Microgeneration
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An Overview of the State of Microgeneration Technologies in the UK
An overview of the state of microgeneration technologies in the UK Nick Kelly Energy Systems Research Unit Mechanical Engineering University of Strathclyde Glasgow Drivers for Deployment • the UK is a signatory to the Kyoto protocol committing the country to 12.5% cuts in GHG emissions • EU 20-20-20 – reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions of at least 20% below 1990 levels; 20% of all energy consumption to come from renewable resources; 20% reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels, to be achieved by improving energy efficiency. • UK Climate Change Act 2008 – self-imposed target “to ensure that the net UK carbon account for the year 2050 is at least 80% lower than the 1990 baseline.” – 5-year ‘carbon budgets’ and caps, carbon trading scheme, renewable transport fuel obligation • Energy Act 2008 – enabling legislation for CCS investment, smart metering, offshore transmission, renewables obligation extended to 2037, renewable heat incentive, feed-in-tariff • Energy Act 2010 – further CCS legislation • plus more legislation in the pipeline .. Where we are in 2010 • in the UK there is very significant growth in large-scale renewable generation – 8GW of capacity in 2009 (up 18% from 2008) – Scotland 31% of electricity from renewable sources 2010 • Microgeneration lags far behind – 120,000 solar thermal installations [600 GWh production] – 25,000 PV installations [26.5 Mwe capacity] – 28 MWe capacity of CHP (<100kWe) – 14,000 SWECS installations 28.7 MWe capacity of small wind systems – 8000 GSHP systems Enabling Microgeneration -
Two-Stage Radial Turbine for a Small Waste Heat Recovery
energies Article Two-Stage Radial Turbine for a Small Waste Heat y Recovery Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Plant Ambra Giovannelli *, Erika Maria Archilei and Coriolano Salvini Department of Engineering, University of Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale, 79, 00146 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (E.M.A.); [email protected] (C.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-06-57333424 This work is an extended version of the paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Energy and y Environment Research ICEER 22–25 July 2019 held in Aveiro, Portugal and published in Energy Reports. Received: 21 January 2020; Accepted: 24 February 2020; Published: 27 February 2020 Abstract: Looking at the waste heat potential made available by industry, it can be noted that there are many sectors where small scale (< 100 kWe) organic Rankine cycle (ORC) plants could be applied to improve the energy efficiency. Such plants are quite challenging from the techno-economic point of view: the temperature of the primary heat source poses a low cutoff to the system thermodynamic efficiency. Therefore, high-performance components are needed, but, at the same time, they have to be at low cost as possible to assure a reasonable payback time. In this paper, the design of a two-stage radial in-flow turbine for small ORC industrial plants is presented. Compared to commonly applied mono-stage expanders (both volumetric and dynamic), this novel turbine enables plants to exploit higher pressure ratios than conventional plants. Thus, the theoretical limit to the cycle efficiency is enhanced with undoubted benefits on the overall ORC plant performance. -
Microgeneration Strategy: Progress Report
MICROGENERATION STRATEGY Progress Report JUNE 2008 Foreword by Malcolm Wicks It is just over two years since The Microgeneration Strategy was launched. Since then climate change and renewables have jumped to the top of the global and political agendas. Consequently, it is more important than ever that reliable microgeneration offers individual householders the chance to play their part in tackling climate change. In March 2006, there was limited knowledge in the UK about the everyday use of microgeneration technologies, such as solar thermal heating, ground source heat pumps, micro wind or solar photovolatics. Much has changed since then. Thousands of people have considered installing these technologies or have examined grants under the Low Carbon Buildings Programme. Many have installed microgeneration and, in doing so, will have helped to reduce their demand for energy, thereby cutting both their CO2 emissions and their utility bills. The Government’s aim in the Strategy was to identify obstacles to creating a sustainable microgeneration market. I am pleased that the majority of the actions have been completed and this report sets out the excellent progress we have made. As a consequence of our work over the last two years, we have benefited from a deeper understanding of how the microgeneration market works and how it can make an important contribution to a 60% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050. Building an evidence base, for example, from research into consumer behaviour, from tackling planning restrictions and from tracking capital costs, means that we are now in a better position to take forward work on building a sustainable market for microgeneration in the UK. -
The Potential Air Quality Impacts from Biomass Combustion
AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP The Potential Air Quality Impacts from Biomass Combustion Prepared for: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; and Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland AIR QUALITY EXPERT GROUP The Potential Air Quality Impacts from Biomass Combustion Prepared for: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; and Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland This is a report from the Air Quality Expert Group to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Scottish Government; Welsh Government; and Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland, on the potential air quality impacts from biomass combustion. The information contained within this report represents a review of the understanding and evidence available at the time of writing. © Crown copyright 2017 Front cover image credit: left – Jamie Hamel-Smith, middle – Katie Chase, right – Tom Rickhuss on Stocksnap.io. Used under Creative Commons. United Kingdom air quality information received from the automatic monitoring sites and forecasts may be accessed via the following media: Freephone Air Pollution Information 0800 556677 Service Internet http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk PB14465 Terms of reference The Air Quality Expert Group (AQEG) is an expert committee of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and considers current knowledge on air pollution and provides advice on such things as the levels, sources and characteristics of air pollutants in the UK. AQEG reports to Defra’s Chief Scientific Adviser, Defra Ministers, Scottish Ministers, the Welsh Government and the Department of the Environment in Northern Ireland (the Government and devolved administrations). -
Microgeneration Certification Scheme: MCS 008
Microgeneration Certification Scheme: MCS 008 Product Certification Scheme Requirements: Biomass Issue 3.0 This Microgeneration Product Certification Standard is the property of Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), 3 Whitehall Place, London, SW1A 2HH. © DECC 2013 This Standard has been approved by the Steering Group of the Microgeneration Certification Scheme. This Standard was prepared by the Microgeneration Certification Scheme Working Group 5 ‘Biomass’. REVISION OF MICROGENERATION STANDARDS Microgeneration Standards will be revised by issue of revised editions or amendments. Details will be posted on the website at www.microgenerationcertification.org Technical or other changes which affect the requirements for the approval or certification of the product or service will result in a new issue. Minor or administrative changes (e.g. corrections of spelling and typographical errors, changes to address and copyright details, the addition of notes for clarification etc.) may be made as amendments. The issue number will be given in decimal format with the integer part giving the issue number and the fractional part giving the number of amendments (e.g. Issue 3.2 indicates that the document is at Issue 3 with 2 amendments). Users of this Standard should ensure that they possess the latest issue and all amendments. Issue: 3.0 PRODUCT CERTIFICATION SCHEME MCS: 008 REQUIREMENTS: BIOMASS Date: 01/11/2016 Page 2 of 31 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .................................................................................................................. -
Policies and Measures on Renewable Heating and Cooling in Europe
Eionet Report - ETC/ACM 2018/17 Policies and measures on renewable heating and cooling in Europe December 2018 Authors: Tom Dauwe, Katrina Young, Magdalena Jóźwicka ETC/ACM consortium partners: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Aether, Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (CSIC/IDAEA), EMISIA, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Öko-Institute, Öko-Recherche, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), Universitat Autónoma de Barcalona 1 (UAB), Umweltbundesamt Wien (UBA-V), Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), 4sfera Innova Cover photo © solar thermal installation Legal notice The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the European Commission or other institutions of the European Union. Neither the European Environment Agency, the European Topic Centre on Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation nor any person or company acting on behalf of the Agency or the Topic Centre is responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this report. Copyright notice © European Topic Centre on Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation (2018) Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Authors Tom Dauwe: VITO/EnergyVille (BE) Katrina Young: Aether (UK) Magdalena Jóźwicka: EEA (DK) European Topic Centre on Air Pollution and Climate Change Mitigation PO Box 1 3720 BA Bilthoven The Netherlands Tel.: +31 30 274 8562 Fax: +31 30 274 4433 Web: http://acm.eionet.europa.eu Email: [email protected] Contents Executive summary ...................................................................................................................................... -
A"Review"Of"Commercially" Available"Technologies"For" Developing"Low:Carbon"Eco:Cities" !
