nervosa do not lose their appetite, they still feel hungry, but fear weight gain so much that they lose the ability to eat a normal diet and the writer want to know why a person can suffering

Anorexia, what is the causes of Anorexia Nervosa, how to deal with it and why

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA skinny body can be associated with mental illness Anorexia Nervosa and to know how the Anorexia‘s suffered can be face the world with her illness.

The novel Wintergirls by Laurie Halse Anderson is an extraordinary story of life as an anorexic. Laurie Halse Anderson writes a story about how usual teenage girl named Lia Overbrook becomes unusual. Lia‘s parents divorced, the divorce has changed her life and also her behavior. She blamed herself, hated herself and her life.

As an act of disappointment, she has been starving herself. Lia starves herself because it is the only control she has over her disintegrating personality. She was obsessed with being the skinnies girl in her school. She is starving for more than just food. She is starving for some kind of connection; a relationship that she does not have with her parents or friends. Lia does not fit in anywhere, and lives within her illness, finding a disturbing comfort in it. This story is full of bizarre to define every event how Lia Overbrook struggled to recover from anorexia nervosa. The topic of anorexia nervosa is quiet interesting to be analyzed because the symptoms not only affects to their behavior or body but also their mind. They refuse to maintain an ideal body weight and excessive fear of increasing body weight due to aberrant self-image.

Self-image in anorexia sufferers is influenced by a pattern of deviations in assessing a situation and it affects the way a person thinks and evaluates her body and food.

The focus is the causes of anorexia nervosa because the novel Wintergirls is a harrowing journey into the mind of an anorexic teenager. Anderson‘s choose

Wintergirls as a title of her novel because the novel takes place in the months of

November- December, the beginning of winter in America. Winter perpetual state of frozenness. Lia is in stuck between worlds, not really living. ―You are not dead, but you are not alive. You are a wintergirl.‖ Like winter, Lia is always cold and can

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA never seem to get warm enough. While this is a realistic symptom of anorexia, it serves a deeper purpose within this novel. Being cold becomes symbolic of being sick, dead, broken and being cold becomes synonymous with feeling pain.

1.2 Problem of the Study

It is important to find out the problems that are going to be analyzed to get the clear description on the object of the study. Based on the statement about the anorexia above, the writer points out the problems of the study are:

1. What are the causes of Anorexia Nervosa portrayed in Laurie Halse Anderson’s

Novel “ Wintergirls‖?

2. How does the main character overcome the Anorexia Nervosa syndrome in

Laurie Halse Anderson’s Novel “Wintergirls‖?

1.3. Objective of the Study

There are three objectives based on the statement of the problem above that have been decided:

1. To know what are the causes of portrayed in Laurie Halse Anderson’s Novel “

Wintergirls‖.

2. To know how the main character does overcomes the Anorexia Nervosa disorder

in Laurie Halse Anderson’s Novel “Wintergirls‖.

1.4 Scope of the Study

According to the background of the study above and to limit the research, the writer focuses the problems on the leading character in the novel, Lia who suffers from anorexia nervosa. This thesis deals on the study of character psychological;

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Anorexia Nervosa symptoms that happens in Lia Overbrooks. The scope of the study is to analyze the abnormal behavior, the causes of the mental disorder in novel

“Wintergirls” according to the psychology of literature. Scope of the study is necessary in order to make a research become specific and well managed.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The analysis of this thesis is expected to give significance to the readers generally and for the writer especially. The significances are:

1. This thesis can be a reference to the reader who will discuss about literary work,

especially novel.

2. This thesis can give information and add the reader‘s knowledge about Anorexia.

3. This thesis can enrich the knowledge of English Department Students in

studying about the Psychoanalysis and other literary study so that they

interesting to analyze the other side that contain the novel Wintergirls.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Literature

Literature in a dictionary means that writings in which expression and form, in connection with ideas of permanent and universal interest, are characteristic or essential features, as poetry, novels, history, biography, and essays. While Klarer

(2004:1) says that in most cases, literature is referred to as the entirety of written expression, with the restriction that not every written document can be categorized as literature in the more exact sense of the word. As the other human creatures, literature is a work that involves many aspects of human life. Besides the textual potential it processes, aspects of production in its period also influence it.

Considering the powerful effect of the production sometimes the author has to say what he intends to tell the readers figuratively. In other words, they are trying to hide the message.

Literature is a media for people to express their feelings, and emotions that they have in real time. Every written text that made based on human imagination and soul is called literature. This is because the natural aspect of literature is reflecting a man-life in real time. People develop their idea from their experiences and turn it into a story with arrangement of words; created new world based on their experiences, mixed it with their imagination, interpreted the idea that they have in their mind, and turned it into a written expression text. Jakob Sumarjo (in Widayat, 2011:9) state

―Literature has a body and a soul. A soul of literature is an idea, a feeling, and human experience. The body of literature is the expression of beautiful words. So, the readers will be entertained‖. 9

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Literature is a kind of art. It is usually written and can help human beings to grow both personally and intellectually; it is the reflection of human aspiration, a dramatization of a permanent aspect of human conduct. It provides the comparative basis from which we can see the worthiness in the aims of all people, and therefore helps people to see the beauty in the world around us. It exercises our emotions through the rise of interest, concern, tension, excitement and laughter.

Literature also helps us to develop mature sensibility and for all living things such as human, animals, etc. it consists of many aspects of life that can help us to be human. People can enlarge their knowledge and find more information in literature. It enlarges our experience of the world and ourselves. Literature opens a new world for us and a new view of the old world we have lived. Literature consists of many values of human life such a moral teaching where the readers find the truth of life.

Wellek and Warren as stated by Nuriastha (2004) proposed that among the arts, literature, specifically, seems also to claim ―truth‖ through the view of life which every artistically coherent work possesses. Literature must always be interesting. It must always have a structure and an aesthetic purpose, a total coherence and effect. It must stand in recognizable relation to life.

Richard Dutton in his book Introduction to Literary Criticism as cited by

Nuriastha (2004) states that literature has three major genres, namely:

1. Drama

2. Poetry

3. Prose Fiction

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA From the three types of literary works that mentioned, it will be focused just on prose. The prose is a form of language which applies ordinary grammatical structure and natural flow of speech rather than rhythmic structure. Then, the prose itself divided into two kinds of prose, it based on time, the old prose and the modern prose. a. Old prose is a form of literary works that untouched from western culture. At the

beginning, this works are spoken formed. But now, we can find this kind of

literary works in form of writing. The old prose consists of tale, history, fairy-tale

(myth, legend, fable, and comic). b. Modern prose is a kind of literature that impact by the western culture. It appears

when people think that the old prose is not compatible anymore in this era. The

modern prose consists of roman, biography, essay, short story, and novel.

2.2 Psychology of Literature

The term of Psychology derived from two words, psyche which means soul, and logos that refers to science. Terminologically, psychology is a science that directs attention to the human where the object of research focuses on the psyche and human‘s behavior. According to Hilgard in (Prihastuti, 2002: 18)"Psychology may be defined as the science that studies the behavior of man". The definition clearly shows that the psychology learns about the human‘s behavior Literature and psychology are two branches of science that study of human soul.

Psychology researches human behaviors and their causes while literature depicts human behavior through fiction. These two branches of social science studying human behavior are interrelated and mutually beneficial. And the basic

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA building block of the correlation between literature and psychology is a literary work.

Literary works study human beings and describe their inner world with all its aspects. The reason is that a literary work is at the same time a product of a certain psychological condition. A literary work supports psychology in terms of depicting human psychological conditions. At the same time, Jung noted, psychology also provides insights into literature by exploring mental processes. A literary work benefits from psychology in terms of successfully presenting characters, expressing their moods, and bringing the reader into the psychological dimension of human reality. Psychology and study of literature meet in their focus on phantasies, emotions and human soul. Thus there exists a two-way relationship based on mutual interaction between literature and psychology, in the form of evaluation of a literary work with the resources of psychology and obtaining psychological truths from a literary work. So, in general, it can be concluded that the relationship between literature and psychology is very close that they blend and lead to the birth of a new study called "Psychology of Literature". According to Endraswara, ―Psychology literature is a study that looked at the literature as a mental activity. In a broad sense, that literature cannot be separated from life depicting various series of human personality‖ (2003: 97).

