Paean to a Founder of Heredity
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Monism and Morphology at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by IUScholarWorks From a draft. May differ from the published version, which appeared in Monism: Science, Philosophy, Religion, and the History of a Worldview, ed. Todd Weir, 135–158, New York: Palgrave USA, 2012. Monism and Morphology at the Turn of the Twentieth Century SANDER GLIBOFF Indiana University Abstract. Ernst Haeckel’s monistic worldview and his interpretation of Darwin’s theory of evolution worked together to help him rule out any role for divine providence or any non-material mind, spirit, will, or purpose in the organic world. In his account of 1866, the impersonal, unpredictable, and purposeless external environment was what drove evolutionary change. By around the turn of the twentieth century, however, new theories of evolution, heredity, and embryology were challenging Haeckel’s, but Haeckel no longer responded with his earlier vigor. Younger monistically oriented evolutionary biologists had to take the lead in modernizing and defending the monistic interpretation and the external causes of evolution. Three of these younger biologists are discussed here: Haeckel’s student, the morphologist-turned-theoretician Richard Semon (1859–1918); Ludwig Plate (1862–1937), who took over Haeckel’s chair at the University of Jena and became an influential journal editor and commentator on new research on heredity and evolution; and Paul Kammerer (1880–1926), whose experimental evidence for the modifying power of the environment was hotly debated. Despite their very different social, political, and religious backgrounds, their contrasting research methods and career trajectories, and their disagreements on the precise mechanisms of evolution, these three were united by their adherence to Haeckelian monistic principles. -
'Great Is Darwin and Bergson His Poet': Julian Huxley's Other
This is a repository copy of ‘Great is Darwin and Bergson his poet’: Julian Huxley's other evolutionary synthesis. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/124449/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Herring, E (2018) ‘Great is Darwin and Bergson his poet’: Julian Huxley's other evolutionary synthesis. Annals of Science, 75 (1). pp. 40-54. ISSN 0003-3790 https://doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2017.1407442 (c) 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Annals of Science on 04 Jan 2018, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/00033790.2017.1407442 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ “Great is Darwin and Bergson his poet”: Julian Huxley’s Other Evolutionary Synthesis. Emily Herring School of Philosophy, Religion and History of Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom Email: [email protected] Address: School of Philosophy, Religion and History of Science, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom Orcid id: orcid.org/0000-0002-8377-6319 1 “Great is Darwin and Bergson his poet”: Julian Huxley’s Other Evolutionary Synthesis. -
Is the Germline Immortal and Continuous? a Discussion in Light of Ipscs and Germline Regeneration
Is the Germline Immortal and Continuous? A Discussion in Light of iPSCs and Germline Regeneration 1 1 Kate MacCord and B. Duygu Özpolat 1 - Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA 1 ABSTRACT The germline gives rise to gametes, is the hereditary cell lineage, and is often called immortal and continuous. However, what exactly is immortal and continuous about the germline has recently come under scrutiny. The notion of an immortal and continuous germline has been around for over 130 years, and has led to the concept of a barrier between the germline and soma (the “Weismann barrier”). One repercussion of such a barrier is the understanding that when the germline is lost, soma cannot replace it, rendering the organism infertile. Recent research on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and germline regeneration raise questions about the impermeability of the Weismann barrier and the designation of the germline as immortal and continuous. How we conceive of the germline and its immortality shapes what we perceive to be possible in animal biology, such as whether somatic cells contribute to the germline in some metazoans during normal development or regeneration. We argue that reassessing the universality of germline immortality and continuity across all metazoans leads to big and exciting open questions about the germ-soma cell distinction, cell reprogramming, germline editing, and even evolution. 2 1.0 Introduction The germline is the lineage of reproductive cells that includes gametes and their precursors, including primordial germ cells and germline stem cells. Because the germline gives rise to the gametes, it is the hereditary cell lineage, and is ultimately responsible for all cells in an organism’s body, including the next generation of the germline, stem cells, and other somatic cells. -
Evolution, Development, and the Units of Selection (Epigenesis/Modern Synthesis/Preformation/Somatic Embryogenesis/Weismann's Doctrine) LEO W