ERNEST"ORLANDO"LAWRENCE" LBNL>179304! ! BERKELEY"NATIONAL"LABORATORY" ! A"Review"of"Commercially" Available"Technologies"for" Developing"Low:Carbon"Eco:cities" ! Nan!Zhou,!Gang!He,!John!Romankiewicz,!David!Fridley,!! and!Cecilia!Fino>Chen! ! " Energy"Technologies"Area" " " " " May"2015" " ! ! ! This!work!was!supported!through!the!U.S.!Department!oF!Energy!under! Contract!No.!DE>AC02>05CH11231.! ! ! ! Disclaimer! " This!document!was!prepared!as!an!account!of!work!sponsored!by!the!United! States! Government.! While! this! document! is! believed! to! contain! correct! information,!neither!the!United!States!Government!nor!any!agency!thereof,! nor!The!Regents!of!the!University!of!California,!nor!any!of!their!employees,! makes!any!warranty,!express!or!implied,!or!assumes!any!legal!responsibility! for!the!accuracy,!completeness,!or!usefulness!of!any!information,!apparatus,! product,! or! process! disclosed,! or! represents! that! its! use! would! not! infringe! privately!owned!rights.!Reference!herein!to!any!specific!commercial!product,! process,!or!service!by!its!trade!name,!trademark,!manufacturer,!or!otherwise,! does! not! necessarily! constitute! or! imply! its! endorsement,! recommendation,! or!favoring!by!the!United!States!Government!or!any!agency!thereof,!or!The! Regents! of! the! University! of! California.! The! views! and! opinions! of! authors! expressed!herein!do!not!necessarily!state!or!reflect!those!of!the!United!States! Government! or! any! agency! thereof,! or! The! Regents! of! the! University! of! California.! ! Ernest!Orlando!Lawrence!Berkeley!National!Laboratory!is!an!equal! -
Indirect Solar Water Heating in Single-Family, Zero Energy Ready Homes Robb Aldrich Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings
Indirect Solar Water Heating in Single-Family, Zero Energy Ready Homes Robb Aldrich Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings February 2016 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, subcontractors, or affiliated partners makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at SciTech Connect http:/www.osti.gov/scitech Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 OSTI http://www.osti.gov Phone: 865.576.8401 Fax: 865.576.5728 Email: [email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5301 Shawnee Road Alexandria, VA 22312 NTIS http://www.ntis.gov Phone: 800.553.6847 or 703.605.6000 Fax: 703.605.6900 Email: [email protected] Indirect Solar Water Heating in Single-Family, Zero Energy Ready Homes Prepared for: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory On behalf of the U.S. -
Generating Your Own Energy Solar Water
GENERATING YOUR OWN ENERGY SOLAR WATER A planning guide for 2C householders, communities 1 and businesses Introduction This leaflet is part of an information pack for householders, communities and businesses who want to generate their own energy through small or community scale renewable energy technologies. This may be to benefit from the Clean Energy Cashback Scheme (also known as the Feed-in Tariff) and to help tackle climate change. The pack is intended to give you some useful information on what issues you should be considering when installing a renewable energy technology, including the current planning regulations and ways in which you can install the technology to reduce any impact on you, your neighbours and the local built and natural environment. Please read Leaflet 1 Generating Your Own Energy – A Planning Guide for Householders, Communities and Businesses. This can be found at www.wales.gov.uk/planning GENERATING YOUR OWN ENERGY 1 1 A planning guide for householders, communities and businesses 2 What is solar water? Solar water heating systems gather the sun’s free energy and convert it into hot water alongside a conventional water heater. They do this by retaining the heat from the sun’s rays and transfer this heat to a fluid, in order to preheat water for use in sinks, showers and other hot water applications. What is a solar water collector? • Solar water systems (also known as solar thermal) comprise three main components - Solar collectors – which collect the sun’s rays so that when the light shines on the panel it heats up the water - Hot water cylinder – to store the water that is heated up during the day and supplies it for use later - Plumbing system – piping to move the fluid around the system • Type: - There are two different tubes of solar collectors with different characteristics: flat plate and evacuated tubes. -
Solar Water Heating System Requirements