Psychological elements will be present in literary works as long as humans are the theme of the texts. Literature psychology covers almost everything we want to know about literature, because literature is a product of mind. According to Jung

(Freud, Jung and Adler, 1981: 53), it is obvious that since psychology explores mental processes it will also provide insights into literature; because the human mind is the source of all science and arts. Then how is psychological analysis made in a

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA literary work? As it is well known, the literary critic Meyer Howard Abrams (1912-

2015) identifies four main elements of literature: the text, its theme, the author and the reader (Abrams, 1953: 6-29). And these elements are addressed in the analysis of literature. Literary work research with psychology data is focused on these elements identified by Abrams, however when we talk about psychology in literary works the author and reader focused works are not the first thing that comes to mind. It is possible to say that this is caused by the formalist trends which have influenced literary works since mid-twentieth century.

According to the formalists, the literary text itself is the material which is at the literary critic‘s disposal and which will make literature more consistent and objective in it. The research which ignores this and focuses only on the author and reader will be far from scientific; it should focus also on the other two elements, namely on the work itself and the world it creates. Interpreting a literary work involves approaching its characters and events as if they could exist in real life and studying characters‘ emotions, thoughts and behaviors. Psychology is the most important platform on which this analysis can be done. Literary critics R. Wellek

(1903-1995) and A. Warren (1899-1986) characterized psychological analysis in a literary work as ―analyzing the author‘s personality, the way a certain literary work was made, the psychological types which are present in the literary works and the characteristics of their behavior, and finally the effect of literature.

According to Rene Wellek and Austin Warren (1995: 90) the psychology approach of literature is related to the author, the creativity process, literary works, and readers. Nevertheless, the psychological approach is essentially related to the three main symptoms, the authors, literary works, and the reader, with the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA consideration that the psychological approach is closer to author and literary works.

If the researcher‘s attention is dominantly directed to the author, so the model of the research is expressive approach, but if the research‘s attention is focused on the literary works, so the model of the research is closer to the objective approach. The psychological research literature began to show its brilliance in the study of literature. This was due to dissatisfaction of the previous research; the research of sociology of literature or any other literature that gave less attention to the psychological aspect.

Psychology of literature is not intended to solve psychological problems. But through the definition above, the goal of the psychology of literature is to understand psychological aspects contained in a literary work. Psychology was born to learn the human psyche; it is human that becomes the object of the study of psychology.

2.3 Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia Nervosa is a disorder involving severe emaciation and amenorrhea ( loss of periods) was first described by Lasegue as ―L‘ anorexie hysterique‖ in 1873 and by Gull in 1874 as ― Anorexia Nervosa,‖ meaning ― nervouse loss of appetite.

These early descriptions placed food avoidance at the core of the problem. More recent observers of this problem have focused less on the patient‘s behavior and more on their psychological disturbance. Anorexia has also been described in terms 14

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA of self- control. That achievement of ever- decreasing weight becomes a sign of mastery, control, and virtue.

Anorexia Nervosa is ranked third highest as a chronic disease in adolescents

(Shepphird, 2010). Anorexia nervosa is a serious and complex psychiatric disorder with some eating disorders, rejection of normal weight and has a fear of weight gain

(Shepphird, 2010). In other words anorexia nervosa is a disorder of eating behavior that involves incorrect thinking about the standard needs of food intake and ideal body weight itself and fear when exceeding the standards of self-made body weight.

The prevalence of anorexia nervosa in women is almost 0.4% (American Psychiatric

Association, 2013). The case of anorexia nervosa does not only occur in women, but today it is also common in men. In the 1990s the comparison between male and female anorexia patients was about 1:20 (Kaplan & Sadock, 1991). In the 2000s the ratio increased to 1:10 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Another source said the comparison estimate of 10-15% of people with anorexia nervosa is male

(Shepphird, 2010). Anorexia nervosa is a disorder that can be experienced in all ages, but in individuals before puberty and over 40 years the prevalence is very rare.

Anorexia nervosa is most common in adolescents. Munoz and Argente (2002) estimated anorexia nervosa adolescents increased by 5 to 10 per 100,000 people per year. In addition to adolescents, it is described that high-risk groups experiencing anorexia nervosa are (a) women, (b) athletes or dancers, (c) individuals who are dieting for medical reasons, (d) individuals with families with eating disorders, and

(e) victims of sexual harassment and trauma.

Anorexia nervosa is one of the eating disorders formulated in DSM IV

(American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Based on the explanation in DSM IV 15

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA anorexia nervosa has a characteristic of individuals trying to maintain or reduce weight under the normal category according to age standards. Diagnostic is enforced if it meets three criteria: (a) the thought that limiting energy intake is a necessity, (b) being intense fear of weight gain or fatness, or showing behavior that maintains weight even if the person's weight is low, and (c) interference with the way a person understands his body image.

For some people, restricting their food and weight can be a way of controlling areas of life that feel out of their control and their body image can come to define their entire sense of self-worth. It can also be a way of expressing emotions that may feel too complex or frightening such as pain, stress or anxiety. Restrictive dieting and excessive exercise can be contributing factors to the onset of Anorexia Nervosa.

Women and girls with Anorexia Nervosa may use dieting behavior in a bid to achieve a culturally constructed thin ideal whereas men may over exercise and control what they eat to achieve a muscular body.

The psychodynamic theory has also been considered by Hilde Bruch (1973) who claimed that the origins of Anorexia Nervosa was in early childhood that is determined by the type of parent the individual has. If they are effective parents they respond appropriately to the child‘s needs whereas ineffective parents will not, by for example, providing comfort to the child when they really need to be fed and are hungry. In effective parents will cause the children to grow up with a lack of understanding of how to deal with their internal needs (includes nourishment) as they are over reliant on their parents and thus feel a sense of helpfulness. Developing

Anorexia or an eating disorder is therefore a way of gaining a sense of control, by excessively controlling their body size and weight. 16

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA There is a lot of uncertainty about the causes of all forms of eating disorder.

Many people still think of them as `slimmer‘s diseases‘. While it is true that both anorexia and bulimia nervosa can develop from a strict diet, the reasons for a diet turning into an eating disorder involve more than just the wish to lose weight. The name `anorexia‘ is confusing as literally it means `loss of appetite‘. People with anorexia nervosa do not lose their appetite, they still feel hungry, but fear weight gain so much that they lose the ability to eat a normal diet.

People with anorexia nervosa develop a fear of fatness which goes far beyond that which most dieters feel. For someone with anorexia nervosa, the need to make them thinner dominates all other emotions. Some people with the condition lose their ability to see themselves as they really are, and instead become terriﬁed that they are fat even when they have become seriously malnourished and underweight. Others are able to see that they are thinner than most other people, but still strive to lose whatever body fat they feel remains. In many cases, they feel driven to continue to lose weight because they feel that their value as a person depends on their weight and body shape and that they will only be liked and appreciated if they are able to make themselves increasingly thinner.

People who develop anorexia nervosa often have emotional needs which are not being met in their lives. They may not have a stable family background, may have trouble making friends socially or at work or feel uncomfortable about sexual relationships. It is important to realize though that anorexia nervosa is not anyone‘s fault. It cannot be seen to hinge entirely on relationships; this is simply one factor which may play a part. People can develop anorexia nervosa even if they have very supportive families and partners and a wide circle of friends. 17

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Anorexia nervosa often starts in teenage years and can be a mechanism for dealing with all the complicated emotions connected with becoming an adult. Some teenage girls are terriﬁed of becoming women. This may be because they have been abused as children, because they have seen their mother or other female relatives being unhappy, because they are concerned about their sexuality or simply because they are anxious about all the changes which they can feel taking place within them.

Anorexia nervosa can offer them a way of delaying some of the physical signs that they are becoming women. Teenage girls with anorexia nervosa do not have such developed breasts or hips as other girls their age because they have so little body fat.

They may also delay the start of their periods. This can be very comforting for girls who do not feel ready for these physical developments.

For a person with little conﬁdence, their eating problems may seem to be the only thing about them which is special or different. Their ability to feel hungry and yet refuse to eat can feel like a special talent that most people are unable to achieve and can give a real sense of pride. It feels much disciplined to be able to count calories and to be able to impose strict limits on how much you consume. For people who have low self-esteem and who can see virtually no other area in their lives in which they are successful, this can suddenly offer them a sense of purpose.

2.3.1 Sub-Types of Anorexia Nervosa

There are two types of Anorexia Nervosa from DSM IV. Restricting Subtype and Binge Eating / Purging Subtype. Both are very serious mental illnesses that require treatment. Restricting Subtype. People with Anorexia Nervosa Restricting

Subtype place severe restriction on the amount and type of food they consume. This can manifest in different ways including some or all of the following: 18

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1. Restricting certain types of foods (e.g. carbohydrates, ‗fatty‘ foods)

2. Counting calories

3. Skipping meals

4. Obsessive rules and rigid thinking (e.g. only eating food that is one colour)

Binge Eating/Purging Subtype. People with Anorexia Nervosa Binge

Eating/Purging Subtype also place severe restriction on the amount and type of food they consume. In addition to this the person will also have binge eating/purging behavior. These behaviors include:

1. Binge eating – eating a large amount of food accompanied by a feeling of ‗loss of

control‘

2. Self-induced vomiting, deliberately misusing laxatives, diuretics or enemas to

compensate for eating food.