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 80, pp. 1387-1391, March 1983 Evolution Evolution, development, and the units of selection (epigenesis/Modern Synthesis/preformation/somatic embryogenesis/Weismann's doctrine) LEO W. Buss Department of Biology and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 Communicated by G, Evelyn Hutchinson, December 17, 1982 ABSTRACT The "Modern Synthesis" forms the foundation of those working with the comparative embryology of vertebrates, current evolutionary theory. It is based on variation among indi- saw strong evidence for Weismann's scheme in the sequestering viduals within populations. Variations within individuals are be- of germ cells during early embryology. Finally, several inves- lieved to hold no phylogenetic significance because such variation tigators studying wound-healing had clearly illustrated that many cannot be transmitted to the germ line (i.e., Weismann's doctrine). somatic cells were, in fact, incapable of regeneration. Weismann's doctrine, however, does not apply to protists, fungi, Support for Weismann's doctrine was by no means universal. or plants and is an entirely unsupported assumption for 19 phyla Botanists were Weismann's earliest critics (5). Debate over the of animals. This fact requires that the Modern Synthesis be reex- issue was central in the development of the continuing rift be- amined and modified. tween botanists and zoologists despite the commonality of their interests (G. E. Hutchinson, personal communication). Al- The Darwinian notion of evolution as a process directed by se- though Weismann's doctrine was the subject of two very critical lection acting upon heritable variation has not been challenged reviews in the 20th century (6, 7), these criticisms fell on deaf seriously since Darwin first articulated it. -
Induction of Mitochondrial DNA Heteroplasmy by Intra- and Interspecific Transplantation of Germ Plasm in Drosophila
Copyright 0 1989 by the Genetics Society of America Induction of Mitochondrial DNA Heteroplasmy by Intra- and Interspecific Transplantation of Germ Plasm in Drosophila Etsuko T. Matsuura,* SadaoI. Chigusa* and Yuzo Niki? *Department of Biology, Ochanomiru University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112, Japanand tDepartment $Biology, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito-shi, Ibaraki 310, Japan Manuscript received January 17, 1989 Accepted for publication April 3, 1989 ABSTRACT A new experimental system for inducing mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy in Drosophila was developed. By transplanting the germ plasm of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila mauritiana into the posterior pole of the recipient eggs of D. melanogaster, it was possible to introduce foreign mitochondria into the recipient female germline. Heteroplasmic individuals containing both donor and recipient mtDNA were obtained in intra- and interspecific combinations at similar frequencies. The proportion of donor-derived mtDNA in the heteroplasmic individuals varied considerably from individual to individual irrespectiveof the donor species used. No significant decreasein or elimination of donor mtDNA was observed, andthe heteroplasmic statein female germlines persisted for several generations. The present system should serve very much to promote the study and clarification of the transmission gkneticsof mtDNA in insects. HE geneticsof metazoan mitochondrial DNA germ plasm. The germline ofDrosophila is segregated T (mtDNA) is unique in that apopulation of fromother somatic lines at very earlyembryonic mtDNA molecules is maternallyinherited. Lack of stages through thefunction of germ plasm (ILLMENSEE appropriate genetic markers of mitochondria within and MAHOWALD1974; NIKI 1986). Germ plasm is not an individual makes difficult elucidation of the man- species-specific for inducingfunctional germ cells ner in which mitochondria or mtDNA are transmit- (MAHOWALD,ILLMENSEE and TURNER1976) andcon- ted. -
5B. Meiosis, Part 1
Meiosis A REDUCTION DIVISION TO PRODUCE GAMETES WHICH ULTIMATELY MAINTAINS A CONSISTENT CHROMOSOME NUMBER IN THE SPECIES P A R T 1 T H I S WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A C R E A T I V E COMMONS ATTRIBUTION - NONCOMMERCIAL - SHAREALIKE 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE . Types of Cell Division There are two types of normal cell division – mitosis and meiosis. Both types of cell division take place in eukaryotic organisms. Mitosis is cell division which begins in the zygote (fertilized oocyte) stage and continues in somatic cells during the life of the organism. Meiosis is cell division in the ovaries of the female and testes of the male and involves the maturation of primordial oocytes (eggs) and the formation of sperm cells, respectively. Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/the-reproductive- system-27/meiosis-254/meiosis-and-mitosis-1238-11633/images/fig-ch11-01-06/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ No changes were made. Wilhem August Oscar Hertwig (1849-1922) • The first to teach that the chromosome was the physical basis of heredity. • One of his greatest achievements was the discovery of the process of fertilization in sea urchins in which he observed and described cell division in 1876. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Oskar_Hertwig.jpg Public Domain Edouard-Joseph- Louis-Marie van Beneden (1846 – 1910) • Described a 2-phase cell division in 1883 in Ascaris megalocephala worm eggs • Showed fertilization was the union of 2 half nuclei – one from the male and one from the female – producing a cell containing the full number of chromosomes for the species http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Edouard_van_Beneden_in_front_of_the_Aquarium_et_mus%C3%A9e_d e_zoologie.jpg © Raimond Spekking / CC BY-SA 3.0 (via Wikimedia Commons) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- sa/3.0/deed.en No changes were made. -
