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Identification of Suitable Sites for Giant Clam (Tridacna Maxima) in Aow

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Identification of Suitable Sites for Giant Clam (Tridacna Maxima) in Aow Identification of Suitable Sites for Giant clam ( Tridacna maxima ) in Aow Leuk bay, Thailand Identification of Suitable Sites for Giant clam ( Tridacna maxima ) in Aow Leuk bay, Thailand - Suitable Habitat Mapping by use of ArcGIS and Multi Criteria Analysis to identify Suitable Sites for reintroduction of Giant clam ( Tridacna maxima ) in Aow Leuk bay, Koh Tao, Thailand- A final thesis written in the frame of the study Animal Management, Major Wildlife Management, at the Hogeschool Van Hall Larenstein. Project Number: 59 4000 Supervision: Miranda Berghuis, Lecturer VanHall Institute Ignas Dümmer, Lecturer VanHall Institute Chad Scott, Save Koh Tao Author: Alke Voskamp Regine Weckauf Picture on Front Page: Giant clam, Tridacna maxima . Chad Scott, Save Koh Tao Van Hall Larenstein Institute Leeuwarden, The Netherlands June 2010 Acknowledgments We would like to thank several people who were of help in the course of our final thesis project. We thank Chad Scott for sharing his knowledge and enthusiasm about the marine environment with us, and his open and motivated guidance through our data collection on Koh Tao. Furthermore we would like to thank Kai Vetter for his help and support during our data collection and stay on Koh Tao. We would also like to thank the people of the New Heaven Dive School, and Devrim Zahir for their help and friendliness. Further we thank Ignas Dümmer and Miranda Berghuis for their supervision from, and in the Netherlands. The biggest thanks’ goes to Robbie Weterings, who readily provided us with needed data, maps, and information, and continuously replied to questions and discussions about GIS and other subjects! Alke Voskamp, Regine Weckauf, July 2010, The Neterlands Contact details: Alke Voskamp Regine Weckauf [email protected] [email protected] Summary Identification of suitable sites for reintroduction of threatened species can act as a constructive key to restore and/or preserve species and their environment. A vital tool for this approach is Habitat suitability mapping. This study concentrates on the species Tridacna maxima, the Giant clam, and its habitat and relevant threats in a bay of the island Koh Tao, in the southern Gulf of Thailand. The species forms an essential component within coral reefs and is as a consequent affected negatively by their destruction. On Koh Tao this destruction is mainly caused by an increase in the use of coral reefs through tourism. A project initiated by the Save Koh Tao group aims on restoring Giant clam populations in the coral reefs around the island. Until now the bay of Aow Leuk is used as the main nursing and release site. Since sound site selection is critical for the survival of Giant clams, this study focuses on identifying and locating the most suitable sites for reintroduction in the bay of Aow Leuk. An ArcGIS model was constructed by taking into account the factors which form the habitat of Giant clams and combining these with the threats relevant for the species. This model acts as an adaptive model, which can be used for other bays of Koh Tao in the future. The method of stratified random sampling was used to apply 40 transects within the study site and consequently examine 9000m 2 by using the belt transect method. Data was collected on clam abundance, environmental factors and relevant threats. By using ArcGIS a Multi Criteria Analysis(MCA) has been conducted to facilitate a ranking of the different habitat suitability classes. The resulting habitat suitability map was subsequently compared with a map presenting the location and level of relevant threats to Giant clams. By this method 53.1 percent of the investigated area was identified as “Not suitable” sites, 1.7 percent as “Less suitable” sites, 39.7 percent as “Suitable” sites and 5.5 percent as “Most suitable” sites for the reintroduction of Giant clams in the bay. By validating the model with the recorded data on clam abundance and clam sizes, it was concluded that the “Most suitable” sites in Aow Leuk bay are the sites which scored the highest amount of points in the MCA. According to the used criteria these sites can be found in a depth of five to ten meters, have a temperature of 29°C to 30°C, a visibility equal to or higher than seven meters, a turbidity of zero to five FTU, a nitrogen concentration of less than 20mg/l, a phosphate concentration of less than 0.5 mg/l, seabed consisting of reef and coral rubble, or sand substrate available for the Giant clam to attach to, and a comparably low threat pressure. These sites are located in the reef areas along the coastal shores of the northern and southern side of the bay. Threats for the Giant clams have been identified as settlement, sediment, buoyancy lines, diving and snorkeling zones and grey water outlets, with settlement areas located in the north west, diving and snorkeling zones, and buoyancy lines located around the reef areas close to the coastal shores of the northern and southern side of the bay, and the grey water outlet lying in the north west of the bay. Threatening amounts of sediment have been recorded mostly towards the middle of the bay within the sandy areas. Content 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................5 1.1 Research objective and questions ................................................................................................6 1.2 Hypothesis.....................................................................................................................................6 2. Methods..............................................................................................................................................8 2.1 Study area Koh Tao .......................................................................................................................8 2.2 Study site Aow Leuk......................................................................................................................9 2.3 Study species...............................................................................................................................10 2.4 Study population.........................................................................................................................12 2.5 Data Sampling .............................................................................................................................13 2.6 Data collection ............................................................................................................................15 2.7 Data preparation.........................................................................................................................18 2.8 Data analysis – Multi Criteria Analysis........................................................................................19 2.8.1 Ranking of the criteria ..........................................................................................................20 2.8.2 Validation of the model ........................................................................................................23 3. Results...............................................................................................................................................24 4. Discussion..........................................................................................................................................31 5. Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................34 6. Recommendation..............................................................................................................................36 7. Literature list.....................................................................................................................................37 8. Appendices........................................................................................................................................40 Appendix I: Seabed Types Appendix II: Steps of data collection and belt transect Appendix III: Flowchart Appendix IV: Flowchart steps Appendix V: Metadata table Appendix VI: Maps of different criteria Appendix VII: EMP Manual Appendix VIII: Multi Criteria Analysis List of Abbreviations EMP Ecological Monitoring Programme ENSO El Niño-Southern Oscillation MCA Multi Criteria Analysis MPA Marine Protected Area SST Sea Surface Temperature UNEP United Nations Environment Programme WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Centre List of Tables and Figures Table 1: Tridacna Maxima picture and taxonomy. Page: 10 Table 2: Average amount of clams and number of sample spots per seabed type in Aow Leuk. Page: 14 Table 3: Collected data on clam abundance and environmental factors in the study site. Page: 17 Table 4: Max. and min. amount of points which can be reached for each criterion in the MCA. Page: 21 Table 5: MCA criteria for assessing suitable habitat and sites for Giant clams in Aow Leuk. Page: 21 Table 6: Ranking of the criteria clam size and amount for the validation of the model. Page: 23 Table 7: Scores for five highest ranked sites for reintroduction of Tridacna maxima in Aow Leuk. Page: 29 Figure 1: Map of Thailand with the location of Koh Tao. Page: 9 Figure 2: Study area Koh Tao with the location of the study site Aow Leuk. Page: 9 Figure 3: Seabed types and sampling points in the bay of Aow Leuk. Page: 14 Figure 4: Collected data to identify most suitable sites for
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