2.3.2 The Factors Causing of Anorexia Nervosa

Biological, Psychological and Sociocultural factors have been described as determinants of body dissatisfaction in Anorexia Nervosa. Feminist and cognitive – behavioral perspectives on anorexia emphasize the cultural context in the formation of beliefs and feelings about appearance.

The factors cause of eating disorders anorexia nervosa from Hilde Bruch (1980):

1. Psychodynamic Factors : Ego Defiance

Hilde Bruch developed a largely psychodynamic theory of eating disorder.

Bruch argues that eating disorders are the result of disturbed mother-child interactions which lead to serious ego deficiencies in the child and to severe perceptual disturbances. Bruch argues that parents may respond to their children 19

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA either effectively or ineffectively. Effective parents accurately attend to a child‘s biological and emotional needs. Ineffective parents fail to attend to child‘s internal needs; they feed when the child is anxious, comfort when she or he is tired, etc.

Bruch‘s theory also contains several cognitive factors, according to cognitive theorists; these deficiencies contribute to a broad cognitive distortion that lies at the center of disordered eating. Disproportionate concerns about body shape or weight, a rigid or highly restrictive diet may lead to reduced controls followed by dietary violations and overeating of bulking, dissatisfaction with the body triggers an unhealthy way to achieve the desired weight, feeling lack of control over various aspects of life other than diet, difficulty separating from family and establishing individual identity and psychological need for perfection and tendency to think black and white.

2. Biological Factors

Biological theorists suspect certain genes may leave some people particularly susceptible to eating disorders. Relatives of people with eating disorders are up to six times more likely to develop the disorder themselves. These findings may be related to low serotonin. Other theories are that eating disorders may be related to dysfunction of the hypothalamus. Researchers have identified two separate areas that control eating: the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Some theorists believe that the LH and VMH are responsible for weight set point—a ―weight thermostat‖ of sorts. Set by genetic inheritance and early eating practices, this mechanism is responsible for keeping an individual at a particular weight level. If weight falls below set point, hunger increases while metabolic rate decreases, often leading to binges. If weight rises above set point,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA hunger increases while metabolic rate increases. Dieters end up in a battle against themselves to lose weight.

3. Sociocultural Condition and Family

Many theorists believe that current Western standards of female attractiveness are partly responsible for the emergence of eating disorders.

1. Socialcultural Condition

a. Standards have changed throughout history toward a thinner ideal.

Members of certain subcultures are at greater risk from these pressures:

Models, actors, dancers, and certain athletes.

b. Societal attitudes may explain economic and racial differences seen in

prevalence rates. For example, rich people are more susceptible to anorexia

nervosa because they pay more attention to their appearance; a high

standard of living makes them take a strict diet. Rich women compete with

each other to get a thin body. While poor women do not think about it.

They do not care about diet because for survival in their life is very

difficult

c. Sexual Abuse and Trauma, the impact of childhood sexual abuse varies for

each person. Some possible repercussions are shame about oneself, shame

about one‘s body, and irrational guilt over feeling responsible for causing,

or not preventing, the abuse. Additional potential effects include feelings of

loss of control in one‘s life, powerlessness, body dissatisfaction, anxiety

related to intimacy and sexuality, and rejection of one‘s own sexuality. The

consequences of sexual abuse are not always immediate, but may arise

later, because even after the abuse has stopped, the emotional injuries can

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA persist. An individual who has been sexually abused and is dealing with

difficult feelings, memories, thoughts, and impulses is more vulnerable to

developing an eating disorder because of its comforting, albeit destructive,

qualities. The use of food, either through overeating, purging, or restricting,

serves as a coping mechanism to distract, numb, control, empower, or in

other ways, pacify or self-soothe the individual. For example, bingeing may

offer comfort by stuffing down or suppressing uncomfortable feelings,

while purging may release anger or function as a means of self-punishment.

d. Stressful or life changes, Life changes are inevitable. Whether it‘s a job

change, the beginning or ending of a relationship, starting a family, or a

loss, transitions are part of the human experience – yet can often be difficult

to adapt to.

2. Family

Every society or social structure is characterized by the basic unit family.

These are the building blocks of social structure. They have a common motto, culture, rules and values. The key function of family is to preserve, protect and promote its generation year after year. Elder members of the family are responsible for rearing their off springs. They make sure the fulfillment of basic needs of family viz. food, shelter and clothes.

Zabriskie and McCormick (2001) stated that families are goal-directed, self-correcting, dynamic, interconnected systems that both affect and are affected by their environment and by qualities within the family itself. The structure, function or relations within the family are often common within a society or a region. They decide the social structure and shape the culture of the society. It is

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA noteworthy that both family and society affect each other. The words goal- directed, self-correcting, dynamic, interconnected etc give family a sense of life.

It is only a good family that makes house a ‘home‗. In families goals for better living are set, the drawbacks or wrong traditions or superstitions are corrected.

Love, compassion, trust and cooperation play positive role and fear, hatred and selfishness play a negative role thus giving family a dynamic look. The family is the basic and important unit of society because of the role it plays in generation of human capital resources and the power that is vested in it to influence individual, households, and community behavior (Sriram, 1993). It is, therefore, a basic unit of study in most social sciences disciplines, such as sociology, psychology, economics, anthropology, social psychiatry, social work or human development.

Family communication is usually interface interpersonal communication.

The family is the smallest segment of the society and the family members discuss various topics of interest sharing freely their thoughts - happiness, frustration, fear, pain and joy etc. This is possible because the pillar of trust develops right from the childhood when child interacts with father, mother and elders and as he or she grows the trust and topic they share change with time and family members.

Similarly, the grown-up family members bonded by strong relationship communicate freely and discuss their topic of interest. The type of family communication varies within relations they maintain with one other.

Dysfunctional family dynamic is a family in which conflict, misbehavior, and often child neglect or abuse on the part of individual parents occur and regularly leading other members to accommodate such actions. Children

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA sometimes grow up in such families with the understanding that such an arrangement is normal. Dysfunctional families are primarily a result of two adults, one typically overtly abusive and the other codependent, and may also be affected by addictions, such as substance abuse (e.g., alcohol or drugs), or sometimes an untreated mental illness. Dysfunctional parents may emulate or over-correct from their own dysfunctional parents. In some cases, the dominant parent will abuse or neglect their children and the other parent will not object, misleading the child to assume blame. Growing up in a dysfunctional family is often marked by a consistent sense of dread and fear. Children who grow up in such families are often fearful of their parents and of their parents' actions.

Deficient parents hurt their children more by omission than by commission.

Frequently, chronic mental illness or a disabling physical illness contributes to parental inadequacy. Children tend to take on adult responsibilities from a young age in these families. Parental emotional needs tend to take precedence, and children are often asked to be their parents' caretakers. Children are robbed of their own childhood, and they learn to ignore their own needs and feelings.

Because these children are simply unable to play an adult role and take care of their parents, they often feel inadequate and guilty. These feelings continue into adulthood. As adults, they very often experience depression.

Unlike the deficient parents described above, controlling parents fail to allow their children to assume responsibilities appropriate for their age. These parents continue dominating and making decisions for their children well beyond the age at which this is necessary. Controlling parents are often driven by a fear of becoming unnecessary to their children. This fear leaves them feeling betrayed

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and abandoned when their children become independent (Forward, 1989). On the

other hand, these children frequently feel resentful, inadequate, and powerless.

Transitions into adult roles are quite difficult, as these adults frequently have

difficulties making decisions independent from their parents. When they act

independently these adults feel very guilty, as if growing up were a serious act of

disloyalty.

A separation or divorce is a highly stressful and emotional experience for

everyone involved, but children often feel that their whole world has turned

upside down. At any age, it can be traumatic to witness the dissolution of the

parents‘ marriage and the breakup of the family.

2.4 The Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa

The immediate aims of treatment for anorexia nervosa are to Regain lost weight, Recover from malnourishment and Eat normally again. In the past, treatment occurred in a hospital setting; it is now offered in an outpatient setting. In life- threatening cases, clinicians may need to force tube and intravenous feeding on the patient. This may breed distrust in the patient and create a power struggle. There are the treatments for Anorexia Nervosa:

a. The behavioral weight-restoration approaches have clinicians use rewards

whenever patients eat properly or gain weight.

b. The most popular weight-restoration technique has been the combination of

the use of supportive nursing care, nutritional counseling, and high calorie

diets.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA c. The most popular weight-restoration technique has been the combination of

the use of supportive nursing care, nutritional counseling, and high calorie

diets. d. Necessary weight gain often is achieved in 8 to 12 weeks. e. Researchers have found that people with anorexia must overcome their

underlying psychological problems in order to achieve lasting improvement.