Primordial Germ Cells
Determination of Germ Cells The Germ Line • Early separation of “germ line” from regular somatic cells in many but not all animals – Early specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) – Later migration into developing somatic gonad • In gonadal environment, gametogenesis – Meiosis – Sperm/egg differentiation • Germ cell determination can either be – Autonomous – Specified by neighbors Segregation of Germ Plasm of Parascaris • Theodor Boveri (1862-1915) – Nematode of horse and pig intestines – Observed the two chromosomes through cell divisions, through gametogenesis, through development – Chromosome parts loss correlated to special cytoplasm Does a Specific Region of Cytoplasm Protect the Chromosomes from Diminution? • Centrifugation to reorient the first cleavage plane relative to the vegetal cytoplasm centrifuged: Consequences • Only in germ line is all chromosomal information retained • Concept of stem cells – Cells that give rise to one the same and one different Early Segregation of Cytoplasmic Factors Defines PGCs • Segregation of P granules in C. elegans embryo follows PGC lineage • Contain RNA binding proteins and transcription inhibitors germ cell precursor Drosophila Pole Plasm • Pole cells (=PGCs) are the first nuclei to migrate out to periphery and cellularize • Surrounded by pole plasm – mitochondria, fibrils, polar granules, polysomes, etc. – plasm similar in other organisms How do We Know Pole Plasm Specifies the Germline? • Experiments demonstrated importance of pole plasm for generating germline – Hegner (1911) removed -
The So-Called 'Eclipse of Darwinism'
Descended from Darwin Insights into the History of Evolutionary Studies, 1900–1970 Joe Cain and Michael Ruse, Editors American Philosophical Society Philadelphia • 2009 TRANSACTIONS of the AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY Held at Philadelphia For Promoting Useful Knowledge Volume 99, Part 1 Copyright © 2009 by the American Philosophical Society for its Transactions series, Volume 99. All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-1-60618-991-7 US ISSN: 0065-9746 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. Cain and Ruse. 2009. Descended from Darwin (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society) Chapter 1 The So-Called Eclipse of Darwinism Mark A. Largent Introduction In discussing the emergence and development of evolutionary biology, historians of biology typically divide the nineteenth and twentieth centuries into four eras. The first, the pre-Darwinian period, came prior to publication of the Origin of Species in 1859, and it includes evolutionary theorizing by figures like Lamarck and Chambers. The second period focused on the reception and reaction to Darwin’s work by the public, religious authorities, and natural scientists. This period lasted from 1859 to about 1880 and is best characterized by works that systematically examine the recep- tion of Darwin’s ideas across different countries (Glick, 1974). Beginning about 1880 and lasting through most of the 1930s is a period widely described as the “eclipse of Darwinism” or the “eclipse of Darwin.”1 Biologists and historians of biology alike have described this period as one during which many theories competed for status. During these years, Darwinian evolutionary theory was supposedly obscured, and ultimately discarded, as speculative and old-fashioned natural history. -
Darwin's Pangenesis and the Problem of Unconceived Alternatives Author(S): P
The British Society for the Philosophy of Science Darwin's Pangenesis and the Problem of Unconceived Alternatives Author(s): P. Kyle Stanford Source: The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 57, No. 1 (Mar., 2006), pp. 121-144 Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of The British Society for the Philosophy of Science Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3541655 Accessed: 26-09-2016 19:18 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Oxford University Press, The British Society for the Philosophy of Science are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science This content downloaded from 128.195.64.2 on Mon, 26 Sep 2016 19:18:02 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Brit. J. Phil. Sci. 57 (2006), 121-144 Darwin's Pangenesis and the Problem of Unconceived Alternatives1 P. Kyle Stanford ABSTRACT In earlier work I have argued that the most substantial threat to scientific realism arises from the problem of unconceived alternatives: the repeated failure of past scientists and scientific communities to conceive of alternatives to extant scientific theories, even when such alternatives were both (1) well confirmed by the evidence available at the time and (2) sufficiently scientifically serious as to be later embraced by actual scientific commu- nities. -
