DOCSLIB.ORG

Development of Efficient Cross Flow Turbine for Hilly Region

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development of Efficient Cross Flow Turbine for Hilly Region Project Completion Report on R&D PROJECT Development of Efficient Cross Flow Turbine for Hilly Region Name and Address of PI Prof. R.P. Saini, Professor, Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy (HRED) (Formerly Alternate Hydro Energy Centre) Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee -247667, Uttarakhand Grantee Institutions/organization Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee (Uttarakhand) Submitted to: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) Govt. of India, New Delhi Prepared By: Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy (HRED) (Formerly Alternate Hydrology Energy Centre) Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee – 247 667 (Uttarakhand) May 2019 1. Title of the Project: Development of Efficient Cross Flow Turbine for Hilly Region 2. Principal Investigator(s) and Co-Investigator(s) Principal Investigator Prof. R.P. Saini Professor Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy (HRED) (Formerly Alternate Hydro Energy Centre) Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee -247667, Uttarakhand, India Phone : 01332-285841, Fax : 01332-273517, 273560 E-mail : [email protected], [email protected] Co-Investigator Prof. S.K. Singal Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy (HRED) (Formerly Alternate Hydro Energy Centre) Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee -247667, Uttarakhand, India Phone : 01332-285167, Fax : 01332-273517, 273560 E-mail : [email protected], [email protected] 3. Implementing Institution(s) and other collaborating Institution(s) Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy (HRED) (Formerly Alternate Hydro Energy Centre) Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee -247667, Uttarakhand 4. Date of commencement of Project 18 March, 2014 5. Approved date of completion March 17, 2017 extended upto June 30, 2018 6. Actual date of completion June 30, 2018 7. Objectives of the Project i) Broad Objectives In hilly region micro hydro plant capacity up to 100 kW have momentous role in utilization of mechanical power and electricity generation. The capacity of micro i hydro power plant up to 5.0 kW is considered under development of water mill program by Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Govt. of India. The popularity of the turbines under micro hydro lies in the fact that they are less costly and can be fabricated locally. There are various types of turbines that can be used in micro hydro. Among them, cross-Flow turbine has been considered techno- economically viable for such sites. Cross flow turbine runner can be fabricated locally, but has the poor efficiency. Also this type of runner may be work for low discharge low & high head conditions, which is a common case in the hills. A cross flow type runner has a drum shape consisting of two parallel discs connected together by a series of curved vanes or blades. The water from the nozzles strikes the blades and convert 2/3rd part of the potential into the mechanical power. Water comes out from blades at first stage then strikes diametrically opposite blades and transfers its remaining 1/3rd energy at second stage. Water flows from stage I to stage II and remains unguided inside the runner and this may be the main cause of its low efficiency. It is aimed to develop standard designs of improved cross flow turbines. The cross flow runner shall be modified in order to improve the efficiency of the turbine. It is proposed to provide a flow control mechanism inside the runner. Flow analysis shall be done using CFD. It is expected that about 5% increment in the efficiency of the turbine can be achieved. CFD results shall be validated with the laboratory test and a prototype is proposed to be fabricated and installed at a suitable site for its field performance monitoring. ii) Specific Objectives It is proposed to develop a prototype of improved cross flow turbine. The design of the improved turbine is proposed to analyze through CFD in order to determine blade profile and design guide mechanism under different operating conditions of turbine. Following are the specific objectives; (a) To carry out CFD based design of runner with guide mechanism of cross flow turbine. (b) To design and fabricate the runner along with guide mechanism and other components of a turbine for a capacity of 5.0 kW. (c) To test the turbine performance in laboratory for design validation. (d) To install the modified turbine at a selected site for field test and performance monitoring. 8. Output of the Project a) Details of proposed Scientific output: i) Technical Documents : Completion report of the project ii) Research Papers : Research component of the project output is proposed to be published. iii) Awareness Camps: During development of turbines, two awareness Camps. ii b) Product/ process quantifiable performance output proposed: A prototype of 5.0 kW capacity with upto 5% more efficient cross- turbine is proposed to be developed. 