DOCSLIB.ORG

Final Report for Zinc Slag Pile Remedial Investigation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Final Report for Zinc Slag Pile Remedial Investigation 348516 Report ADMINISTRATIVE RECORD Zinc Slag Pile RemediaAR l P8SV Investigation KEYWORDS ^ at the LeadvilleCaliforni, Colorada Gulco h Site,FILfc tL (Administrative Order on Consent CERCLA-VIII-92-06) Denver prepare& Rid foor Grande Western Railroad Company prepared by Morrison Knudsen Corporation Environmental Services Division December 11,1992 FINAL REPORT ZINC SLAG PILE REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION AT THE CALIFORNIA GULCH SITE LEADVILLE, COLORADO TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary Section Title Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 Purpose of the Remedial Investigation 1-1 1.2 Report Organization 1-2 2.0 SITE AND DESCRIPTION 2-1 2.1 Site Description 2-1 2.2 Zinc Slag Description 2-4 2.3 Previous Investigations 2-4 3.0 ZINC SLAG PILE INVESTIGATION 3-1 3.1 Historical Research 3-1 3.2 Field Activities 3-1 3.2.1 Reconnaissance 3-2 3.2.2 Surveying 3-2 3.2.3 Sampling 3-3 3.3 Laboratory Activities 3-4 3.3.1 Compositional Analyses 3-5 3.3.2 Leachability Testing 3-7 3.3.3 Physical Testing 3-8 3.4 Air Quality Investigation 3-9 3.4.1 Meteorological Data 3-10 3.4.2 Emission Rate Estimates 3-10 3.5 Relationship With Other Investigation Programs 3-15 3.5.1 ASARCO Meteorologic Monitoring Program 3-15 4.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ZINC SLAG PILE 4-1 4.1 Smelter History and Slag Pile Development Summary 4-1 4.1.1 Brief History of Leadville Smelting 4-1 4.1.2 Western Zinc Smelter and Slag Pile History 4-1 4.2 Field Reconnaissance of the Zinc Slag Pile and Smelter Area 4-2 4.2.1 The Western Zinc Smelter 4-2 4.3 Physical Characteristics 4-2 4.3.1 Particle Size 4-3 MORRISON KNUDSEN CORPORATION BB\1883\ZINCRPT\Final-RI i [Rev 001/13/93] TABLE OF CONTENTS, Continued Section Title Page 4.3.2 Historic and Current Zinc Slag Pile Surface Areas and Volumes 4-4 4.4 Slag Pile Stability 4-5 4.4.1 Analysis of Structural Stability 4-5 4.4.2 Deflation/Emissions Potential 4-6 4.4.3 Effects of Freeze/Thaw Cycling 4-6 4.5 Chemical Characteristics of Zinc Slag Material 4-7 4.5.1 Compositional Analyses 4-8 4.5.2 Leaching Analyses 4-10 4.6 Analytical Data Validation 4-12 4.6.1 CLP Data Validation 4-14 4.6.2 Non-CLP Data Validation 4-15 5.0 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 5-1 5.1 Statistics 5-1 5.1.1 Methodology 5-1 5.1.2 Statistical Results 5-2 5.1.3 Cumulative Probability Plots 5-4 5.1.4 Statistical Summary 5-5 5.2 Potential for Water Quality Impacts 5-5 5.2.1 Metals Loading Based on SPLP Results 5-6 5.2.2 Metals Loading Based on Column Leach Results 5-7 5.2.3 Metals Loading Based on Combination of SPLP and Column Leach Results 5-8 5.3 Potential for Soil Impacts 5-9 5.4 Slag Pile Stability 5-9 5.5 Potential for Air Quality Impacts 5-9 5.6 Anthropogenic Distribution 5-10 6.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 6-1 6.1 Summary of Zinc Slag Characteristics 6-1 6.2 Conclusions Regarding the Site Conceptual Model 6-3 7.0 REFERENCES 7-1 MORRISON KNUDSEN CORPORATION BB\1893\ZINCRPT\Rnal-RI H [Rev 001/13/93] LIST OF TABLES Table Title 3-1 Zinc Slag Sample Analysis Summary 3-2 Matrix, Analysis, Analytical Methods and Modifications and Sample Size Requirements 3-3 Summary of Selected Colorado High Country Station Annual Precipitation Weighted Average pH Values (NADP, 1990) 4-1 Particle Size Testing Results 4-2 Weight Percents of Zinc Slag Samples That Are Potentially Inspirable and Respirable 4-3 Frequency of Occurrence - TAL Metals 4-4 Zinc Slag Sample Acid Forming Potential 4-5 Column Leach Test Results 5-1 Concentration Ranges of Populations for Analyses of Slag Determined from Cumulative Probability Plots 5-2 Major Constituents (mg/kg) in Slag and Subsoils with Values Assigned to Concentration Range Populations 5-3 Trace Metals (mg/kg) in Slag and Subsoils with Values Assigned to Concentration Range Populations 5-4 Miscellaneous Measurements (mg/kg) and Sulfur Species (%) in Slag and Subsoils with Values Assigned to Populations LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title 1-1 Site Map with Zinc Slag Pile Location 3-1 Zinc Slag Pile Sample Locations and Reconnaissance Information 4-1 Zinc Slag Pile Current Surface Area, Volume, and Angles of Repose 4-2 Zinc Slag Pile Historic Volume 4-3 Column Leach Results - Zinc Slag Cations 4-4 Column Leach Results - Zinc Slag Anions MORRISON KNUDSEN CORPORATION BB\1893\2INCRPT\F!nal-W 111 [Rev 001/13/93] APPENDIX Appendix Title A Field Work Documentation Al Sample Logs B Subcontractor Reports Bl Resource Technologies Group, Inc., Column Leach Test Results B2 Interpro, Inc. Preparation and Size Analysis Report C Statistics D Calculation Documentation Dl Pile Volume Calculations D2 Pile Metals Loading Calculations E Analytical Documentation El SDG Data Validation Reports E2 Analytical Data Base E3 Analytical Data