Solar Water Heating Installation Requirements Adapted from The Bright Way to Heat Water™ technical requirements V 27 Energy Trust of Oregon Solar Water Heating Installation Requirements Revisions Energy Trust updates these installation requirements annually. Many thanks to the industry members and technical specialists that have invested their time to help keep this document current. The current document (v 27) underwent significant changes from previous installation requirements. Much of the redundant commentary material was removed and many requirements were evaluated based on cost effectiveness and removed or relaxed. The revisions table below summarizes many of the new changes however this document should be read in its entirety to understand the changes. August, 2012 Revisions Section Revision 2.2 Changed requirement for avoiding galvanic action, allowing aluminum Materials to galvanized steel connections. Requirements related to overheat and freeze protection were moved 2.3 to the new Solar Water Heating System Design and Eligibility Equipment and Installation Requirements document. Water quality requirements were removed. Requirements related to heat exchanger materials were moved to the 2.6 new Solar Water Heating System Design and Eligibility Requirements Plumbing document. Parts of Section 2.10 from v 26 were integrated into section 2.6. Backup water heater requirements were removed and/or deferred to code. 2.8 Anti-convective piping requirements were removed. Backup Water Heater Backup water heater R-10 floor pad was removed. Parts of Section 2.10 from v 26 were integrated into section 2.8 2.9 Storage to collector ratios were revised for single tank systems and moved to the new Solar Water Heating System Design and Eligibility Solar Storage Tank Requirements document. -
FACTSHEET 3: Introduction to Solar Thermal Heating
FACTSHEET 3: Introduction to Solar Thermal Heating Introduction The sun’s energy is free and abundant, and can be used to provide green and renewable hot water for a variety of domestic and commercial situations. For Solar Thermal Water Heating systems solar collector panels are installed on roofs facing between South West and South East (the more south facing the bet- ter the performance). These collectors absorb the sun’s energy and change it into heat, which is then used to heat water. There are two main types of col- lector plates, and several different ways these can be used to provide hot water. 1. Types of Solar Collector Plates a) Flat Plate Collectors The most common panels for solar water heating are FIGURE 1: INSTALLATION OF EVACUATED TUBES flat-plate collectors. These consist of a thin metal box (SOURCE – SOLAR FLAIR) with insulated sides and back, a glass or plastic cov- er (the glazing), and a dark coloured absorber plate. The glazing allows most of the solar energy into the 2. System Requirements box whilst preventing much of the heat gained escap- There are several necessary features that each sys- ing. The insulation on the sides and back minimizes tem must have. Systems must have freeze protection further heat loss to the surroundings. The absorber - if the water in a system freezes it can damage the plate is in the box painted with a selective dark col- solar collector, so this needs to be guarded against. oured coating, designed to maximize the amount of solar energy absorbed as heat. -
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE and ENGINEERING SCHX1001 Course
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SCHX1001 Course Material UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND NATURAL RESOURCES Environment [1] The complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors (as climate, soil, and living things) that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival. The aggregate of social and cultural conditions that influence the life of an individual or community. Biotic and Abiotic Components of Environment Natural environment includes all the living and non-living components occurring naturally on Earth. The biological components of the ecosystem that is the biotic components interact with the physical entities (abiotic components). The scientific study of the interaction of biotic community with each other and with abiotic components is known as Ecology. Abiotic Components The abiotic components are also known as the abiotic factors. The abiotic factors in ecology consist of the non-living and physical factors of the environment. Non-living components like pH value, solids, water, intensity of light as energy source, temperature of the atmosphere, humidity, physical factors of land like altitude, gradient and region and microclimate. The abiotic components have a strong influence on the distribution, behavior, relationship and structure of the living organisms. Biotic Components Biotic components are the living factors of the ecosystem. A biotic factor is any living component that includes a number of interrelated populations of different species in a common environment. A biotic factor can be any organism that affects any other organism including animals that consume other organism and food the organism consumes. Biotic factors in an environment require food and energy to survive.