Cloning and Stem Cell Debates in the Context of Genetic Determinism
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Hindu Bioethics for the Twenty-First Century
Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies Volume 14 Article 9 January 2001 Hindu Bioethics for the Twenty-First Century S. Cromwell Crawford Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/jhcs Part of the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Crawford, S. Cromwell (2001) "Hindu Bioethics for the Twenty-First Century," Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies: Vol. 14, Article 9. Available at: https://doi.org/10.7825/2164-6279.1252 The Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies is a publication of the Society for Hindu-Christian Studies. The digital version is made available by Digital Commons @ Butler University. For questions about the Journal or the Society, please contact [email protected]. For more information about Digital Commons @ Butler University, please contact [email protected]. -- Crawford: Hindu Bioethics for the Twenty-First Century Hindu Bioethics for the Twenty-First Century s. Cromwell Crawford University of Hawaii Introduction focus on these three distinctive features of Hindu bioethics, namely: its medical basis; IN his Cross Cultural Perspectives in its philosophical framework; its ethical Medical Ethics: Readings, Robert Veatch orientation. observes, "The religions of Judaism and Christianity and the secular thought of the Distinctive Features of Hindu Bioethics political philosophy of liberalism in the Anglo-American West are not the only Medical Basis alternatives to a Hippocratic medical ethic."J A unique feature of Hinduism is that a fully In fact, the new pluralistic approach to world fledged system of medicine evolved within .cultures is introducing us to several religious its complex ethos. The historical and philosophical alternatives from outside developments are shrouded in mystery due the Anglo-American West. -
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The new prophet : Harold C. Urey, scientist, atheist, and defender of religion Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3j80v92j Author Shindell, Matthew Benjamin Publication Date 2011 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The New Prophet: Harold C. Urey, Scientist, Atheist, and Defender of Religion A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History (Science Studies) by Matthew Benjamin Shindell Committee in charge: Professor Naomi Oreskes, Chair Professor Robert Edelman Professor Martha Lampland Professor Charles Thorpe Professor Robert Westman 2011 Copyright Matthew Benjamin Shindell, 2011 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Matthew Benjamin Shindell is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2011 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………………...... iii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………. iv Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………. -
HUMAN CLONING Papers from a Church Consultation
HUMAN CLONING Papers From a Church Consultation Evangelical Lutheran Church in America October 13-15, 2000 Chicago, Illinois Roger A. Willer, editor HUMAN CLONING Papers From a Church Consultation Roger A. Willer, editor Copyright © 2001 Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Produced by the Department for Studies of the Division for Church in Society, 8765 W. Higgins Rd., Chicago, Illinois, 60631-4190. Permission is granted to reproduce this document as needed provided each copy carries the copyright notice printed above. Scripture quotations from the New Standard Revised Version of the Bible are copyright © 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the United States of America and are used by permission. Cover image © copyright 1999 PhotoDisc, Inc. The figure found on page nine is adapted from the National Institute of Health, Stem Cells: A Primer at <www.nih.gov/ news/stemcell/primer.htm>. ISBN 6-0001-3165-8. Distributed on behalf of the Division for Church in Society of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America by Augsburg Fortress, Publishers. Augsburg Fortress order code 69-1550. This publication may be found online in its entirety as a downloadable PDF (portable document file) at <www.elca.org/ dcs/humancloning.html>. Printed on recycled paper with soy-based inks. Contents Contributors 3 Preface 4 Introduction 5 Section One, The Science and the Public Debate Kevin Fitzgerald Cloning: Can it be Good for Us? 8 Margaret R. McLean Table Talk and Public Policy Formation in the Clone Age 14 Richard Perry Broadening the Churchs Conversation 23 Section Two, Theological Resources Philip Hefner Cloning: The Destiny and Dangers of Being Human 27 Richard C. -
Is the Germline Immortal and Continuous? a Discussion in Light of Ipscs and Germline Regeneration