Packages - Form I Summary Sheets F Air Quality - Emission Rate Estimate Documentation Fl Relevant pages from Simiu & Scanlan, 1978 F2 Table 11.2.1-1 from AP-42 MORRISON KNUOSEN CORPORATION BB\1893\ZINCRFT\FinaJ-R1 IV [Rev 001/13/93) FINAL REPORT ZINC SLAG PILE REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION AT THE CALIFORNIA GULCH SITE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In late 1991 and 1992, Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad Company (D&RGW) undertook a remedial investigation (RI) of the slag pile associated with the former Western Zinc Smelter within the California Gulch site at Leadville, Colorado. Lake County is the current owner of this pile. Although D&RGW has never owned the zinc slag pile or used it for any purpose, they agreed to undertake the investigation concurrent with a remedial investigation for the lead slag piles at the site. D&RGW was named a Potentially Responsible Party at the California Gulch site in 1986 due to their ownership of three lead slag piles, which had been purchased for use as railroad ballast. Both remedial investigations were performed under Administrative Order on Consent CERCLA-Vni- 92006. The purpose of the RI was to characterize the zinc slag pile in sufficient detail such that its chemical and physical properties could be evaluated for potential impacts on human health and the environment. No previous investigations of this pile had been undertaken at the site and, therefore, no data existed for the pile. During the scoping process, data gaps were identified as the pile size and volume, particle sizes, geochemical characteristics, leachability, deflation potential, and geotechnical stability. RI data was collected to fill these gaps, as well as to assess the viability of five potential release mechanisms identified in the site conceptual model. These five release mechanisms included wind, leaching, mixing by human activities, runoff by particulates, and direct contact. Direct contact was discounted in the baseline human health assessment conducted by EPA, leaving four remaining mechanisms to be evaluated during this RI. The investigation consisted of several major tasks, including literature and document review, field investigation and sampling, laboratory testing and analysis, and data evaluation and summary. MORRISON KNUDSEN CORPORATION BB\1883\ZINCRPT\Final-RI 1 [Rev 001/13/93] Available literature was reviewed to summarize the history of zinc smelting and slag pile development. Aerial photographs were also reviewed to determine gross changes in volume over time, indicating use of the slag. During site reconnaissance, the former smelter site was investigated for evidence of slag, other smelter debris or byproducts, general physical properties, and visual indications of impact to the surrounding environment. Structural features of the piles were mapped for input to geotechnical stability determinations and the pile was surveyed for accurate calculation of the current pile volume. Indications of environmental impacts from zinc slag, particulate movement from precipitation runoff, and stability concerns were not observed. Sampling locations were selected by identifying grid locations using a random number generator. Four discrete samples were then collected from the surface to a depth of 3 feet using shovels and a backhoe. Appropriate quality assurance procedures were adhered to during the sampling phase, as well as the analytical phase, of the work. Each of the samples was submitted for laboratory compositional, leachability, and particle size testing. A portion of each sample was also sent to Resurrection's field laboratory for incorporation in the Resurrection/ASARCO metals speciation program. Compositional analyses included total metals, water-soluble anions, and acid-base accounting. Leachability testing included Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (EPA Method 1312) and column leach tests, which were intended to simulate, as closely as possible, in situ conditions. Compositional results showed that the slag is an iron silicate with substantial amounts of aluminum, manganese, calcium, and zinc. Geometric mean concentrations for the four primary metals of concern at the site are as follows: - Arsenic 211 mg/kg - Cadmium 14.1 mg/kg - Lead 568 mg/kg -Zinc 66,000 mg/kg The dominant form of sulfur is sulfate. Acid generation potential, when detected, was more than compensated for by the neutralization potential due to the presence of carbonate. MORRISON KNUOSEN CORPORATION BB\iea3\ZINCRPT\Flna.-K 2 IRw 001/13/93] Leaching analysis, which included both SPLP and column leach studies, showed minimal leaching of metals of concern. SPLP results for all elements tested in slag were below the toxicity characteristic criteria, listed in 40 CFR 261.24. Mean values for the contaminants of concern were generally two orders of magnitude lower than these regulatory thresholds.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Corrosion of Refractories in Lead Smelting Reactors