Therapists use a combination of therapy and education to achieve this broader

goal, using a combination of individual, group, and family approaches;

psychotropic drugs have been helpful in some cases. f. In most treatment programs, a combination of behavioral and cognitive

interventions are applied, on the behavioral side, clients are required to

monitor feelings, hunger levels, and food intake and the ties among those

variables. On the cognitive side, they are taught to identify their ―core

pathology‖. Such approaches can take place in either individual or group

therapy formats. g. Therapists help patients recognize their need for independence and control.

Therapists help patients recognize and trust their internal feelings. h. Another focus of treatment is correcting disturbed cognitions, especially

client misperceptions and attitudes about eating and weight. Using cognitive

approaches, therapists will correct disturbed cognitions and educate about

body distortions. i. Another focus of treatment is changing family interactions. Family therapy is

important for anorexia. The main issue often is separation/boundaries.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA A family systems analysis of eating disorders emphasizes four central components: symptoms as communicative acts, the homeostatic family, the role of boundaries, and conflict avoidance. Family therapy addresses these factors by emphasizing the symptoms and the family dynamic. It does this using both individual and family sessions depending upon the age of the patient, and is mainly used for anorexic patients.

Family therapy also addresses family dynamic. At times, relationships within particularly, the therapist will encourage a change in these relationships and suggest that the patient become more independent by finding new interests outside the family. In addition, the symptoms of the eating disorder can come to dominate the family, creating a focus for the family and diminishing the role of other potential points of contact. Specially, the symptoms can be seen as a ―common concern‖ which holds the family together. A remission in the symptoms can feel threatening to the family as they have to learn new ways of interacting. The family therapist can address these issues by announcing any change in the place of the symptoms and encouraging the family to fill any opening space with new activities and new ways of relating to each other. Specific interventions used as part of family therapy include instructions, interpretations, and the facilitation of negotiations between the parents and between parents and children. Further, the therapist can facilitate a change in the dynamics by challenging and blocking any unhelpful interactions which occur within the family during therapy, supporting particular family members, and pointing out new ways of interacting.

The effectiveness of family therapy has been assessed involving patients who vary in the severity of their problem, and in comparison with a range of other

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA interventions. One trial involved 80 patients who were randomly allocated to receive either family therapy or individual supportive therapy just before discharge from an inpatient unit. The result showed that family therapy fared better than individual supportive therapy for patients who had developed anorexia before 19 years of age and had it for less than 3 years. A further study showed that family therapy was more effective than individual therapy for severely ill patients.

Family therapy addresses the patient‘s symptoms through information, problem solving, and family dynamics, using the strategies of family systems theory.

These include being challenging, and blocking and facilitating communication.

Getting patients and their families to agree to family therapy can be problematic, as it is often regarded as a diagnosis that the family was to blame. Once patients are involved in therapy, however, evidence indicates that they build strong relationships with their therapists. Further, evidence indicates that it can be a successful approach for treating both adolescent and adult anorexics.

2.5 Novel

The novel is a genre of fiction, and fiction may be defined as the art or craft of contriving, through the written word, representations of human life that instructor divert or both. Reeve (1789:106) says, ―A novel is a fictitious narrative prose of considerable length in which characters and action representative of real life are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity. It means that the story of the novel described base on human life. The various forms that fiction may take are best seen less as a number of separate categories than as a continuum or, more accurately, a cline, with some such brief form as the anecdote at one end of the scale and the longest conceivable novel at the other. When any piece of fiction is long enough to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA constitute a whole book, as opposed to a mere part of a book, then it may be said to have achieved novel hood. But this state admits of its own quantitative categories, so that a relatively brief novel may be termed a novella (or, if the insubstantiality of the content matches its brevity, a novelette), and a very long novel may overflow the banks of a single volume and become a roman-fleuve, or river novel. Length is very much one of the dimensions of the genre. The length of novel can be from 60000-

100000 words.

Horror fiction aims to frighten or disgust its readers. Although many horror novels feature supernatural phenomena or monsters, it is not required. Modern horror, such as cosmic horror and splatter punk, tends to be less melodramatic and more explicit. Horror is often mixed with other genre. Mostly in novel used first person point of view uses ―I‖, and is told by one of the characters of the story. Third person point of view uses an unnamed narrator who knows what all (or most) of the story‘s characters are thinking.

A novel is an extended work of prose fiction, longer than a short story or a medium- length fiction, called a novelette or novella. It is written in prose and so is distinguished from a long fictional tale in verse. a novel is a long prose narrative that describes fictional characters and events, usually in the form of a sequential story. A fictions purports to tell of events and characters that are invented, not real, referring a whole range of fabricated narratives, as opposed to non- fictional narrative genres, that include history, biography, legal reports and so on.

Novel as one of the literary works certainly contains many aspects that depicted based on the human real life. This aspect commonly concern with emotion,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA feeling, problems, conflicts, etc. Nowadays, a novel is often read for entertainment, although many can also be informative.

The novel is an in-depth description of the theme which expressed through the story. The novel is a prose fiction that contains the character‘s life from the beginning to the end. According to Reeve (1785: 26) Novel is a picture of real manner and of the time in which it was written‖. It shows that novel deals with the real life of society. Novel is like a mirror that reflects the condition and situation of the human in real life then illustrated by the author of the novel in a written form.

Novel as one of the literary works certainly contains many aspects that depicted based on the human real life. This aspect commonly concern with emotion, feeling, problems, conflicts, etc. Nowadays, a novel is often read for entertainment, although many can also be informative.

In fact, novels tend to tell the same few stories. Novelist frequently focuses on the tensions between individuals and the society in which they live, presenting characters that are odd with that society. The readers will have made considerable progress in understanding the particular novel we are reading if we can see how it sets certain individuals against society or their family. The basic pattern is every one‘s life –all of us have individual impulses and desires, but all of us have to face up to the fact that we are members of family and society.

In addition, novel is a part of literature. Every pieces of literature there must be a structural that played some roles in order to make the story more alive. Novel as one form of prose fiction has the intrinsic aspects such as theme, plot, character, setting, point of view, style and also has the extrinsic aspects such as history, philosophy, religion, etc. That structural must related and supporting each other.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.6 Review of Previous Study

The analysis about anorexia has been analyzed before by English Literature student named Amanda Destyanti on May 5, 2017. The analysis entitled Francesca‘s

Anorexia Nervosa Unconscious Regression in Steven Levenkron‘s The Best Little

Girl in the World. This analysis discuss about the descriptions of Francesca Louise who has an Eating disorder. She has an obsession to be like her ballet teacher because she wants to have a perfect body like her. She used to compare her own body to other dancer. Fransesca develop on obsession with weight loss and increasingly has self- discipline in eating and exercise that lead her to severe anorexia. She struggles to hide this symptom from her parents. She became secretive and isolates herself from parents and family. There are two objectives of this study.

The first is to depict the main character of this novel. The second is to show that the regression Fransesca‘s Anorexia nervosa is a defense mechanism.

The Psychoanalysis of Anorexia found in a novel written by Laurie Halse

Anderson. The focus is only to know the causes of Anorexia Nervosa as portrayed in

Laurie Halse Anderson‘s Novel Wintergirls and to know how the main character overcomes the Anorexia Nervosa. This thesis uses theory from DSM-IV and theory

Hilde Bruch that says, there are three causes why people got Anorexia Nervosa. First

Biological factor, there are because hormone, genetic and Nutrition. Second,

Psychological factor, Hilde Bruch developed a largely psychodynamic theory of eating disorder. Bruch argues that eating disorders are the result of disturbed mother- child interactions which lead to serious ego deficiencies in the child and to severe perceptual disturbances and because negative body image or poor self-esteem. The

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA last is sociocultural factors. There are many factors in sociocultural such as Careers,

Sports, life styles etc.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH

The important part of a research in analyzing the data is a method of research.

By using method of research it will be easier for the writer easier in understanding the concerns expressed in a work that is going to be analyzed, to solve the problem and find a solution for the problems. In this study, the writer also uses method to analyze the object of the study, to understand all the data and finally transform it into a complete study. The writer tries to analyze the characteristic of the anorexia character in ― Wintergirls ‖ novel as the main object of the analysis.