9. Summary of the Project work In micro-hydro potential sites, cross flow hydro turbine is the suitable alternative to provide the energy due to its low initial cost, easy construction, installation and maintenance. However, cross flow turbine suffers the problem of low performance as compared to conventional hydro turbines. Under the present study, an attempt has been made to enhance the cross flow turbine efficiency by improving the flow conditions/direction inside the turbine runner. A guide mechanism having different types of airfoils (Symmetrical and unsymmetrical) has been investigated and the performance in term of efficiency of the modified turbine is compared with the conventional cross flow turbine design. In order to investigate the turbine performance at different operating conditions, numerical simulation (CFD) using commercially available software (ANSYS) was used. Further, the numerical results have been validated with the experimentation carried out in the Hydraulic Measurement Laboratory, Department of Hydro and Renewable Energy, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India. Based on the numerical simulations, it is found that the guide tube/vane improves the flow characteristics inside the runner and hence the efficiency. The placement angle of the guide vanes affects the flow behavior which in turn flow condition over guide vane. It is, therefore, the placement angle for both symmetrical and unsymmetrical vane was required to be optimized and it is found that the cross flow turbine provides better performance with symmetrical and unsymmetrical guide vane having placement angle of 55º and 45º respectively. The positioning of the guide vanes has also been optimized by placing the guide vanes at left, center and right positions and it has been observed from the numerical simulations that the ‘right’ position of the guide vane yields better performance corresponding to given operating conditions. Further, in order to attain the optimum placement angle and placement position for both symmetrical and un-symmetrical vanes, it was desired to select the suitable airfoil from the two. Therefore, both airfoils have been simulated under similar operating conditions and it has been found that the cross flow turbine at 125% of design discharge and with unsymmetrical guide vane yields the maximum efficiency 76.61% which is about 5.84% higher than the conventional design cross flow turbine without guide vane and 4.50% higher than the turbine with symmetrical guide vane. The numerical results of the cross flow turbine have been validated by rigorous experimental testing in laboratory. Therefore, a cross flow turbine model was fabricated and tested under different operating conditions. Based on the experimental investigations it was found that numerical results are on similar lines and a maximum of 4.57% deviation in results was observed which may be due to instrumental or measurement error. Further, in order to test the prototype of modified cross flow turbine a pico hydro power site was identified at Balkhila River in Chamoli District near Mandal village. The turbine is deployed. Further, the modified turbine was tested at site and it has been found that the turbine yields its maximum performance as 71.28% corresponding to 0.151 m3/s discharge. iii 10. Detailed progress report giving relevant information on work carried out, experimental work, detailed analysis of results indicating contributions made towards increasing the state of knowledge in the subject: Attached with at Annexure-I. 11. S&T benefits accrued i) Patents taken, if any : NIL ii) List of Research publications : Sl. Authors Title of Name of the Volume Pages Year No paper* Journal i) Saini R.P. and Singal S.K., “Development of cross flow turbine for pico hydro”, International Conference on Hydropower for Sustainable Development, Feb.05- 07, 2015, Dehradun. ii) Saini R.P. and Singal S.K, “CFD simulation of cross flow turbine using AcuSolve”, Altair Technology Conference, 2015. iii) Saini R.P. and Singal S.K, Saini Gaurav, “Numerical and Experimental Investigations for Flow Characteristics and Performance Improvement of Cross Flow Turbine” Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy [Submitted on Feb. 03, 2019]. ii) List of Technical Documents prepared : Final report attached. iii) Manpower trained under the project (a) Research Scientists/ Research Associates : 03 (b) No. of M. Tech. Dissertation produced : 02 nos. iv) Awareness, training camps, etc. organized: 02 12. Details of work which could not be completed (if any) N.A. 13. Suggestions on further work on the subject of research Further scope of research on the subject is to analyse the combined effect of guide tube and draft tube on the performance of cross flow turbine. For this, separate research project proposal may be submitted in due course. iv 14. Project Expenditure The utilization certificate and statement of expenditure has been submitted separately. The summary details are as follows: No Financial Position/ Amount Actual Committed Budget Head Sanctioned Expenditure Liabilities (Rs. in lacs) (Rs. in lacs) (Rs. in lacs) 1. Travel 1.60 2.93 2. Manpower 14.40 10.83 3. Equipment 6.00 4.78 4. Consumables 6.00 5.90 1.37 5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hydro, Tidal and Wave Energy in Japan Business, Research and Technological Opportunities for European Companies