    CORROSION OF REFRACTORIES IN LEAD SMELTING REACTORS By LINGXUAN WEI B.Sc, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, China 1986 M.Sc, University of Science & Technology Beijing, China 1997 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF METALS AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH .UMB1A DECEMBER 2000 ©Lingxuan Wei, ZO0O UBC Special Collections - Thesis Authorisation Form http://www.library.ubc.ca/spcoll/thesauth.html In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. v 3 The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date lof 1 3/19/01 2:36 PM ABSTRACT Corrosion of refractories by slag is a complex phenomenon which, depending on the particular system, involves many processes, such as chemical wear (corrosion) and physical or mechanical wear (erosion), which may act synergistically. No single model can explain all cases of corrosion nor can it explain all corrosion mechanisms of a particular refractory in different environments, but the knowledge of the microstructure combined with the chemistry of the systems are necessary to understand the corrosion mechanism of a refractory material.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    Table of Contents Preface ........................................... xi Chapter 1. Physical Extraction Operations .................... 1 1.1. Solid-solid and solid-fluid separation operations .............. 1 1.1.1. Flotation ................................... 1 1.1.2. Settling under gravity ........................... 3 1.1.3. Centrifugation ................................ 3 1.1.4. Filtration ................................... 4 1.2. Separation operations of the components of a fluid phase ........ 5 1.2.1. Condensation ................................ 5 1.2.2. Vacuum distillation ............................. 5 1.2.3. Liquation ................................... 6 1.2.4. Distillation .................................. 8 1.2.5. Extractive distillation ........................... 11 1.3. Bibliography ................................... 12 Chapter 2. Hydrometallurgical Operations .................... 15 2.1. Leaching and precipitation operations .................... 15 2.1.1. Leaching and precipitation reactors ................... 15 2.1.2. Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) ................ 18 2.1.3. Models of leaching and precipitation operations ........... 20 2.1.4. Particle-size distribution (PSD) functions ............... 21 2.2. Reactor models based on particle residence time distribution functions ........................................ 24 2.2.1. Performance equations for a single CSTR ............... 24 2.2.2. Performance equations for multistage CSTRs ............. 28 2.3. Reactor models based on the population balance
    [Show full text]
  • Hg on Periodic Table
    Hg On Periodic Table Cameron never westernize any stairs carnalize externally, is Thomas unlovely and muddled enough? gloomingPeridermal backstage, Aubert regales: uncontrolled he globe-trots and coequal. his costrels contentiously and impassively. Martie buck her How is left over the california, on hg could melt quickly by electronic strain gauge sensors have very fine flakes of Mercury than the chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic no 0 Mercury was a transition metal A transition metal is feast of the elements found between Groups. Mercury news a naturally occurring element found an air, corps and soil. This website under most abundant elements into minamata bay, or out that immediately contained in a product can cause damage, as a highly poisonous. Starship like the plane? Mercury compound thimerosal is used to our wonder leave you. It has been shown significantly more about a periodic table is liquid form alloys, switches like from countries are kidneys damage a periodic table live in terms are there is. Mercury chemical symbol Hg is an liquid metallic element that historically was used in many medicines but has now restricted due for legitimate concerns about. Cinnabar was rubbed together with policy in paper clay dish. Glad you liked this one, Jordan! Some forms of tame are particularly potent poisons. Why take some elements on the Periodic Table represented by letters that have only clear connection to their names? Mif signatures in antiseptics, facts about being replaced by where did you think about chemical sedimentation may also. Doesn't the periodic table define it Not got is overcome an element.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicological Profile for Zinc
    TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR ZINC U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry August 2005 ZINC ii DISCLAIMER The use of company or product name(s) is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ZINC iii UPDATE STATEMENT A Toxicological Profile for Zinc, Draft for Public Comment was released in September 2003. This edition supersedes any previously released draft or final profile. Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact ATSDR at: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch 1600 Clifton Road NE Mailstop F-32 Atlanta, Georgia 30333 ZINC vi *Legislative Background The toxicological profiles are developed in response to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 (Public law 99-499) which amended the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA or Superfund). This public law directed ATSDR to prepare toxicological profiles for hazardous substances most commonly found at facilities on the CERCLA National Priorities List and that pose the most significant potential threat to human health, as determined by ATSDR and the EPA. The availability of the revised priority list of 275 hazardous substances was announced in the Federal Register on November 17, 1997 (62 FR 61332). For prior versions of the list of substances, see Federal Register notices dated April 29, 1996 (61 FR 18744); April 17, 1987 (52 FR 12866); October 20, 1988 (53 FR 41280); October 26, 1989 (54 FR 43619); October 17, 1990 (55 FR 42067); October 17, 1991 (56 FR 52166); October 28, 1992 (57 FR 48801); and February 28, 1994 (59 FR 9486).
    [Show full text]
  • Pb-Rich Slags, Minerals, and Pollution Resulted from a Medieval Ag-Pb Smelting and Mining Operation in the Silesian-Cracovian Region (Southern Poland)
    minerals Article Pb-Rich Slags, Minerals, and Pollution Resulted from a Medieval Ag-Pb Smelting and Mining Operation in the Silesian-Cracovian Region (Southern Poland) Jerzy Cabała 1,*, Rafał Warchulski 1, Dariusz Rozmus 2, Dorota Srodek´ 1 and Eligiusz Szeł˛eg 1 1 Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Bedzinska 60 Street, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; [email protected] (R.W.); [email protected] (D.S.);´ [email protected] (E.S.) 2 The City Museum ”Sztygarka”, Legionów Polskich 69, 41-300 D ˛abrowa-Górnicza, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 25 November 2019; Accepted: 24 December 2019; Published: 28 December 2019 Abstract: Since the 12th century in the Silesian-Cracovian area, lead, litharge, and silver have been produced by the pyrometallurgical processing of Pb-Ag-Zn ore. Slags and soils contaminated with heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn, As) were the subject of this research. Samples were collected during archaeological works in the area of early medieval metallurgical settlement. The main goals of the analyses (Scanning Electron Miscroscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)) were the determination of the mineralogical composition of furnace batches and smelting temperatures and conditions. In soils, the anthropogenic phases enriched in Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, P, and primary minerals like goethite, ferrihydrite, sphalerite, galena, smithsonite, minrecordite, cerussite, gypsum, anglesite, jarosite, and hemimorphite were identified. The soil from former metallurgical settlements contained up to 1106 mg kg 1 Pb, 782 mg kg 1 Zn, 4.7 mg kg 1 Cd in the fine fraction.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Mercury Sources and Emissions, and Analysis of Cost and Effectiveness of Control Measures “UNEP Paragraph 29 Study”
    UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME Study on mercury sources and emissions, and analysis of cost and effectiveness of control measures “UNEP Paragraph 29 study” Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE) Chemicals Branch, Geneva, Switzerland, November, 2010 Disclaimer The designation employed and the presentation of material in this report do not imply any expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations or UNEP concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or any of its authorities, or concerning any delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Any views expressed in the document do not necessarily reflect the views of UNEP. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by UNEP, nor preferred compared to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The use of information from this publication concerning proprietary products for publicity or advertising is not permitted. Material in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested together with a reference to the document. A copy of the publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sent to UNEP Chemicals. The electronic version of this document is available from: http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances/Mercury/tabid/434/Default.aspx , or is available from: UNEP Chemicals 11-13, chemin des Anémones CH-1219 Châtelaine, Geneva Switzerland Phone: +41 22 917 1234 E-mail: [email protected] UNEP Chemicals is part of UNEP’s Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE) This report has been produced with the generous support from, among others, The Nordic Council of Ministers and the US Environmental Protection Agency.