Is the Germline Immortal and Continuous? A Discussion in Light of iPSCs and Germline Regeneration 1 1 Kate MacCord and B. Duygu Özpolat 1 - Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA 1 ABSTRACT The germline gives rise to gametes, is the hereditary cell lineage, and is often called immortal and continuous. However, what exactly is immortal and continuous about the germline has recently come under scrutiny. The notion of an immortal and continuous germline has been around for over 130 years, and has led to the concept of a barrier between the germline and soma (the “Weismann barrier”). One repercussion of such a barrier is the understanding that when the germline is lost, soma cannot replace it, rendering the organism infertile. Recent research on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and germline regeneration raise questions about the impermeability of the Weismann barrier and the designation of the germline as immortal and continuous. How we conceive of the germline and its immortality shapes what we perceive to be possible in animal biology, such as whether somatic cells contribute to the germline in some metazoans during normal development or regeneration. We argue that reassessing the universality of germline immortality and continuity across all metazoans leads to big and exciting open questions about the germ-soma cell distinction, cell reprogramming, germline editing, and even evolution. 2 1.0 Introduction The germline is the lineage of reproductive cells that includes gametes and their precursors, including primordial germ cells and germline stem cells. Because the germline gives rise to the gametes, it is the hereditary cell lineage, and is ultimately responsible for all cells in an organism’s body, including the next generation of the germline, stem cells, and other somatic cells. -
The Ethics of Human Cloning
AI Ethics/Human Cloning INT 7/9/04 3:15 PM Page 1 The Ethics of Human Cloning John Woodward, Book Editor Bruce Glassman, Vice President Bonnie Szumski, Publisher Helen Cothran, Managing Editor Detroit • New York • San Francisco • San Diego • New Haven, Conn. Waterville, Maine • London • Munich AI Ethics/Human Cloning INT 7/9/04 3:15 PM Page 2 © 2005 Thomson Gale, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson and Star Logo are trademarks and Gale and Greenhaven Press are registered trademarks used herein under license. For more information, contact Greenhaven Press 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Or you can visit our Internet site at http://www.gale.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution or information storage retrieval systems—without the written permission of the publisher. Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyrighted material. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA The ethics of human cloning / John Woodward, book editor. p. cm. — (At issue) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7377-2186-3 (lib. bdg. : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7377-2187-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Human cloning—Moral and ethical aspects. I. Woodward, John, 1958– . II. At issue (San Diego, Calif.) QH438.7.E844 2005 176—dc22 2004048217 Printed in the United States of America AI Ethics/Human Cloning INT 7/9/04 3:15 PM Page 3 Contents Page Introduction 4 1. -
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
GLOBAL ISSUES BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING GLOBAL ISSUES BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING Kathy Wilson Peacock Foreword by Charles Hagedorn, Ph.D. Professor, Environmental Microbiology, Virginia Tech GLOBAL ISSUES: BioTECHNologY AND GENETIC ENgiNeeRING Copyright © 2010 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Peacock, Kathy Wilson. Biotechnology and genetic engineering / Kathy Wilson Peacock; foreword by Charles Hagedorn. p.; cm. — (Global issues) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8160-7784-7 (alk. paper) 1. Biotechnology—Popular works. 2. Genetic engineering—Popular works. I. Title. II. Series: Global issues (Facts on File, Inc.) [DNLM: 1. Biotechnology. 2. Genetic Engineering. 3. Organisms, Genetically Modified—genetics. QU 450 P352b 2010] TP248.215.P43 2010 660.6—dc22 2009025794 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Erika K. Arroyo Illustrations by Dale Williams Composition by Mary Susan Ryan-Flynn Cover printed by Art Print, Taylor, Pa. Book printed and bound by Maple Press, York, Pa. -
July, and October
