Microgeneration Policy Options
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Science Based Coal Phase-Out Timeline for Japan Implications for Policymakers and Investors May 2018
a SCIENCE BASED COAL PHASE-OUT TIMELINE FOR JAPAN IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICYMAKERS AND INVESTORS MAY 2018 In collaboration with AUTHORS Paola Yanguas Parra Climate Analytics Yuri Okubo Renewable Energy Institute Niklas Roming Climate Analytics Fabio Sferra Climate Analytics Dr. Ursula Fuentes Climate Analytics Dr. Michiel Schaeffer Climate Analytics Dr. Bill Hare Climate Analytics GRAPHIC DESIGN Matt Beer Climate Analytics This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from Climate Analytics, provided acknowledgement and/or proper referencing of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from Climate Analytics. We regret any errors or omissions that may have been unwittingly made. This document may be cited as: Climate Analytics, Renewable Energy Institute (2018). Science Based Coal Phase-out Timeline for Japan: Implications for policymakers and investors A digital copy of this report along with supporting appendices is available at: www.climateanalytics.org/publications www.renewable-ei.org/activities/reports/20180529.html Cover photo: © xpixel In collaboration with SCIENCE BASED COAL PHASE-OUT TIMELINE FOR JAPAN IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICYMAKERS AND INVESTORS Photo © ImagineStock TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive summary 1 Introduction 5 1 Coal emissions in line with the Paris Agreement 7 2 Coal emissions in Japan 9 2.1 Emissions from current and planned -
Nuclear Power - Conventional
NUCLEAR POWER - CONVENTIONAL DESCRIPTION Nuclear fission—the process in which a nucleus absorbs a neutron and splits into two lighter nuclei—releases tremendous amounts of energy. In a nuclear power plant, this fission process is controlled in a reactor to generate heat. The heat from the reactor creates steam, which runs through turbines to power electrical generators. The most common nuclear power plant design uses a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR). Water is used as both neutron moderator and reactor coolant. That water is kept separate from the water used to generate steam and drive the turbine. In essence there are three water systems: one for converting the nuclear heat to steam and cooling the reactor; one for the steam system to spin the turbine; and one to convert the turbine steam back into water. The other common nuclear power plant design uses a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR). The BWR uses water as moderator and coolant, like the PWR, but has no separate secondary steam cycle. So the water from the reactor is converted into steam and used to directly drive the generator turbine. COST Conventional nuclear power plants are quite expensive to construct but have fairly low operating costs. Of the four new plants currently under construction, construction costs reportedly range from $4.7 million to $6.3 million per MW. Production costs for Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station are reported to be less than $15/MWh. CAPACITY FACTOR Typical capacity factor for a nuclear power plant is over 90%. TIME TO PERMIT AND CONSTRUCT Design, permitting and construction of a new conventional nuclear power plant will likely require a minimum of 10 years and perhaps significantly longer. -
An Overview of the State of Microgeneration Technologies in the UK
An overview of the state of microgeneration technologies in the UK Nick Kelly Energy Systems Research Unit Mechanical Engineering University of Strathclyde Glasgow Drivers for Deployment • the UK is a signatory to the Kyoto protocol committing the country to 12.5% cuts in GHG emissions • EU 20-20-20 – reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions of at least 20% below 1990 levels; 20% of all energy consumption to come from renewable resources; 20% reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels, to be achieved by improving energy efficiency. • UK Climate Change Act 2008 – self-imposed target “to ensure that the net UK carbon account for the year 2050 is at least 80% lower than the 1990 baseline.” – 5-year ‘carbon budgets’ and caps, carbon trading scheme, renewable transport fuel obligation • Energy Act 2008 – enabling legislation for CCS investment, smart metering, offshore transmission, renewables obligation extended to 2037, renewable heat incentive, feed-in-tariff • Energy Act 2010 – further CCS legislation • plus more legislation in the pipeline .. Where we are in 2010 • in the UK there is very significant growth in large-scale renewable generation – 8GW of capacity in 2009 (up 18% from 2008) – Scotland 31% of electricity from renewable sources 2010 • Microgeneration lags far behind – 120,000 solar thermal installations [600 GWh production] – 25,000 PV installations [26.5 Mwe capacity] – 28 MWe capacity of CHP (<100kWe) – 14,000 SWECS installations 28.7 MWe capacity of small wind systems – 8000 GSHP systems Enabling Microgeneration -