3.1 Research Design

Research design is type of research that focuses on defining problems, formulating necessary material to answer the problems, organizing and evaluating data, and making conclusion.

The method of research that is used to collect the data is descriptive qualitative method. A method is required to set the procedures to control the writer in doing the research. Descriptive-qualitative method is a method to reveal the facts, circumstances, phenomena, variables and circumstances that occurred while running the research and presenting what it is. Interpret qualitative descriptive study and said that the data is concerned with the current situation, attitudes, and opinions that occur in society, the relationship between the variables, the difference between fact, the effect of the condition, and others.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In qualitative research "problem" and "title" brought by researchers still tentative and holistic, so that qualitative researchers would not specify the problem was simply based on study variables, but the overall social situation under study that includes place, actors, activity that interact in synergy.

Subsequent to the whole data, that the writer has been collected and analyzed by applying descriptive-qualitative method approach to complete the research. The final step is the conclusion and suggestion gained from the study as the result. A

Research Design is a picture of the planning and the implementation of this study in order to back up the researcher in completing this analysis in accordance with the correct elements. So, the writer makes the chart to help the readers in understanding the research method, and here is the chart that has been arranged below.

RESEARCHER NOVEL QUOTATION SELECTION WINTERGIRLS ( CHARACTER)

PSYCHOLOGY APPROACH

(ANOREXIA NERVOSA )

ANALYZING AND INTERPRETED

CONCLUDING THE METHOD(QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHOD)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3.2 Data and Source of Data

The study purpose used data and taking some sentences in novel Wintergirls written by Laurie Halse Anderson which is a source of data. The data is a quotation from sentences from the novel telling the causes and the overcome of anorexia nervosa in Wintergirls. Source of data is a novel with 278 pages, written by

American writer named Laurie Halse Anderson entitled Wintergirls. This novel is a

New York Times best seller and ALA best book for young adults in 2009.

3.3 Data Collection

The data that are taken from novel Wintergirls are some sentences that tell about the causes and the main character overcome of Anorexia nervosa. Before taking some dialogue, the first step to do is reading the novel a whole from the first chapter to final chapter to find out what does the story tell about. After reading, the second step to do is taking some sentences that point into anorexia. The third step is selecting some sentences that focus on the causes and the main character overcome of anorexia nervosa to be analyzed later. The fourth step to do is finds out the quotation about leading‘s character Lia Overbrook.

3.4 The Technique in Collecting Data

Firstly, the novel has been read for many times in order to make deeply understanding for the topic that will be analyzed. Then, take an evaluated of the characters acts and actions by their way in speaking, their personality in the story and their communication that indicate conflicts. Most of the data that presented in this thesis to support the analysis are collected by the sentences and arrangement of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA words in the novel. Other significant information is taken from the literature books and some other references that related to the topic of the analysis.

3.5 Data Analysis

After collecting data, the last step to do is analyzing the selecting data about leading character‘s causes and overcome of anorexia to be described by using theory developed in DSM-IV and Hilde Bruch. This theory uses to support the process in doing this analysis. By using the theory, the focus of the topic is to the leading character‘s causes and overcome in anorexia nervosa. The description in analyzing about the causes is done by using sentences to describe the aspect of negative symptoms.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDING

4.1 Analysis the Causes of Anorexia

Three causes of anorexia nervosa affect the way how someone think, eat and behave. There anorexia nervosa makes they losing their desire to eat and losing their touch to the social life. These symptoms can be traced and seen by common people body. To say simply, there are three causes of Anorexia Nervosa according to Hilde

Bruch.

4.1.1 Psychodynamic factor : Ego Defiance

―Empty is good, empty is strong‖ (Anderson, 2009: P.7)

Lia justifies that "empty" and "strong" are synonymous because every time she looks in a mirror after eating less than the previous day she felt stronger, She felt strong every time she turned down foods that she really wanted because it meant that her willpower was stronger than the hunger, and I think most of all she felt stronger because she knew that Cassie wasn't able to starve herself, and that she had had to become bulimic or a "pucker" instead of maintaining a steady resolve to just not eat.

The only time you truly know if her feelings are even beginning to change is the very last chapter where she allows herself to eat what the doctors are telling her to at the hospital, and she says that the numbers on the scale and the mirrors are beginning to not matter anymore.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA [The doctors] are morons. This body has a different metabolism. This body hates dragging around the chains they wrapped around it. Proof? At 099.00 I think clearer, look better, feel stronger. When I reach the next goal, it will be all that, and more. Goal number two is 095.00, the perfect point of balance. At 095.00, I will be pure. Light enough to walk with my head up, meaty enough to fool everyone. And 095.00, I will have the strength to stay in control. At 090.00, I will soar. That's Goal Number Three. (Anderson, 2009: P.190)

To the non-sufferer, this thinking is distorted and scary, but to anyone with a tendency toward anorexia, it may sound all too reasonable. Lia's thoughts about herself may be far more triggering than her calorie-counting or meal-avoiding strategies — they may convince girls that their own disordered thoughts are normal or even correct.

‖ You‘re not dead, but you‘re not alive, you‘re a Wintergirls‖ (Anderson, 2009: P. 195)

Lia feels fear throughout the novel “Wintergirls”. Her major problem is to getting hurt and letting someone to get close enough to her which really breaks her heart. One of main cause of fright is winter, which affected both Lia and

Cassie in novel. Winter is also symbolizes the preserve state of frozenness of Lia.

Lia still had a heartbeat, a pulse but she was dead for the family and the world around her. She was frozen in the state of mind that she should try to keep away everyone out and let her slowly die on the inside. She is still breathing but aren‘t happy with her selves and her live, they are wintergirls. The significant reaction shows that how winter is used in describing how she cut her selves and extremely hard she trained, killing her legs until sunshine. Cold is the main causing that

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA how she harmed her selves, also as daring because pain was daring, and pain was being pretty.

―We turned us into Wintergirls, and when she tried to leave, I pulled her back into the snow because i was afraid to be alone‖ (Anderson, 2009: P. 99). .

Lia and Cassie were best friends but their friendship was not lively one.

Cassie try to stop being bulimic and tried to get better herself. But Lia never try let her to do that .Lia cared about Cassie‘s happiness and health more than her happiness .They were both selfish friends. Lia and her best friend were also unhealthily competitive over everything. Lia promises to Cassie to be the skinniest girl in the school. It is the shadow that mistreat Lia , but it also an easy way for her to get out of the situation she is dealing with .

‖ …she called. Thirty-three times. You didn‘t answer. Body found in the motel room alone. You left her alone. Should, should, should have done anything everything. you killed her. I try to squeeze them out by focusing loudly (Anderson,2009: P. 97).

Fear is bound up with situations that after Cassie‘s death, Lia is hunted by

Cassie‘s ghost. The ghost simply appears in front of Lia, letting her know that

Cassie‘s spirit is still alive and around her that she has incomplete work with Lia.

Lia driven to self-loathing to friend‘s suicide, and her behavior out of control

.Cassie‘s haunting become more recurrent; her urging for Lia to ―hurry up‖ sounds more like a demand. Lia does not understand why Cassie would not leave her friend alone and Cassie‘s statement about her friend, being fat, ugly, mean

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and so heartless. Lia ignored the messages of Cassie and it makes the cause of

Lia suffering to fear from Cassie ghost. Lia feels more anxiety after death of her

best friend and she feels suffers. Lia, suffered from feeling alone and alienated

from people. Lia always thinks that people around her did not treated her normal,

even her family also. People were staring at her and judging Lia like she had

three heads or something, all sufferings of Lia‘s harm herself is that she felt alone

and alienated from family and everyone in the world. She feels guilt that she

ignores her friend. She feels again and again fear while she wants to eat, but her

throat was close and she just cannot do it. She continuously thinks about her.

―0, 85.00 was not enough stuffing for a paper Lia girl‖ (Anderson, 2009: P.190)

She worked hard to get her body thinnest, she feels happy to have smallest thinnest body. She set mind if her body is fat she will look ugly and people would not accept her. Due to anorexia she takes herself to the extreme thinnest competition and makes her own sense of body image. This section made the book enjoyable because readers imagine that they also fight with themselves as Lia does. It can also open the mind of readers to the idea of thinnest and fight with their fat body. The basic problem in the novel is between Lia and food. It reminds us the race between

Cassie and Lia to b thinnest and who will gain less weight. Even they decided skipping food, of over exercise. Her way of eating disorder and exercise is the best example of her mental state in novel. Lia‘s obsession of food with calories, how she wants to refuse them to eat, she felt like there is no need of them.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1.2 Sociocultural Condition and Family

Family is the smallest unit of society. Everybody starts in the family. Love, respect and morals start in the family. They keep their secrets and share them with each other. Family means a lot more than a relative by blood or marriage. It means the people who accept you no matter who you are. Where there is no hatred or judgment. The love of a family should be unconditional and everyone should try their best to provide all they can for the people in their family, emotionally and financially. Family is the people that everyone deserves to feel secure and comfortable with.