    Hydro, Tidal and Wave Energy in Japan Business, Research and Technological Opportunities for European Companies by Guillaume Hennequin Tokyo, September 2016 DISCLAIMER The information contained in this publication reflects the views of the author and not necessarily the views of the EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation, the views of the Commission of the European Union or Japanese authorities. While utmost care was taken to check and confirm all information used in this study, the author and the EU-Japan Centre may not be held responsible for any errors that might appear. © EU-Japan Centre for industrial Cooperation 2016 Page 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to first and foremost thank Mr. Silviu Jora, General Manager (EU Side) as well as Mr. Fabrizio Mura of the EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation to have given me the opportunity to be part of the MINERVA Fellowship Programme. I also would like to thank my fellow research fellows Ines, Manuel, Ryuichi to join me in this six-month long experience, the Centre's Sam, Kadoya-san, Stijn, Tachibana-san, Fukura-san, Luca, Sekiguchi-san and the remaining staff for their kind assistance, support and general good atmosphere that made these six months pass so quickly. Of course, I would also like to thank the other people I have met during my research fellow and who have been kind enough to answer my questions and helped guide me throughout the writing of my report. Without these people I would not have been able to finish this report. Guillaume Hennequin Tokyo, September 30, 2016 Page 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In the long history of the Japanese electricity market, Japan has often reverted to concentrating on the use of one specific electricity power resource to fulfil its energy needs.
    [Show full text]
  • Guideline and Manual for Hydropower Development Vol. 2 Small Scale Hydropower
    Guideline and Manual for Hydropower Development Vol. 2 Small Scale Hydropower March 2011 Japan International Cooperation Agency Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. JP Design Co., Ltd. IDD JR 11-020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Part 1 Introduction on Small Scale Hydropower for Rural Electrification Chapter 1 Significance of Small Scale Hydropower Development ..................................... 1-1 Chapter 2 Objectives and Scope of Manual ......................................................................... 2-1 Chapter 3 Outline of Hydropower Generation ..................................................................... 3-1 Chapter 4 Rural Electrification Project by Small-Scale Hydropower ................................. 4-1 Part 2 Designation of the Area of Electrification Chapter 5 Selection of the Area of Electrification and Finding of the Site .......................... 5-1 Part 3 Investigation, Planning, Designing and Construction Chapter 6 Social Economic Research .................................................................................. 6-1 Chapter 7 Technical Survey ................................................................................................. 7-1 Chapter 8 Generation Plan ................................................................................................... 8-1 Chapter 9 Design of Civil Structures ................................................................................... 9-1 Chapter 10 Design of Electro-Mechanical Equipment .........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Low Head Hydropower for Local Energy Solutions
    Low Head Hydropower for Local Energy Solutions A.G. Pradeep Narrain LOW HEAD HYDROPOWER FOR LOCAL ENERGY SOLUTIONS LOW HEAD HYDROPOWER FOR LOCAL ENERGY SOLUTIONS DISSERTATION Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Board for Doctorates of Delft University of Technology and of the Academic Board of the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education for the Degree of DOCTOR to be defended in public on Monday, 9 October 2017, at 10:00 hours in Delft, the Netherlands by Arcot Ganesh Pradeep NARRAIN Master of Science in Water Resources Engineering and Management University of Stuttgart, Germany born in Bangalore, India This dissertation has been approved by the promotors: Prof.dr.ir. A.E. Mynett Prof.dr. N.G. Wright Composition of the doctoral committee: Chairman Rector Magnificus Delft University of Technology Vice-Chairman Rector UNESCO-IHE Prof.dr.ir. A.E. Mynett UNESCO-IHE / Delft University of Technology, promotor Prof.dr. N.G. Wright De Montfort University, UK / UNESCO-IHE, promotor Independent members: Prof.dr.ir. W.S.J. Uijttewaal Delft University of Technology Prof.dr.ir. C. Zevenbergen UNESCO-IHE / Delft University of Technology Prof. dr. G. Pender Heriot-Watt University, UK Prof.dr.-ing. U. Gärtner Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Germany Prof.dr.ir. H.H.G. Savenije Delft University of Technology, reserve member CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017, A.G. Pradeep Narrain Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers, the author nor UNESCO- IHE for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein.