    [Show full text]
  • Metallurgy of Zinc, High-Tin Bronze and Gold in Indian Antiquity: Methodological Aspects
    Indian Journal of History of Science, 51.1 (2016) 22-32 DOI: 10.16943/ijhs/2016/v51i1/48374 Metallurgy of Zinc, High-tin Bronze and Gold in Indian Antiquity: Methodological Aspects Sharada Srinivasan* (Received 18 August 2015; revised 19 December 2015) Abstract There are inherent challenges in attempting to explore the trajectory of knowledge production vis-a-vis the use of metals in antiquity. Metallurgical innovations, falling as they would have largely done in the domain of empirical knowledge and expertise, would not necessarily have left a systematic written record in the sense of knowledge production. This enquiry is perhaps even more convoluted in the Indian context where in the first place, there are not many detailed records that have readily come to light concerning mining and metallurgy and in the second place, not much systematic archaeometallurgical research has been undertaken. Nevertheless, this paper attempts to demonstrate the role of archaeometallurgical studies, coupled with ethnoarchaeological studies on continuing artisanal technologies, in such enquiries.The paper also seeks to explore the interplay between functional and cultural imperatives through which one may explain the preferential emergence of certain technologies with respect to debates on knowledge production. It restricts itself to selected case studies providing insights into the archaeometallurgy of high-tin bronzes especially from Iron Age Tamil Nadu, zinc smelting evidence at Zawar, Rajasthan, gold working with respect the Nilgiris, and the high-tin bronze mirror craft of Aranmula, Kerala. Key words: Archaeometallurgy, Ethnoarchaeology, High-tin bronze, Iron Age, Megaliths 1. INSIGHTS FROM PROTOHISTORY: SKILLS IN factors may have also played a role in the early MINIATURE AND STANDARDISATION experimentation and discovery of metals and The earliest metallurgists of pre-history materials.
    [Show full text]
  • In German Zinc and Lead Production FINAL DRAFT
    Report on Best Available Techniques (BAT) in German Zinc and Lead Production FINAL DRAFT Deutsch-Französisches Institut für Umweltforschung (DFIU) French-German Institute for Environmental Research University of Karlsruhe (TH) o. Prof. Dr. O. Rentz Dipl.-Ing. Stephan Hähre, Dr. Frank Schultmann Karlsruhe, February 1999 On behalf of the German Federal Environmental Agency, Berlin (UBA) in the frame of the Research Project 109 05 006 Contents 3 Contents PREFACE.............................................................................................................................................................13 1 GENERAL INFORMATION.......................................................................................................................... 15 1.1 PRODUCTION AND USE OF ZINC AND LEAD ................................................................................................... 15 1.1.1 Zinc ..................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.1.2 Lead .................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.2 FIRST INDICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS REGARDING THE PRODUCTION OF ZINC AND LEAD ........ 19 1.2.1 Emissions into the atmosphere............................................................................................................ 19 1.2.2 Potential releases into water..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Annotated Outline of the Study Report on Mercury from Non-Ferrous Metals Mining and Smelting
    UNITED NATIONS EP UNEP (Economy Division)/Hg/PAG.11/5 Distr.: General 14 December 2020 English only United Nations Environment Programme UNEP Global Mercury Partnership Advisory Group Eleventh meeting Virtual meeting, 15-16 December 2020 Draft annotated outline of the study report on mercury from non-ferrous metals mining and smelting for consideration by the Global Mercury Partnership Advisory Group at its eleventh meeting Note by the secretariat 1. At its tenth meeting held in Geneva on 23 November 2019, the UNEP Global Mercury Partnership Advisory Group (PAG) decided to initiate work on the issue of mercury from non- ferrous metals mining and smelting, identified as a cross-cutting topic amongst different Partnership Areas1. The PAG requested the Secretariat of the Partnership to convene targeted discussions with interested Partnership Area leads, partners as well as other relevant stakeholders, to identify the needs and challenges, the information currently available as well as the possible aspects where the Partnership may have a useful contribution and move the issue forward. 2. In response to this request, expert consultations were launched through an online meeting held on 29 April 20202, with the overall objective to identify potential useful contributions from the Partnership, within the context of its mission and its existing areas of work. Participants were invited to attend in their expert capacity, to share views and ideas, and any useful background information. 3. Interested Partnership Area leads subsequently agreed to guide a process for developing a study report on the topic. As per their guidance, the report should be concise, i.e. not exceed 40 to 50 pages, benefit from global experience, and aim to better understand the mercury mass balance globally between supply, storage, and waste treatment related to non- ferrous metals mining and smelting operations.