As we know that nobody is perfect, so do the family. There will always problem that happen to us as long as we live in this world, whether it is with other people, family or ourselves. For every problem that happens in family, there will always be consequences received. Divorce is the one of consequences. Divorce also known as dissolution of marriage, is the process of terminating marriage. Divorce brings a bad memory to everyone, especially to their children. No one wants to have a divorce‘s parents. Lia Overbrook, she is an 18 years old girl. She is a senior high school with divorced but independently successful parents. Lia suffers from anorexia nervosa, she feels trapped between life and death, between the desire to eat and the power she feels when starving herself.

―When I was a real girl, with two parents and one house and no blades flashing, breakfast was granola topped with fresh strawberries, always eaten while reading a book…‖ (Anderson, 2009: p.28)

Life transition is periods in life involving lots of change to your lifestyles.

They might also be a result of important events that make someone stop and evaluate 41

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA their life. Life transitions may run smoothly but people often struggle to adjust to change and may find these periods of life highly stressful and perhaps distressing.

It happens to Lia Overbrook the leading character of Wintergirls‘s novel. Lia is an ordinary girl just like people in general, but s nightmare comes to her life. Lia‘s parents‘ divorce and make her feel so sad. She does not accept that. Lia repeats these quotes from the very start of the novel. She always says ―When I was a real girl …‖

The meaning of that sentences is Lia remembering the times from back when she was able to live life and have things that she loved including food, ballet, both of parents being together and friends. Lia truly stopped being real, when she met

Cassie. Cassie was a dangerous friend from the start because Cassie had to be control of everything. Lia started giving up the things that she had previously enjoyed in order to please Cassie- ballet, food, friends- and later Lia was left with nothing since

Cassie had taken it from her. She wants her old life back. She wants eating, she wants the happy family. But everything has changes; a beautiful and happy life is gone. Lia‘s parents no longer live together. She felt very broken. After the divorce, she felt her mother and father did not care about her anymore. They only care about their job and their new family. They never ask her like parents care to their child.

―There is the shadow of my mom, who prefers the phone because face to face takes too much time and usually ends in screaming ―(Anderson, 2009:p.20) Effective communication is an important characteristic of strong, healthy family. Communication is an essential building block of strong marital, parent-child and sibling relationship. Communication within the family is extremely important because it enables member to express their need, wants and concerns to each other.

Open and honest communication creates an atmosphere that allows family members 42

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA to express their differences as well as love and admiration for one another. It is through communication that family members are able to resolve the unavoidable problem that arises in all families. Poor communication is usually found in unhealthy family relationship. Poor communication can lead to numerous family problems, including excessive family conflict, lack of intimacy and weak emotional bonding.

Poor communication is also associated with an increased risk of divorce and more behavioral problems in children. Good communication between mother and child should be face to face. Because the mother can know directly what their child is experiencing. In addition, by communication face to face, the child feels heeded by her mother, they feels their mother is there for them and does not feel worried about anything. The child does not only need communication by phone because they want their mother to be by their side. But Lia‘s mother is different; she is a very busy person. She rarely or even almost talks to Lia by face to face. That makes feel Lia sad, she feel her mother never love her. Lia feel neglected and feel haunted by feelings of annoyance because her mother prefers her job rather than Lia. When lia‘s mother has time to talk to Lia, she did not like that. Because, Lia‘s mother never spoke softly to her. She felt her mother did not understand it; she should talk from heart to heart with her child instead of being angry or even screaming.

― My mother wanted to be the boss, wanted to be Dr. Marrigan instead of sick Lia‘s mom‖ (Anderson,2009: p.138) Mothers are woman who inhabit or perform the role of bearing some relation to their children. She is someone who cares for her off springs, feeding and nurturing them, at times protecting them from external threats. Mother also acts as a mentor or guide, introducing the world to her child. She is the one who spends her sleepless

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA nights during the children sickness and other bad days. She makes understand about our roles and responsibilities toward family, society and country. Dr. Chloe Marrigan is Lia's mom. She is a doctor and did the autopsy on Cassie. Lia's mom is always worrying about Lia and wanting her to go to someone for serious help, But Lia‘s mother never to be there to give support. If her mom wants to help her, she needs to make time for her and work at being a better mother for Lia. They did not have a good relationship. Lia and Dr. Marrigan do not have a close relationship as should be the mother and child. It can be seen from the quote above; she said Dr. Marrigan just wants to be the boss and doctor. Lia‘s mother does not want to be a mother. Lia‘s mother prefers her career rather that her daughter. She is treated Lia like a patient not her child. Lia really hates her mother. Her mother never cared about her feelings. She only told her to go to the doctor without accompanying her. She wanted her mother to see what she felt and wants; she wanted his mother to always be beside her. She wanted her mother to be next to her as a mother not a doctor. She wanted to share her sadness with her mother but all that she did not get.

― No, I am never setting foot in this house again it scares me and makes me sad and I wish you could be a mom whose eyes worked but I don‘t think you can‖ (Anderson,2009: P.29)

Her mother came over to her father‘s house to talk to him not to talk to Lia.

This proves that her mother does not seem to care enough to get involved personally with Lia. Dr. Chloe Marrigan or Lia‘s mother is always busy with work and does not seem to make enough time for Lia. She is always very worried about Lia and pushing her to be healthy. Her and Lia do not get along well and do not spend much time together. Their relationship is not very strong or healthy for herself or Lia.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

―We‘ll talk later‖ But he lies (Anderson, 2009: P. 36)

Talking and listening to children does lots of important things. It improves your bond with them and encourages them to listen to you. It helps to form relationship and to build self- esteem. Some children need a lot of encouragement and positive feedback to get talking. Others will be desperate to talk to you even you are busy doing something else. This might mean stopping what you are doing and please talking and listening your children. In the quotes above, lia‘s father said that he wants to talk to Lia but her father never does that. Lia‘s father never talk or listening to him. Because her dad really busy with his job. Lia just need someone to talk or listen her feeling. She just wants someone to care about her feeling, but no one cares. Lia‘s parents too busy to know about her feelings. In family life, not only mothers play a role in educating children. Father also plays an important role in the growth of children. Lia‘s father should give little time to talk or listen to her complaints, but that never happened. She feels cheated, so that she becomes a closed person and does not trust anyone anymore.

―I pretend to be a fat, healthy teenager. They pretend to be my parents.‖ (Anderson, 2009: P.51)

―They pretend to be my parents‖. This quote reveals Lia's entire relationship with her parents. She is saying that she does not really feel like her parents care. They are only acting because it is the right thing to do. This line shows that she was not a human being who was connected to those in her family and that she mentally struggles with the concept of being open with those that care for her.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Lia's use of the word "pretend" throughout the book tells you that she sees everyone as equally guilty of putting on a colorful mask by which everyone will judge. To continue using the mask comparison, the prettiest mask wins even if the human beneath is broken or slipping- just like Cassie. Lia feels that nobody is truly real, and that in order to mold to the image that society wants to see and in order to protect themselves from the judgmental gaze of others, everyone must play pretend with one another. She uses the word to show that people really just pretend sometimes. They just fake what they are doing because it is what‘s right or what they have to do.

People pretend just to be strong.

4.2 Analysis of the main Character’s way to overcome the Anorexia Nervosa

It is said that matter of life is natural for human being for it offers challenging for response. Man is the strongest creature ever available to counter anything that blocks his own life how heavy it is. The intellectual gift of man has endowed his capacity to face any problem in life. In this point, anorexia nervosa is a phenomenon of life that hunts every girl to look at their body build. It is a dieting moment for making sexy body standard in measurement. Without this, a girl is supposed to be stranger for not following the time. \

The way an issue comes up is based on the collective wish that follows the available model. Life model for being sexy for a girl is a must to answer the situation as obligatory need. The demand for diet because of being well formed physically it is colored by the ideal dream that girl seems to be good in the size of being framed.

Thus, many people have result certain standard based on what they think collectively. The wants to be categorized perfect must go equally with what wanted

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and what should be. Individual wish has been neglected because of ideal standard collectively.