ISSN 0739-4934 NEWSLETTER I {!STORY OF SCIENCE _iu_'i_i_u~-~-~-o~_9_N_u_M_B_E_R_3__________ S00ETY AAASREPORT HSSEXECUTIVE A Larger Role for History of Science COMMITTEE PRESIDENT in Undergraduate Education STEPHEN G. BRUSH, University of Maryland NORRISS S. HETHERINGTON VICE-PRESIDENT Office for the History of Science and Technology, SALLY GREGORY KOHLSTEDT, University of California, Berkeley University of Minnesota EXECU11VESECRETARY HISTORIANS OF SCIENCE have often been called to contribute to under MICHAEL M. SOKAL, Worcester graduate education. As HSS President Stephen G. Brush notes jNewsletter, Polytechnic Institute January 1990, pp. 1, 8-10), historically oriented science courses could be TREASURER come a valuable part of the core curriculum at many institutions, and fac MARY LOUISE GLEASON, New York City ulty at many colleges-especially science professors-have expressed strong EDITDR interest in using materials and perspectives from history of science. RONALD L. NUMBERS, University of We are now called again, this time by the American Association for the Wisconsin-Madison Advancement of Science. The Liberal Art of Science: Agenda for Action, published by the AAAS in May 1990, argues that science is one of the liberal The Newsletter of the History of Science arts and that it should be taught as such, as integrated into the totality of Society is published in January, April, July, and October. Regular issues are sent to individual human experience. This argument and advice may seem obvious to histori members of the Society who reside in North ans of science, but it is a revolutionary departure from tradition for many America. Airmail copies are sent to those scientists, and one that could transform both undergraduate education and members overseas who pay $5 yearly to cover postal costs: The Newsletter is available to the role of our discipline. -
Evolution, Development, and the Units of Selection (Epigenesis/Modern Synthesis/Preformation/Somatic Embryogenesis/Weismann's Doctrine) LEO W
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 80, pp. 1387-1391, March 1983 Evolution Evolution, development, and the units of selection (epigenesis/Modern Synthesis/preformation/somatic embryogenesis/Weismann's doctrine) LEO W. Buss Department of Biology and Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511 Communicated by G, Evelyn Hutchinson, December 17, 1982 ABSTRACT The "Modern Synthesis" forms the foundation of those working with the comparative embryology of vertebrates, current evolutionary theory. It is based on variation among indi- saw strong evidence for Weismann's scheme in the sequestering viduals within populations. Variations within individuals are be- of germ cells during early embryology. Finally, several inves- lieved to hold no phylogenetic significance because such variation tigators studying wound-healing had clearly illustrated that many cannot be transmitted to the germ line (i.e., Weismann's doctrine). somatic cells were, in fact, incapable of regeneration. Weismann's doctrine, however, does not apply to protists, fungi, Support for Weismann's doctrine was by no means universal. or plants and is an entirely unsupported assumption for 19 phyla Botanists were Weismann's earliest critics (5). Debate over the of animals. This fact requires that the Modern Synthesis be reex- issue was central in the development of the continuing rift be- amined and modified. tween botanists and zoologists despite the commonality of their interests (G. E. Hutchinson, personal communication). Al- The Darwinian notion of evolution as a process directed by se- though Weismann's doctrine was the subject of two very critical lection acting upon heritable variation has not been challenged reviews in the 20th century (6, 7), these criticisms fell on deaf seriously since Darwin first articulated it. -
Induction of Mitochondrial DNA Heteroplasmy by Intra- and Interspecific Transplantation of Germ Plasm in Drosophila
Copyright 0 1989 by the Genetics Society of America Induction of Mitochondrial DNA Heteroplasmy by Intra- and Interspecific Transplantation of Germ Plasm in Drosophila Etsuko T. Matsuura,* SadaoI. Chigusa* and Yuzo Niki? *Department of Biology, Ochanomiru University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112, Japanand tDepartment $Biology, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito-shi, Ibaraki 310, Japan Manuscript received January 17, 1989 Accepted for publication April 3, 1989 ABSTRACT A new experimental system for inducing mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy in Drosophila was developed. By transplanting the germ plasm of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila mauritiana into the posterior pole of the recipient eggs of D. melanogaster, it was possible to introduce foreign mitochondria into the recipient female germline. Heteroplasmic individuals containing both donor and recipient mtDNA were obtained in intra- and interspecific combinations at similar frequencies. The proportion of donor-derived mtDNA in the heteroplasmic individuals varied considerably from individual to individual irrespectiveof the donor species used. No significant decreasein or elimination of donor mtDNA was observed, andthe heteroplasmic statein female germlines persisted for several generations. The present system should serve very much to promote the study and clarification of the transmission gkneticsof mtDNA in insects. HE geneticsof metazoan mitochondrial DNA germ plasm. The germline ofDrosophila is segregated T (mtDNA) is unique in that apopulation of fromother somatic lines at very earlyembryonic mtDNA molecules is maternallyinherited. Lack of stages through thefunction of germ plasm (ILLMENSEE appropriate genetic markers of mitochondria within and MAHOWALD1974; NIKI 1986). Germ plasm is not an individual makes difficult elucidation of the man- species-specific for inducingfunctional germ cells ner in which mitochondria or mtDNA are transmit- (MAHOWALD,ILLMENSEE and TURNER1976) andcon- ted. -