Two-Stage Radial Turbine for a Small Waste Heat Recovery
energies Article Two-Stage Radial Turbine for a Small Waste Heat y Recovery Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Plant Ambra Giovannelli *, Erika Maria Archilei and Coriolano Salvini Department of Engineering, University of Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale, 79, 00146 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (E.M.A.); [email protected] (C.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-06-57333424 This work is an extended version of the paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Energy and y Environment Research ICEER 22–25 July 2019 held in Aveiro, Portugal and published in Energy Reports. Received: 21 January 2020; Accepted: 24 February 2020; Published: 27 February 2020 Abstract: Looking at the waste heat potential made available by industry, it can be noted that there are many sectors where small scale (< 100 kWe) organic Rankine cycle (ORC) plants could be applied to improve the energy efficiency. Such plants are quite challenging from the techno-economic point of view: the temperature of the primary heat source poses a low cutoff to the system thermodynamic efficiency. Therefore, high-performance components are needed, but, at the same time, they have to be at low cost as possible to assure a reasonable payback time. In this paper, the design of a two-stage radial in-flow turbine for small ORC industrial plants is presented. Compared to commonly applied mono-stage expanders (both volumetric and dynamic), this novel turbine enables plants to exploit higher pressure ratios than conventional plants. Thus, the theoretical limit to the cycle efficiency is enhanced with undoubted benefits on the overall ORC plant performance. -
Commercialization and Deployment at NREL: Advancing Renewable
Commercialization and Deployment at NREL Advancing Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency at Speed and Scale Prepared for the State Energy Advisory Board NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC. Management Report NREL/MP-6A42-51947 May 2011 Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. -
Motivators for Adoption of Photovoltaic Systems at Grid Parity: a Case Study from Southern Germany
Motivators for adoption of photovoltaic systems at grid parity: A case study from Southern Germany Emrah Karakaya, Antonio Hidalgo, Cali Nuur a b s t r a c t In some countries, photovoltaic (PV) technology is at a stage of development at which it can compete with conventional electricity sources in terms of electricity generation costs, i.e., grid parity. A case in point is Germany, where the PV market has reached a mature stage, the policy support has scaled down and the diffusion rate of PV systems has declined. This development raises a fundamental question: what are the motives to adopt PV systems at grid parity? The point of departure for the relevant literature has been on the impact of policy support, adopters and, recently, local solar companies. However, less attention has been paid to the motivators for adoption at grid parity. This paper presents an in depth analysis of the diffusion of PV systems, explaining the impact of policy measures, adopters and system suppliers. Anchored in an extensive and exploratory case study in Germany, we provide a context specific explanation to the motivations to adopt PV systems at grid parity. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Analytical framework 2.1. Policy measures 2.2. Adopters 2.3. Local solar companies 3. Methodology 4. The context of the case 4.1. Grid parity 4.2. Hartmann Energietechnik GmbH 5. Results and discussion 5.1. Policy measures 5.2. Adopters 5.3. Local solar companies 6. Conclusions Acknowledgments References 1. Introduction Concerns about climate change and limited resources of fossil fuels have prompted governments to support the emergence and diffusion of renewable energy systems. -
Microgeneration Strategy: Progress Report
MICROGENERATION STRATEGY Progress Report JUNE 2008 Foreword by Malcolm Wicks It is just over two years since The Microgeneration Strategy was launched. Since then climate change and renewables have jumped to the top of the global and political agendas. Consequently, it is more important than ever that reliable microgeneration offers individual householders the chance to play their part in tackling climate change. In March 2006, there was limited knowledge in the UK about the everyday use of microgeneration technologies, such as solar thermal heating, ground source heat pumps, micro wind or solar photovolatics. Much has changed since then. Thousands of people have considered installing these technologies or have examined grants under the Low Carbon Buildings Programme. Many have installed microgeneration