No matter what the choices ever exist in front of the eyes, the collective desire is determining what must be achieved. Life has been magically colored with things that go beyond the mind. What has been regarded strange becomes normal anyway in the concept of unconscious mind. The familiar becomes far away and that is far has been made familiar. Dieting manner in order to escape from the syndrome of anorexia nervosa sounds natural anyhow. Thus, every girl must prepare themselves out of laugh and try the best to be center of attention. It is a sort of mirror to see the face on the right path by following life standard created by the world in common. On one way or another, anorexia nervosa frees the girl from any wrong judgment because by having such body standard has made her real existed in true mode as expected.

The quotation goes as such:

―Her hug makes me strong enough to carry the entire world on my shoulders. She wants me to come home soon. I‘m almost ready.‖ (Anderson, 2009: P. 277).

The meaning of ―her‖ above is Lia Overbrook is talking about her stepsister Emma. She really loves her stepsister. She is the one who makes Lia happy. Lia wants to recover from anorexia nervosa because of

Emma. She did not want to see Emma sad, and she does not want Emma to be afraid of her or hate her. Finally, Lia wants to go home. She wants to meet her family and meet her stepsister. Lia does not want to run

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA away from this problem. She wants to face her problem and wants to get well.

―There is no magic cure, no making it all go away forever. There are only small steps upward; an easier day, an unexpected laugh, a mirror that doesn‘t matter anymore, I am thawing‖ (Anderson, 2009: P. 278).

Lia is unable to understand that why Cassie not leaving her alone and continuously making statement about her being fat , ugly, selfish and so ruthless.

When Lia passing through the motel room, where Cassie died , Cassie welcome Lia in another world by saying that she is so happy and feels egoistic by the death of Lia just for a moment away. Something like heavy falls on Lia‘s chest. For the first time in novel she is happy with her life and she really wants to live in life .simply she wants to back in life and connected with her family. Lia snatch the see-glass out of

Cassie‘s mouth, it is not a glass but a dirty green lollipop. It can be said that sugar makes Lia stronger and she can make the strongest picture for future. At the end Lia apologies to Cassie for not receiving phone calls which she as she ignores at the starting of novel. She called her mother and tells her that where is she, in ambulance

Lia‘s heart stops, but she survives, she again admitted to hospital, she wants to again recover her anorexia and build her relation to her family.

4.3 Finding

Disharmony in family relation has become trigger that forces Lia enter her own isolated world personally. She is unable to maintain her personal balance personality looking at the fact at father-and mother‘s quarrel. The fight between her dad and mom has made her so down and frustrated. She cannot enjoy herself as like 48

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA other girls whose lives are so calm and natural. Different from what she has faced, the quarrel of her parents has resulted less spirit to come into the truth. Her passion on food has increased into taste of stale in terms of lost appetite. She has no desire to taste the deliciousness of food because of that disharmony

The divorce of her parents adds the turmoil condition that tortures Lia much better than what is expected. She seems not ready enough to pursue the real essence of being parents that must care the children. On her position as a girl, Lia needs love, care and protection about going on life. As a matter of fact she has not got it in a proper way. The hostility and the fight of her parents have ruined family sense as a whole. She finds out that her appetite for food has lost. The lost is happened because of the bad relationship that her parents have got.

Whether or not, there is now out for Lia to escape from the syndrome of anorexia nervosa because of the bad connection of her parents. Socially, family orientation is meant to achieve happiness. As a matter of fact, the divorce has changed the role of mom into careless mother. The escape from normal way of life into abnormal way of living bay taking drinking is a sort of punishment into the loss of life sense. Family that takes important role to build healthy character has lost its function anyway. Lia has been the victim of her parents‘ selfishness by agreeing the divorce.

Socio-culturally, a divorce has been regarded as failure to sustain family life meaning in a true sense. Family is a union of different hearts into oneness both in happiness and pain. Yet, Lia gets something different from what has parents have done. The feeling of guilt has resulted deep frustration for her to be attacked by

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA anorexia nervosa syndrome anyhow. She has made herself into deep suffer because of the situation. Therefore, the available mindset of socio-cultural framework that promises marriage life must be togetherness has betrayed Lia. Lia has been the target of the selfishness of her parents and the demand of social environment that tends to demand perfection of family life condition.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

Lia’s anorexia nervosa comes into being because of the disharmony relationship of her parents. The quarrel of her mother and father has made her into deep frustration that has resulted the lost appetite in food. Her taste of food has decreased fatally that makes her appearance as skinny young girl. The burden of life has made her fall into complicated option about knowing the matter more than what it is. The broken family life condition has increased the phase of anorexia nervosa bigger and bigger.

It is true that the impact of quarrel in family life ends into divorce finally is a bad sign. The divorce has changed the role of mom into a bit rude than what she is.

Lia‘s mother has appeared into a real monster that needs another victim. The victim is Lia as her daughter that comes into shouldering the load that she must not have.

This moment has added the syndrome of anorexia nervosa bigger and bigger. The demand of having wonderful family relationship has broken into pieces because of divorce. That case has made Lia frustrated by losing her appetite on food.

On one way or another, family life relationship is a basic life socially. The union of individuals has built new form of social life condition let alone in the presence of a child. Family life orientation represents not just individual but also the member of the family. Because of that, social value judgment also takes place to influence the way of life in terms of social life environment. The mind set of socio-

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA cultural framework tends to strengthen the sense of marriage life in terms of family.

Because of that Lia has been trapped into coming to condition of social need or parents‘ one. The failure to fulfill the social need has resulted the moment of frustration in terms of anorexia nervosa.

5.2 Suggestion

The analysis of Laurie Halse Anderson‘s Wintergirs is far away still from being perfect. Anorexia nervosa syndrome is a little bit picture of life analysis as what has been done in this thesis. The possibilities of wonderful ideas exist in this literary work is open to be discussed. This simple analysis is only an opening search for the syndrome of anorexia in terms of psychological matter connected within literary works. Whatever the reason is, this literary works is truly a brief history of man‘s life. Its readers are brought to see the fact that harmony in building marriage life is a must to be done. A divorce is a complicated option that tends to ruin ideal hope of marriage life finally. Thus, this analysis may give more insistence to those who are in love with literature to do different research from this one.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCES

Abrams, M. H. 1997. The Mirror and the Lamp, Romantic Theory and the Chritical Tradition. London: Oxford University Press, Inc. Anderson, Laurie Halse. 2009. Wintergirls.USA: Viking an imprint of Penguin Group, Inc. APA. (2000). DSM IV –TR (Diagnostic and Staristical Manual of Mental Disorders IV Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiantric Association Press Bennet, Andrew & Royle, Nicholas. 2004. An Introduction of Literature, Criticism and Theory. London: Great Britain. Brownell, Kelly D and Foreyt, John Paul.1986. Handbook of Eating Disorders. New York: Inc, Publishers. Damono, Sapardi Djoko. 2003. Pedoman Penelitian Sastra. Jakarta : Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. Daniel, A. Leone. 1969. Anorexia. California: Greenhaven Press, Inc. Endraswara, Suwardi. 2003. Metodologi Penelitian Sastra. Jogjakarta: Pustaka Widyatama. Foster, E.M. 1993. Aspect of Novel. Cambridge: Edward Arnold. Freud, Sigmund. 2016. Psikoanalisis, Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka. Hilde, Bruch, M.D. 1980. Eating Disorders. The American Psychiatric Association.. Minderop, Albertine. 2005. Metode Karakterisasi Telaah Fiksi. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Nurgiyantoro, Burhan.1995.Teori Pengkajian Fiksi.Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press. Pardede, Martha. 2016. Literature: An Introductory Material. Medan: USU Press. Siswantoro.2005. Metode Penelitian Sastra: Analisis Psikologis. Surakarta: Muhammadyah University Press. Stark, Charlotte. 1997. All about Anorexia Nervosa. London: The Mental Health Foundation UK. Wellek, Rene & Austin Warren. 1963. Theory of Literature. Orlando: Harcourt Brace & Company. Zaimar, Okke, K.S. 2003. Psikoanalisis dan Analisis Sastra, Depok: Pusat Penelitian Kemasyarakatan dan Budaya Lembaga Penelitian Univeritas Indonesia.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDICES

AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY

LAURIE HALSE ANDERSON

Laurie Beth Halse was born October 23, 1961. She was born in to Rev. Frank A.

Halse Jr. and Joyce Holcomb Halse in Potsdam, New York. She grew up there with her younger sister, Lisa. As a student, she showed an early interest in writing, specifically during the second grade. Anderson enjoyed reading—especially science fiction and fantasy—as a teenager, but never envisioned herself becoming a writer. Anderson attended Fayetteville-

Manlius High School, in Manlius, New York, a suburb of Syracuse. During Anderson’s senior year, she moved out of her parents' house at the age of sixteen and lived as an exchange student for thirteen months on a pig farm in Denmark. After her experience in

Denmark, Anderson moved back home to work at a clothing store, earning the minimum wage. This motivated her to attend college. After attending Onondaga Community College, she transferred to Georgetown University in 1981 and graduated in 1984 with a bachelor's

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA degree in languages and linguistics.