    [Show full text]
  • Highly Efficient Cross Flow Turbine Runner Design for Upgrading Traditional Water Mill in to Micro Hydro Power Plant (A Case Study for Kersa-Minko Village)
    International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 4 Issue 12, December-2015 Highly Efficient Cross flow Turbine Runner Design for Upgrading Traditional Water Mill in to Micro Hydro Power Plant (A case Study for Kersa-Minko Village) Nebiyu Bogale Mereke School of Mechanical Engineering Jimma Institute Of Technology, JiT Jimma, Ethiopia Abstract—Cross flow turbines, which are suitable in upgrading projects which can be managed in decentralized manner with traditional water mills in to hydro power generating systems in their estimated potential of 1500- 3000Mw[6,7] Ethiopia and in general in developing nations creates high In addition, the indigenous knowledge of grain milling using interest, due to their simplicity for manufacturing in simple local the power of water from small annual flowing rivers, creates metal workshops, suitable operating condition for large load interest to undergo further technological development by variation conditions, the ease of operation and maintenance by low skill remote rural farmers in areas which are detached from higher institutions like Jimma University and different the main grid line and apart from most hydraulic turbines their governmental and nongovernmental organizations like suitability for low head and flow rate conditions . Therefore, in Alphasol Modular Energy, Agricultural Mechanization this paper the design of highly efficient cross flow turbine runner Research Institute, GIZ-ECO etc. by using the power from in for upgrading traditional water mill in to
    [Show full text]
  • Microgeneration
    Microgeneration Snapshot: Microgeneration has an important role to play in reducing carbon emissions from both domestic and commercial properties. Microgeneration technologies can contribute towards our national targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050, as required by the ClimateHU Change (Scotland) Act 2009,UH and to targetsHU UH for electricity and heat from renewable sources as well as supporting sustainable economic growth. Growth in the use of microgeneration technology can also help alleviate fuel poverty and improve fuel security by increasing access to more affordable and locally available supplies of both electricity and heat. To date, even with the PHU ermitted Development Rights UH which apply to microgeneration technologies, there has been limited growth in the number of microgeneration installations. However, there is an onus upon planning authorities to respond to the Climate Change (Scotland) Act and Section 3F of the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997, which requires Local Development Plan policies for emissions reduction of new buildings through the use of renewable energy technology. Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) supports investment in renewable energy projects at all scales of development, including microgeneration. Additionally, the existing Feed-In-Tariff Scheme (FIT) and the forthcoming Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) could positively influence demand in the sector. Suggested areas of focus for planning authorities:- Give active consideration to the role of microgeneration in responding
    [Show full text]
  • Micro-Hydro Applications in Rural Areas
    OASYS – South Asia: Dundee Workshop 2011 Micro-hydro applications in rural areas Dr Arthur Williams Dept. of Electrical & Electronic Engineering University of Nottingham, UK 1 Types of hydropower Conventional hydropower usually uses a reservoir (Llyn Brianne, Wales: 4 MW) <10 MW is called “Small” hydro Micro hydro is usually “Run-of-river” Pico hydro in SE Asia (< 5kW) (Las Juntas, Peru: 25 kW) 2 Where are the potential sites? Hydropower usually uses the potential energy of water: mass flow × head × gravity Good sites either have high head Or high flow AKRSP, Pakistan Many good sites in remote rural areas 3 Rural Electrification Options Grid Connection • too expensive • unreliable, especially in mountainous areas Stand-alone options • rechargeable batteries • Solar Home Systems Mini-grid options Kushadevi - Nepal • diesel generators - site of a 3 kW Pico Hydro project • Pico Hydro 4 Rural Electrification Options Minimum 2006 World 300-1000 W Lower Range Bank study: hydroPico Probable Range Off-grid 300 W Costs. Wind Higher Range 300 W hybrid 2002 study in PV-Wind Kenya: Generator of Type PH: 15 ¢ 50 - 300 W Solar PV PV: >$1 300-1000 W Diesel Petrol or 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Predicted Cost in 2010 (UScent/kWh) 5 Civil works for pico hydro Simple intake structures Kenya Kathamba, Storage only for evening use in dry season Minimal use of cement For higher head schemes, Polyethylene or PVC pipe is easily available and light to transport. Magdalena, Peru Magdalena, 6 Pico hydro turbine types • For higher heads: locally manufactured Pelton
    [Show full text]
  • Generating Your Own Energy Hydropower