and, in doing so, will have helped to reduce their demand for energy, thereby cutting both their CO2 emissions and their utility bills. The Government’s aim in the Strategy was to identify obstacles to creating a sustainable microgeneration market. I am pleased that the majority of the actions have been completed and this report sets out the excellent progress we have made. As a consequence of our work over the last two years, we have benefited from a deeper understanding of how the microgeneration market works and how it can make an important contribution to a 60% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050. Building an evidence base, for example, from research into consumer behaviour, from tackling planning restrictions and from tracking capital costs, means that we are now in a better position to take forward work on building a sustainable market for microgeneration in the UK. -
Bioenergy's Role in Balancing the Electricity Grid and Providing Storage Options – an EU Perspective
Bioenergy's role in balancing the electricity grid and providing storage options – an EU perspective Front cover information panel IEA Bioenergy: Task 41P6: 2017: 01 Bioenergy's role in balancing the electricity grid and providing storage options – an EU perspective Antti Arasto, David Chiaramonti, Juha Kiviluoma, Eric van den Heuvel, Lars Waldheim, Kyriakos Maniatis, Kai Sipilä Copyright © 2017 IEA Bioenergy. All rights Reserved Published by IEA Bioenergy IEA Bioenergy, also known as the Technology Collaboration Programme (TCP) for a Programme of Research, Development and Demonstration on Bioenergy, functions within a Framework created by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Views, findings and publications of IEA Bioenergy do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or of its individual Member countries. Foreword The global energy supply system is currently in transition from one that relies on polluting and depleting inputs to a system that relies on non-polluting and non-depleting inputs that are dominantly abundant and intermittent. Optimising the stability and cost-effectiveness of such a future system requires seamless integration and control of various energy inputs. The role of energy supply management is therefore expected to increase in the future to ensure that customers will continue to receive the desired quality of energy at the required time. The COP21 Paris Agreement gives momentum to renewables. The IPCC has reported that with current GHG emissions it will take 5 years before the carbon budget is used for +1,5C and 20 years for +2C. The IEA has recently published the Medium- Term Renewable Energy Market Report 2016, launched on 25.10.2016 in Singapore. -
Transitioning to Solar Power: a Residential Guide to Alternative Energy Technology
Transitioning to Solar Power: A Residential Guide to Alternative Energy Technology This guide will help prepare Irving residents to navigate and communicate with residential solar energy providers. The guide does not make recommendation or endorsements, but provides defined objectives and facts to help residents speak with solar providers and gather enough information to make an informed decision. It’s possible that residents may work through this guide and conclude that solar is not their best option. Considering solar energy? There are many reasons for choosing solar power. Residents should understand the specific reasons before speaking with a residential solar adviser. By having a clear understanding, residents can make an informed decision tailored to them. What are the expectations for a solar energy system? Residents should also define their expectations before speaking with a potential provider. There will always be some compromises, but knowing their expectations should help when deciding on the best option. Some examples may include: To reduce residents’ average electricity bill. To be off the grid. To be an environmental steward. To reduce a home’s carbon footprint. To provide a return for producing excess electricity. These are just some examples of the expectations residents may have when considering a solar energy system. No one system will be a perfect match for all consumers. Home retention and ownership This is an important aspect to consider when weighing energy efficiency options. Most of the financial justifications that will be presented will take about 15 to 30 years for a true payback. Residents should consider how long they anticipate living in their home to determine how a solar power system will be funded and financed. -
Balance Neto 37
UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID ESCUELA POLITECNICA SUPERIOR DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA ELÉCTRICA ANALISIS DE LAS ALTERNATIVAS DE GESTIÓN DE LA ENERGÍA EN INSTALACIONES FOTOVOLTAICAS SOBRE CUBIERTA CONECTADAS A RED EN ESPAÑA AUTORA: Patricia Fernández Rodríguez. TITULACIÓN: Grado en Ingeniería Eléctrica. TUTORA: Mónica Chinchilla Sánchez. FECHA: Julio del 2013. INDICE 1 Introducción 11 1.1 Situación actual de la energía 11 1.1.1 20/20/20 14 1.1.1.1 Reducir un 20% las emisiones de los gases del efecto invernadero 14 1.1.1.2 Ahorrar un 20% en el consumo de energía aumentando la eficiencia energética 15 1.1.1.3 El 20% del consumo de energía primaria debe de provenir de fuentes renovables 17 1.1.1.3.1 Generación distribuida 17 1.1.1.3.2 Régimen especial 18 1.2 Situación actual de las energías renovables en España 21 1.2.1 Autoconsumo 21 1.2.2 Antecedentes del autoconsumo 22 1.2.3 Real Decreto 1699/2011 25 1.2.4 Paridad de Red 32 1.3 Objetivos del Trabajo Fin de Grado 34 2 Legislación de referencia sobre autoconsumo mediante balance neto 37 2.1 Legislación a nivel nacional 37 2.2 Legislación a nivel internacional 39 2.2.1 Directiva Europea relativa al fomento de la cogeneración (2004/8/CE) 39 2.2.1.1 Cogeneración 39 2.2.2 Directiva europea de Energías Renovables (2009/28/CE) 40 2 2.2.3 Directiva europea de Eficiencia Energética de los Edificios (2010/31/CE) 44 2.2.4 Directiva europea de eficiencia Energética (2012/27/UE) 47 3 Experiencias internacionales de Balance Neto 49 3.1 Capacidad actual y potencia del sector fotovoltaico 50 3.2 Experiencias -
Renewable Energy Generator Output – Sample Calculations
Net Metering Program Highlights Net metering will be available to new customers until the size of the program reaches 1% of the electric provider’s previous year system peak in MW. The 1% will be measured against the total of the generator nameplate capacities for all participating customer’s generators and is split into the following tiers: (1) 0.5% for ≤ 20 kW True Net Metering This tier will include almost all residential customers. • Billing is based on net usage. • Customer receives the full retail rate for all excess kWh. • Utility shall use the customer’s existing meter if it is capable of reverse registration (spinning backwards) or install an upgraded meter at no additional cost to the net metering customer. • Utilities with fewer than 1,000,000 customers shall charge net metering customers at cost for an upgraded meter if the customer’s existing meter is not capable of reverse registration (spinning backwards). • A generator meter shall be provided at cost, if requested by the customer. (The generator meter is for the customer’s benefit. Utilities are not obligated to read a customer’s generator meter.) • No interconnection costs (beyond the combined $100 interconnection/net metering application fees), study fees, testing or inspection charges. • Net metering credits carry forward indefinitely. (2) 0.25% for >20 kW up to 150 kW Modified Net Metering • Customers pay full retail rate for electricity deliveries from the utility and receive the generation portion of the retail rate or a wholesale rate for deliveries to the grid. • No charge for the engineering review. • Customers pay all interconnection costs, distribution study fees and any network upgrade costs. -
Electric Vehicle Charging Impact on Load Profile
Electric Vehicle Charging Impact on Load Profile PIA GRAHN Licentiate Thesis Stockholm, Sweden 2013 School of Electrical Engineerging TRITA-EE 2012:065 Royal Institute of Technology ISSN 1653-5146 SE-100 44 Stockholm ISBN 978-91-7501-592-7 SWEDEN Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av Kungl Tekniska högskolan framlägges till offentlig granskning för avläggande av Teknologie licentiatexamen i elektrotekniska system torsdagen den 17 januari 2013 klockan 10.00 i i sal E3, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, Osquars backe 14, Stockholm. © Pia Grahn, January 2013 Tryck: Eprint AB 2012 iii Abstract One barrier to sustainable development is considered to be greenhouse gas emissions and pollution caused by transport, why climate targets are set around the globe to reduce these emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs), may be a sustainable alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles since having EVs in the car park creates an opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This is due to the efficiency of the electric motor. For EVs with rechargeable batteries the opportunity to reduce emissions is also dependent on the genera- tion mix in the power system. EVs with the possibility to recharge the battery from the power grid are denoted plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) or plug-in- hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), without external recharging possibility, are not studied, hence the abbreviation EV further covers PHEV and PEV. With an electricity-driven private vehicle fleet, the power system will ex- perience an increased amount of variable electricity consumption that is de- pendent on the charging patterns of EVs. Depending on the penetration level of EVs and the charging patterns, EV integration creates new quantities in the overall load profile that may increase the load peaks.