Laurie Halse Anderson married Greg Anderson. In 1985, they had their first child,

Stephanie Holcomb. Two years later, they had their second child, Meredith Lauren. The couple later divorced. Years later, Anderson moved back to Mexico, New York, and rekindled feelings with her childhood sweetheart, Scot Larrabee. Anderson eventually married—and is still married to—Larrabee. Together, they combined their families—

Anderson’s two daughters and Larrabee’s two children, Jessica and Christian.

Anderson began her career as a freelance journalist and worked at The Philadelphia

Inquirer in the early years of her career. During this time, Anderson also began to write children’s and young adult novels. Despite receiving rejection letters, Anderson released her first children’s novel, Ndito Runs, in 1996, based on Kenyan Olympic marathon runners who ran to and from school each day. Later that year, she had her story Turkey Pox published.

This story was inspired by her daughter, Meredith, who broke out with chicken pox on

Thanksgiving. In 1998, Anderson published No Time For Mother’s Day, featuring the same characters. During her early career, Anderson wrote several pieces of non-fiction. The first was a children's book featuring Saudi Arabia. She also co-authored a book about parenting shy children with Dr. Ward Swallow.

Young adult novels, in 1999, Farrar, Straus and Giroux published her best-known novel to date, Speak. It was a New York Times Bestseller,and was adapted into film in 2004, starring Kristen Stewart as Melinda Sordino. The novel became a finalist for the National

Book Award and won Anderson honors for its portrayal of a thirteen-year-old girl who becomes mute after a sexual assault. The paperback version was published in 2001 by Puffin

Books, an imprint of Penguin Publishing. Speak has been translated into 16 languages. In

2018, Anderson admitted that she was raped when she was thirteen years old, and the novel was based on her experience.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In 2002, after the publication of Fever 1793, Catalyst was published by Penguin under the Viking imprint. The action takes place in the same high school as Speak and features cameo appearances by some of its characters. The book became a Barnes & Noble Best Teen

Book of 2002 and an American Library Association Best Book for Young Adults.

In 2005, Anderson published Prom, which appeared on the New York Times Best

Seller list in early 2005. The book received three starred reviews, was nominated for several state awards, and received national recognition from the American Library Association

(ALA) and the International Reading Association.

Anderson's fourth YA novel, Twisted, was released in the spring of 2007 by Viking. It won awards such as the ALA Best Book for Young Adults 2008, ALA Quick Pick for Young

Adults 2008, International Reading Association Top Ten of 2007, and New York Public

Library Best Books for the Teen Age, and became a New York Times Bestseller.

Anderson later released Wintergirls in March 2009. The novel tells the story of two girls—one of whom is dead at the beginning suffering from bulimia and anorexia. Wintergirls received five-star reviews and nominations for state awards, was named an ALA Quick Pick for Young Adults, was a Junior Library Guild Selection, and debuted on the New York

Times Best Seller list Wintergirls has been published in over 15 different countries. Her most recent YA novel, The Impossible Knife of Memory, was published in 2014.

In 2000, Anderson's Fever 1793, a historical fiction novel set in Philadelphia during the yellow fever epidemic, was published by Simon and Schuster. Fever 1793 received two starred reviews, state and national awards, and was a Publishers Weekly Bestseller.

Anderson's fiction picture book, Thank You, Sarah! The Woman Who Saved

Thanksgiving was published in 2002. The book received two starred reviews, and was named in the ALA Amelia Bloomer List and the Junior Library Guild Selection.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In 2008, Anderson published another historical fiction novel, Chains, about a teenage Revolutionary War-era slave. The novel, the first in a trilogy dubbed Seeds of

America, was awarded the Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction. The second novel in the Seeds of America trilogy, Forge, was released in October 2010, by Simon and Schuster.

The book received three starred reviews and became a Junior Library Guild Selection, a

Kirkus Best Book for Teens: Historical Novels 2010, The Horn Book Fanfare List Best Book of 2010, and one of the Young Adult Library Services Association's (YALSA) 2011 Best

Books for Young Adults.

The ALA Margaret A. Edwards Award recognizes one writer and a particular body of work "for significant and lasting contribution to young adult literature." Anderson won the annual award in 2009, citing three novels published from 1999 to 2002: Speak, Fever 1793, and Catalyst. The ALA called the novels "gripping and exceptionally well-written" and the panel chair said that "Laurie Halse Anderson masterfully gives voice to teen characters undergoing transformations in their lives through their honesty and perseverance while finding the courage to be true to them. In 2017 she received the Anne V. Zarrow Award for

Young Readers' Literature, a career award presented by the Tulsa City-County Library.

Several of Anderson's early children's picture books were placed on recommended reading lists and some won awards. For the novel Speak, Anderson won the Golden Kite award, the Edgar Allan Poe Award, and the Los Angeles Times Book Prize. She was a runner-up for the Michael L. Printz Award and the National Book Award for Young People's

Literature. Fever 1793 was an ALA Best Book for Young Adults selection and a Junior

Library Guild selection. Chains were a National Book Award finalist in 2008 and it won the Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction in 2009.

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SUMMARY WINTERGIRLS BY LAURIE HALSE ANDERSON

Wintergirls by Laurie Halse Anderson is a novel about finding the desire to live despite emotional turmoil. The novel follows Lia Overbrook, an eighteen-year-old struggling with anorexia and self-mutilation. Lia hates her body. She hates her family. She hates her life.

Cassie and Lia have been friends since they were children, but when Cassie began purging in middle school, and Lia began lying to cover up her friend’s actions, their friendship changed.

They stopped truly caring for one another and transitioned into enabling one another’s self- harm. When Lia fails to be there for Cassie in her last moments, this is a reflection of what their friendship has become. After Cassie has been haunting Lia for a while, she tells Lia she is excited for Lia to cross over with her. Both Lia and Cassie exist between two worlds–that of the living and that of the dead. They are stuck there, frozen, unable to kickstart action in any one direction. Cassie, is bulimic, and dies one night in a motel room. She had suffered a long night of binging and purging. She had called Lia thirty-three times seeking help, but Lia did not answer the phone. The novel opens with Lia learning of Cassie’s death.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA After she receives this information, Lia goes back and listens to all of the voicemails

Cassie left for her. The messages are desperate by the end, begging Lia to answer. Lia does not tell anyone about these messages because she is worried that if she does, she will lose control of her life. Anorexia and self-mutilation, she believes, give her control.

Lia has been to rehab and therapy before. She has been hospitalized twice. The stakes for her are high as she strives to hide the fact that she is dropping more and more weight. She does not want to go back to the mental hospital, but she keeps denying herself food and driving herself to exercise.

Her emotional background is rife with trouble. When she was younger, her parents got divorced. She harbors a lot of resentment for her parents because they sent her to the hospital, but there is one bright spot in her life, and that is her younger step sister, Emma.

Emma is the eight-year-old daughter of Jennifer, Lia’s dad’s second wife. Despite the fact that Lia adores Emma, she still refuses to eat.

After Cassie dies, Lia begins to see her ghost. In the early appearances of this apparition, Lia learns that Cassie’s spirit has unfinished business with Lia; that is why she is subjected to this haunting. Naturally, Lia thinks Cassie’s unfinished business regards Lia’s failing to answer the phone the night Cassie died. As time goes on, Cassie’s spirit appears more often to Lia, following her and talking to her. Cassie’s haunting is not about the missed phone calls. Rather, her spirit is waiting for Lia’s, expecting to cross over together. Lia hurts herself more, and as she loses control of her self-mutilation, Cassie’s spirit visits her more frequently. ―Hurry up,‖ she says to Lia. Cassie’s spirit even goes so far as to call her fat and ugly, among other insults. In an attempt to regain her tenuous control, Cassie eats less and exercises more. She cuts herself deeper and deeper. She goes to the motel where Cassie died,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and passes out. She takes sleeping pills because even her dreams are interrupted by voices; because she weighs so little, the pills almost kill her. Cassie appears before her and tells her that she is proud of her, and that Lia’s death is a mere moment away.

Lia does not want to die. She feels as if she is being kicked inside her chest. She manages to escape Cassie’s spirit. After surviving this ordeal, Lia realizes that she has to seek treatment, not only for the physical harm she has caused herself, but also for the emotional trauma that prompted her self-harming actions. She enters the hospital of her own volition, and welcomes treatment because she now wants to live.

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