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Micro-Hydro Applications in Rural Areas

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Micro-Hydro Applications in Rural Areas OASYS – South Asia: Dundee Workshop 2011 Micro-hydro applications in rural areas Dr Arthur Williams Dept. of Electrical & Electronic Engineering University of Nottingham, UK 1 Types of hydropower Conventional hydropower usually uses a reservoir (Llyn Brianne, Wales: 4 MW) <10 MW is called “Small” hydro Micro hydro is usually “Run-of-river” Pico hydro in SE Asia (< 5kW) (Las Juntas, Peru: 25 kW) 2 Where are the potential sites? Hydropower usually uses the potential energy of water: mass flow × head × gravity Good sites either have high head Or high flow AKRSP, Pakistan Many good sites in remote rural areas 3 Rural Electrification Options Grid Connection • too expensive • unreliable, especially in mountainous areas Stand-alone options • rechargeable batteries • Solar Home Systems Mini-grid options Kushadevi - Nepal • diesel generators - site of a 3 kW Pico Hydro project • Pico Hydro 4 Rural Electrification Options Minimum 2006 World 300-1000 W Lower Range Bank study: hydroPico Probable Range Off-grid 300 W Costs. Wind Higher Range 300 W hybrid 2002 study in PV-Wind Kenya: Generator of Type PH: 15 ¢ 50 - 300 W Solar PV PV: >$1 300-1000 W Diesel Petrol or 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Predicted Cost in 2010 (UScent/kWh) 5 Civil works for pico hydro Simple intake structures Kenya Kathamba, Storage only for evening use in dry season Minimal use of cement For higher head schemes, Polyethylene or PVC pipe is easily available and light to transport. Magdalena, Peru Magdalena, 6 Pico hydro turbine types • For higher heads: locally manufactured Pelton turbine For medium heads: crossflow or pump as turbine - imported or locally made - also uses induction motor as generator Thailand: project of Border Green Energy7 Pico hydro turbine types • For low heads: propeller turbine (with scroll casing or open flume) Leverhulme Project, Nott’m Trent University Trent Nott’m Project, Leverhulme Kathmandu University 8 Village hydro cost breakdown Relative Cost 4% Civil works 8% 24% Penstock Turbine,Gen.+Control 22% 4% Cable+Lamps Wiring labour Design+Management 38% Average % costs for Kenyan schemes (2001) Note: No battery costs 9 Balancing costs and efficiency Max. Voltage Drop 5% 10% Cable Cost £2,000 £1,600 Power delivered to 0.97 kW 0.94 kW Consumers Total Scheme Cost £5,000 £4,600 (1 kW scheme) Cost per power £5,155/kW £4,894/kW delivered (-5%) Reducing cable thickness saves on cost/kW - but there is a limit to acceptable volt drop (ΔV) 10 5 7Z 9 6Z 8Z 9Z 5Z 4 4Z Bb C 1 1 C 0Z 1 2 1 8 Z 6 1 10 ZZ 3Z 4 1 5 1 1 Z 9 1 Z 7Z 1 8 1 3 3Z 2Z A r u p S 2 Z 2 2 7 c B k c o t s n1Z e P Z 0 2 Z 3 2 5 Z 4 2 Z 0 6 Z 5 2 Z 1 2 Z 8 5 6 Z 9 5 a B Z 6Z 2 7 2 Z4 7 5 B r u p S Z 8 2 esuohenibruT Z 0 3 Z 9Z 2 1 3 1 Z 4 5 3 12 Z 2 3 d B 2 Z 9 4 Z 1 5 Z 4 3 Z 0 5 Z 3 5 Be 11 3 Z 3 3 Z 2 5 C r u p S Z 8 4 Z 6 4 6 Ca Z 5 4 Z 5 3 Z 4 4 5 Z 2 4 Z 6 3 Z 7 3 Z 34 4 Cb Z 8 3 7 No cable across valley across cable No Z 1 4 Z 0 4 program applied to Kathamba layout Kathamba to applied program ViPOR Z 98 3 Cc 5 7Z 9 6Z 8Z 9Z 5Z 4 4Z Bb 11C 10C 12Z 8 16Z 10 13Z14Z15Z 19Z 17Z18Z 3 3Z revi R airegneku M A r u p S 2 2Z 22Z7 c B 20Z 1Z 23Z 5 24Z 60Z 25Z 21Z 58Z 6 59Z a B 26Z 27Z 4 B57Z r u p S 28Z esuohenibruT 30Z House 29Z 31Z 1 54Z 3 32Z Turbine Turbine 12 d B 2 used. 49Z limiters Load 51Z 34Z 50Z 53Z Be 11 3 clustered. are 33ZHouses Intake 52Z C r u p S 48Z 46Z 6 branches Ca 45Z s e r t e35Z m 0 0 1 Most spurs have several 44Z several have spurs Most 5 42Z 36Z 37Z 4 43Z Cb Kenya). , Kathamba 38Z7 ( 41Z A typical village layout layout village typical A 40Z 8 39Z Cc Cable selection program (v.2) (under development) Spurs and branches; Accurate positioning; Variable loads. 