The Cost of Human Cloning: a Threat to Individuality and Diversity
International Journal of Law and Legal Jurisprudence Studies :ISSN:2348-8212 Volume 1 Issue 8 THE COST OF HUMAN CLONING: A THREAT TO INDIVIDUALITY AND DIVERSITY *Ms.RithikaVidyut Shenoy 1**Ms.Saisha Raj Orke2 Abstract The process of human cloning is not one which dates back too long. However, in the short span of time that it has existed, it has not been short of controversy. In the simplest words, human cloning is the creation of an organism which is an exact genetic copy of another. Obviously, this has attracted numerous problems, across the spectrum of mankind. It is an undisputed fact that science and religion have long been in conflict with one another. This has led to religious leaders condemning the process of human cloning, leaving legislatures across the globe in a fix, regarding the laws relating to cloning. Through this paper, the authors try to elucidate each religions perspective on the concept of human cloning, as well as the legal issues regarding the same. Keeping in mind these issues, the authors try to come up with solutions, which respect the religious sentiments of the people, and are viable within the legal framework of countries, thereby benefitting mankind as a whole. 1 4thYear BSW;LL.B (Hons.) student of the Gujarat National Law University 2 4thYear BSW;LL.B (Hons.) student of the Gujarat National Law University Published By : Universal Multidisciplinary Research Institute Pvt Ltd International Journal of Law and Legal Jurisprudence Studies :ISSN:2348-8212 Volume 1 Issue 8 INTRODUCTION According to Genesis 2:7 of the Holy Bible, “Then the Lord God formed the man of dust from the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living creature.” Throughout much of human history, science and religion have been in conflict. -
Primordial Germ Cells
Determination of Germ Cells The Germ Line • Early separation of “germ line” from regular somatic cells in many but not all animals – Early specification of primordial germ cells (PGCs) – Later migration into developing somatic gonad • In gonadal environment, gametogenesis – Meiosis – Sperm/egg differentiation • Germ cell determination can either be – Autonomous – Specified by neighbors Segregation of Germ Plasm of Parascaris • Theodor Boveri (1862-1915) – Nematode of horse and pig intestines – Observed the two chromosomes through cell divisions, through gametogenesis, through development – Chromosome parts loss correlated to special cytoplasm Does a Specific Region of Cytoplasm Protect the Chromosomes from Diminution? • Centrifugation to reorient the first cleavage plane relative to the vegetal cytoplasm centrifuged: Consequences • Only in germ line is all chromosomal information retained • Concept of stem cells – Cells that give rise to one the same and one different Early Segregation of Cytoplasmic Factors Defines PGCs • Segregation of P granules in C. elegans embryo follows PGC lineage • Contain RNA binding proteins and transcription inhibitors germ cell precursor Drosophila Pole Plasm • Pole cells (=PGCs) are the first nuclei to migrate out to periphery and cellularize • Surrounded by pole plasm – mitochondria, fibrils, polar granules, polysomes, etc. – plasm similar in other organisms How do We Know Pole Plasm Specifies the Germline? • Experiments demonstrated importance of pole plasm for generating germline – Hegner (1911) removed -
Darwin's Pangenesis and the Problem of Unconceived Alternatives Author(S): P
The British Society for the Philosophy of Science Darwin's Pangenesis and the Problem of Unconceived Alternatives Author(s): P. Kyle Stanford Source: The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 57, No. 1 (Mar., 2006), pp. 121-144 Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of The British Society for the Philosophy of Science Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3541655 Accessed: 26-09-2016 19:18 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Oxford University Press, The British Society for the Philosophy of Science are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science This content downloaded from 128.195.64.2 on Mon, 26 Sep 2016 19:18:02 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Brit. J. Phil. Sci. 57 (2006), 121-144 Darwin's Pangenesis and the Problem of Unconceived Alternatives1 P. Kyle Stanford ABSTRACT In earlier work I have argued that the most substantial threat to scientific realism arises from the problem of unconceived alternatives: the repeated failure of past scientists and scientific communities to conceive of alternatives to extant scientific theories, even when such alternatives were both (1) well confirmed by the evidence available at the time and (2) sufficiently scientifically serious as to be later embraced by actual scientific commu- nities.