    GENERATING YOUR OWN ENERGY HYDROPOWER A planning guide for 2D householders, communities 1 and businesses Introduction This leaflet is part of an information pack for householders, communities and businesses who want to generate their own energy through small or community scale renewable energy technologies. This may be to benefit from the Clean Energy Cashback Scheme (also known as the Feed-in Tariff) and to help tackle climate change. The pack is intended to give you some useful information on what issues you should be considering when installing a renewable energy technology, including the current planning regulations and ways in which you can install the technology to reduce any impact on you, your neighbours and the local built and natural environment. Please read Leaflet 1 Generating Your Own Energy – A Planning Guide for Householders, Communities and Businesses. This can be found at www.wales.gov.uk/planning GENERATING YOUR OWN ENERGY 1 1 A planning guide for householders, communities and businesses 2 What is hydropower? Hydropower is the use of water flowing from a higher to a lower level to drive a turbine connected to an electrical generator, with the energy generated proportional to the volume of water and vertical drop or head. What is a hydropower plant? • Small/community scale hydropower schemes can comprise of the following components: - Hydroelectric generators – placed in the watercourse - Structures – to house the hydro-turbine - Electricity transmission equipment - Pipework – to direct the water • Size - Schemes at the smaller end of this scale (typically below 100kW) are often referred to as micro hydro. The likely range is from a few hundred watts (possibly for use with batteries) for domestic schemes, to a minimum 25kW for commercial schemes.
    [Show full text]
  • Rural Electrification: GEF Experience in Renewables-Based Microgrids Ming Yang 1
    Rural Electrification: GEF Experience in Renewables-based Microgrids Ming Yang 1 Key words: Sustainable Energy for All; Actions for SDG and Paris Agreement; Case Studies. Abstract This paper discusses how the existing 1.2 billion poor people worldwide without access to electricity can be environment-friendly electrified with the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) on energy and the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the experience of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) in rural electrification with renewable energy-based microgrids or mini-grids, and identify challenges and business opportunities in rural electrification in the least developed countries (LDCs). Several case studies are presented to show GEF’s strategies of financing renewable energy-based microgrids. This paper concludes that (1) with the demonstrated evidence of the importance of new technologies for renewable energy-based microgrids, it is necessary to improve enabling environments for creating markets conducive to the new technologies; (2) project investment is a necessary first step, but for success to be fully realized, catalyzing follow-on investments should also be set as an important goal; and (3) investments need to include effective technology transfer components for renewable energy-based microgrid technologies. 1. Introduction Ensuring all human beings to access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and new renewable energy, Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) is one of the 17 SDGs in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by world leaders at a UN Summit in 2015. In addition, signed in 2015 and effectuated in November, 2016, the Paris Agreement dealing with greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation, climate adaptation and finance requires all UNFCCC Parties to put forward their best efforts through “nationally determined contributions” (NDCs) and to strengthen these efforts in the years ahead.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Design Study Report on the Project for Rural Electrification on Micro-Hydropower in Remote Province of Mondul Kiri in the Kingdom of Cambodia
    No. BASIC DESIGN STUDY REPORT ON THE PROJECT FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ON MICRO-HYDRO POWER IN REMOTE PROVINCE OF MONDUL KIRI IN THE KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA MAY 2005 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY GRANT AID MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT GM JR 05-076 PREFACE In response to a request from the Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia, the Government of Japan decided to conduct a basic design study on the Project for Rural Electrification on Micro-Hydropower in Remote Province of Mondul Kiri in the Kingdom of Cambodia and entrusted the study to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). JICA sent to Cambodia a study team from 1st.December through 29th December, 2004. The team held discussions with the officials concerned of the Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia, and conducted a field study at the study area. After the team returned to Japan, further studies were made. Then, a mission was sent to Cambodia in order to discuss a draft basic design, and as this result, the present report was finalized. I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of the project and to the enhancement of friendly relations between our two countries. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia for their close cooperation extended to the teams. May, 2005 Seiji Kojima Vice-President Japan International Cooperation Agency LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL May, 2005 We are pleased to submit to you the basic design study report on the Project for Rural Electrification on Micro-Hydropower in Remote Province of Mondul Kiri in the Kingdom of Cambodia.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Micro-Generation Contents