Darwinism and Lamarckism Before and After Weismann: a Historical, Philosophical, and Methodological Analysis
DARWINISM AND LAMARCKISM BEFORE AND AFTER WEISMANN: A HISTORICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL, AND METHODOLOGICAL ANALYSIS by Francis J. Cartieri University of Pittsburgh, BPhil, 2009 Submitted to the Faculty of The College of Arts and Sciences in conjunction with the University Honors College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2009 Cartieri 2 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES & THE UNIVERSITY HONORS COLLEGE This thesis was presented by Francis J. Cartieri It was defended on April 21, 2009 and approved by David Denks, Professor, Philosophy Jeffrey Schwartz, Professor, Anthropology Peter Machamer, Professor, History and Philosophy of Science Thesis Director: Sandra Mitchell, Professor and Chair, History and Philosophy of Science Cartieri 3 ABSTRACT Darwinism and Lamarckism before and after Weismann: A Historical, Philosophical, and Methodological analysis. Francis J. Cartieri Chair: Sandra D. Mitchell When exploring the relationship between two reputedly competitive scientific concepts that have persisted, with modification, through time, there are three main features to consider. First, there are historical features of an evolving relationship. Just as a causal story can be reconstructed concerning adaptations in a complex system, an analogous story can be supplied for the historical contingencies that have shaped the organization and development of Lamarckian and Darwinian biological thought, and their interactions, over time. Second, there are philosophical -
History of Genetics Book Collection Catalogue
History of Genetics Book Collection Catalogue Below is a list of the History of Genetics Book Collection held at the John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK. For all enquires please contact Mike Ambrose [email protected] +44(0)1603 450630 Collection List Symposium der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Hygiene und Mikrobiologie Stuttgart Gustav Fischer 1978 A69516944 BOOK-HG HG œ.00 15/10/1996 5th international congress on tropical agriculture 28-31 July 1930 Brussels Imprimerie Industrielle et Finangiere 1930 A6645004483 œ.00 30/3/1994 7th International Chromosome Conference Oxford Oxford 1980 A32887511 BOOK-HG HG œ.00 20/2/1991 7th International Chromosome Conference Oxford Oxford 1980 A44688257 BOOK-HG HG œ.00 26/6/1992 17th international agricultural congress 1937 1937 A6646004482 œ.00 30/3/1994 19th century science a selection of original texts 155111165910402 œ14.95 13/2/2001 150 years of the State Nikitsky Botanical Garden bollection of scientific papers. vol.37 Moscow "Kolos" 1964 A41781244 BOOK-HG HG œ.00 15/10/1996 Haldane John Burdon Sanderson 1892-1964 A banned broadcast and other essays London Chatto and Windus 1946 A10697655 BOOK-HG HG œ.00 15/10/1996 Matsuura Hajime A bibliographical monograph on plant genetics (genic analysis) 1900-1929 Sapporo Hokkaido Imperial University 1933 A47059786 BOOK-HG HG œ.00 15/10/1996 Hoppe Alfred John A bibliography of the writings of Samuel Butler (author of "erewhon") and of writings about him with some letters from Samuel Butler to the Rev. F. G. Fleay, now first published London The Bookman's Journal -
Cloning and Stem Cell Debates in the Context of Genetic Determinism
Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics Volume 9 Issue 3 Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Article 6 Ethics 2009 Cloning and Stem Cell Debates in the Context of Genetic Determinism Jane Maienschein Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjhple Part of the Health Law and Policy Commons, and the Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility Commons Recommended Citation Jane Maienschein, Cloning and Stem Cell Debates in the Context of Genetic Determinism, 9 YALE J. HEALTH POL'Y L. & ETHICS (2009). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjhple/vol9/iss3/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics by an authorized editor of Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maienschein: Cloning and Stem Cell Debates in the Context of Genetic Determinism Cloning and Stem Cell Debates in the Context of Genetic Determinism Jane Maienschein* When I studied introductory biology at the newly-coeducated Yale in the early 1970s, we didn't hear anything about stem cells. For that matter, we heard relatively little about embryos and development and much more about genetics and cell biology. The impression given was that cells are complex, they divide and multiply, and together they make up organisms. What seemed to matter most, however, were the genes, the nucleus, and to some extent the ways that genes cause the cells to act.