    [Show full text]
  • Lead Poisoning in the Smelting and Refining of Lead
    U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ROYAL MEEKER, Commissioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES ) (WHOLE 1 A 1 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS) ' * * (NUMBER lTL 1 INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS AND HYGIENE SERIES: No. 4 LEAD POISONING IN THE SMELTING AND REFINING OF LEAD f FEBRUARY 17, 1914 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1914 Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis CONTENTS. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead: Page. Introduction............................................................................................................... 5-17 Dangerous processes in the smelting and refining of lead....... ............... 6-8 Dust and fumes.................................................................................................. 9-11 Sanitary equipment.......................................................................................... 11 Medical care....................................................................................................... 11 Disadvantages of a shifting force................................................................. 11,12 Prevalence of lead poisoning in the industry............................................. 12-14 Prevention of lead poisoning in the smelting industry............................ 14-17 Construction............................................................................................... 15 Sanitary equipment.................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Life Cycle of Copper, Its Co-Products and By-Products
    Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development January 2002 No. 24 The Life Cycle of Copper, its Co-Products and By-Products Robert U. Ayres, Leslie W. Ayres and Ingrid Råde This report was commissioned by the MMSD project of IIED. It remains the sole Copyright © 2002 IIED and WBCSD. All rights reserved responsibility of the author(s) and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Mining, Minerals and MMSD project, Assurance Group or Sponsors Group, or those of IIED or WBCSD. Sustainable Development is a project of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). The project was made possible by the support of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). IIED is a company limited by guarantee and incorporated in England. Reg No. 2188452. VAT Reg. No. GB 440 4948 50. Registered Charity No. 800066 THE LIFE CYCLE OF COPPER, ITS CO-PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS Robert U. Ayres and Leslie W. Ayres Center for the Management of Environmental Resources INSEAD, Boulevard de Constance F-77305 Fontainebleau Cedex France and Ingrid Råde Physical Resource Theory Department School of Physics Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg Sweden With contributions from Roland Geyer Julia Hansson Donald Rogich Johan Rootzén Benjamin Warr R. U. Ayres et al The life cycle of copper, its co-products and byproducts ii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..............................................1 1.1. The life cycle perspective ...........................................1 1.2. Historical background ..............................................5 1.3. Geology of copper .................................................7 1.4. Geology of lead and zinc ..........................................10 CHAPTER 2. COPPER: SOURCES AND SUPPLY ..............................12 2.1. Physical properties and chemistry ...................................12 2.2.
    [Show full text]
  • 6 Lead and Zinc
    Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Mining Industry 6 Lead and Zinc Lead and zinc ores are usually found together with gold and silver. A lead-zinc ore may also contain lead sulfide, zinc sulfide, iron sulfide, iron carbonate, and quartz. When zinc and lead sulfides are present in profitable amounts they are regarded as ore minerals. The remaining rock and minerals are called gangue. Forms of Lead and Zinc Ore The two principal minerals containing lead and zinc are galena and sphalerite. These two minerals are frequently found together along with other sulfide minerals, but one or the other may be predominant. Galena may contain small amounts of impurities including the precious metal silver, usually in the form of a sulfide. When silver is present in sufficient quantities, galena is regarded as a silver ore and called argentiferous galena. Sphalerite is zinc sulfide, but may contain iron. Black sphalerite may contain as much as 18 percent iron. Lead Ore The lead produced from lead ore is a soft, flexible and ductile metal. It is bluish-white, very dense, and has a low melting point. Lead is found in veins and masses in limestone and dolomite. It is also found with deposits of other metals, such as zinc, silver, copper, and gold. Lead is essentially a co-product of zinc mining or a byproduct of copper and/or gold and silver mining. Complex ores are also the source of byproduct metals such as bismuth, antimony, silver, copper, and gold. The most common lead-ore mineral is galena, or lead sulfide (PbS).
    [Show full text]