    Power from the people: a guide to micro-generation Contents Introduction 5 How to use this guide 5 What is micro-generation? 6 Energy efficiency and micro-generation 7 Different ways of using micro-generation 8 Stand-alone power systems (SAPS) 8 Grid-connected systems 12 Standards and requirements 16 Photovoltaics 17 How PV works 18 Characteristics of PV 18 Assessing your site 21 Choosing and installing PV 22 How much electricity will it generate? 23 The cost of a PV system 24 Maintaining your PV array 25 Small wind turbines 26 How wind turbines work 26 Characteristics of small wind turbines 27 Assessing your site 28 Measuring your wind resources 29 Choosing and installing your wind turbine 29 Turbine performance 30 Quality standards 30 Locating your wind turbine 31 Environmental impact of wind turbines 32 Towers and poles 32 Rooftop or building integrated turbines 33 How much electricity will my small wind turbine generate? 34 Actual generation output 34 The cost of small wind turbines 35 Maintaining your small wind turbine 37 Micro-hydro schemes 38 How micro-hydro schemes work 38 Characteristics of a micro-hydro scheme 39 Assessing your site 40 What kind of turbine? 41 How much electricity will my micro-hydro scheme generate? 42 The cost of micro-hydro 42 Maintenance and other considerations 43 Batteries, inverters, and other components 44 SAPS components 44 Grid-connect system components 48 Investing in micro-generation 49 Process flow chart 49 2 Finding a supplier 50 Website directories 50 Contracts 50 Glossary 51 List of figures Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Northeast Region 1
    RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE 50 STATES: NORTHEAST REGION 1 About ACORE ACORE, a 501(c)(3) non-profit membership organization, is dedicated to building a secure and prosperous America with clean, renewable energy. ACORE seeks to advance renewable energy through finance, policy, technology, and market development and is concentrating its member focus in 2014 on National Defense & Security, Power Generation & Infrastructure, and Transportation. Additional information is available at www.acore.org. Acknowledgements Lead Author: Lesley Hunter Contributors: Torrey Beek Louis de Saint Phalle Special Thanks: Bloomberg New Energy Finance Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency Energy Information Administration © 2014 American Council On Renewable Energy (ACORE) All Rights Reserved under U.S. and foreign law, treaties, and conventions. This work cannot be reproduced, downloaded, disseminated, published, or transferred in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the copyright owner or pursuant to the License below: Published by: American Council On Renewable Energy (ACORE) 1600 K St. NW, Suite 650 Washington, DC 20006 202.393.0001 Questions or Comments: [email protected] Cover images: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Shutterstock American Council On Renewable Energy (ACORE) Updated June 2014 RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE 50 STATES: NORTHEAST REGION 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Small Hydropower Plants with Variable Speed Operation—An Optimal Operation Curve Determination
    energies Article Small Hydropower Plants with Variable Speed Operation—An Optimal Operation Curve Determination Dariusz Borkowski 1,* and Marek Majdak 2 1 Institute of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Krakow, Poland 2 Department of Energy, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 October 2020; Accepted: 25 November 2020; Published: 26 November 2020 Abstract: In recent times, much attention has been paid to small hydropower plants (SHPs) with variable speed operation and different control techniques. Control complexity in SHPs is mainly caused by specific steady-state features of the water turbine, the long time constants of the hydraulic system and significant seasonal and/or aging-related deterioration in the system performance. This paper presents the most important features of the turbine model from a control point of view. It classifies control techniques for SHPs with variable speed operation in terms of the turbine type and SHP function (run-of-the-river and reservoir). Furthermore, various control methods are analysed taking into account the complexity of the method, dynamics, adaptability and applicability. The novelty of this study is the proposal of a simple, universal analytical formula, which, based on the basic dimensions of the turbine, determines the optimal operating curve. The proposed formula is verified on a real SHP 150 kW by comparison with measurements in the form of operational characteristics. The analysis of the annual energy production confirms the effectiveness of the approximation precision, yielding only 1% production losses, and shows an advantage of variable speed over constant speed in annual energy production of 16%.
    [Show full text]