13 Off-grid schemes in rural areas are increasing Growth in rural households accessing electricity in Sri Mini-grid schemes Lanka. can be connected to a grid extension. 14 LED lamps: an alternative? “Hurricane” lamp – 800W (based on rate of kerosene consumption!) Same lumens as a 2W LED! LED colour balance can be improved by mixing 15 Conclusions - lighting LED v CFL Photo Source: LUTW Low power; wide beam; higher efficacy; long life; V. low power; narrow beam; v. long life; Better for mains voltages. Efficient for LV systems 16 Dissemination Support for local entrepreneurs: Management models, Peru Local manufacture of turbines. Photo: Phil Maher, Pico Energy Ltd. Practical Action have useful publications 17 On-line information for Pico Hydro @ www.picohydro.org.uk www.pumpsasturbines.org.uk Navigation Home Page Downloadable Publications Pico Hydro Pico Hydro for Village Power - Design and Installation Manual What's New Pico Power Pack Download - A Practical Guide to Design and Manufacture Publications Water Power for a Village Business Newsletter Pico Hidro - Potencia para Aldeas Inquiries (Un Versión Español). Case Studies in Kenya & Nepal 18 Conclusions • Village-based mini-grids are suitable for rural electrification • Renewable energy based systems are cost-effective (esp. hydro) • Costs can be reduced through: 1. local manufacture 2. using PC-based design for turbines, pipes and distribution cables Compared with kerosene lamps or dry-cell torches, Electric lighting is • Cheaper Photo Source: LUTW • Cleaner • Safer December 2010: Zhiture , one of two new Micro- hydro plants installed by AKRSP in Chitral, Pakistan.19 Extra slides: 1. Water flow variation Flow available will vary with seasons and from year to year. Available flow is shown by a Flow duration curve flow duration curve. 6 5 Qav is (rainfall - evaporation) 4 × catchment area. 3 Q/Qav 2 Without storage, a 1 hydropower plant will be 0 sized to use a flow rate < Qav. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Probability 20 2. Low Head Turbine Project (2004-7) Laser used for velocity measurements in a 200W turbine CFD, lab and field testing Conclusions: - Good efficiency if - the turbine is designed to minimise losses the turbine is designed to match the site flow (blade angles are more important than blade cross- section) air entrainment is avoided Prototype 1 kW propeller 4 kW 21 prototype Pico hydro electrical system Induction Generator Excitation Capacitors Induction Generator Controller User Loads Ballast Load (+ battery charger) (heater) • The IGC can be locally made • “Load limiters” can be used to prevent overloading 22 3. Costs of Solar Home System Assume 5 hours peak sun/day Output is 500 Wh per day. 3,650 kWh over 20 years Cost: $4,200/3650 = $1.15/kWh Data from: BuildAfrica.com23 4. Lighting: LED-halogen comparison 10000 3000 "superbright" 12V LED 1000 500 20W 12V Halogen 100 E (lux) at 500 mm 10 1 -100.0 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 distance from peak along plane (mm) A 1.5 W LED cluster claims to be “equivalent” to a 20 W halogen lamp! Powering a 12V LED lamp through a mains transformer can half the efficiency.24 .
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