Plan of Management

Sydney Harbour National Park 2012

Sydney Harbour National Park Nurture. Understand. Learn. Enjoy.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 Foreword

6 Middle Head

This plan of management describes how the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) will conserve the natural and cultural heritage of the park while providing unique and enriching experiences for visitors to Sydney Harbour. The park is one of the smaller national parks in looking for partners to craft and deliver a range of . At just under 400 hectares it sits innovative visitor experiences to complement and within a protected areas system totalling around enhance appreciation of the park. 7 million hectares of land. The NSW National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 Though small the park contains an extraordinary requires that a plan of management be prepared diversity of natural and cultural heritage, as well for each national park. A draft plan of management as some of Sydney’s most valued sites for outdoor for Sydney Harbour National Park was placed on recreation, special events and celebrations. public exhibition from 12 December 2010 to 30 April 2011. The submissions received were The park is distinguished by the number and carefully considered before adopting this plan. significance of historic sites around the harbour, including the at , the This plan contains a number of actions to North Head Quarantine Station, the recreational achieve the NSW 2021 priority to ‘Protect our parklands of and Shark Island and the native vegetation, biodiversity, land, rivers and mast of the first HMAS Sydney at . coastal waterway’, including development and implementation of a pest management strategy, A remarkable variety of natural heritage persists undertaking a systematic fauna and flora survey, and and even thrives within the park. The Nielsen Park fire management strategies. The plan also contains she-oak is wholly restricted to the park, while actions towards ‘more people using parks’, including the endangered long-nosed bandicoot and little preparation of an interpretation and education penguin of North Head are two of the State’s most strategy, which will consider how to provide safe treasured and intensively managed visitor access to the park whilst protecting the wildlife populations. natural and cultural heritage of the park. The protection of the park and its natural and This plan of management establishes the cultural heritage is dependent upon the support scheme of operations for Sydney Harbour National and understanding of the community as well as Park. In accordance with s.73B of the National Parks the work of NPWS. Volunteers in particular have a and Wildlife Act 1974, this plan of management is critical part to play in the future of the park. hereby adopted. A critical aspect of the plan of management is the commitment to offering the community and visitors a diverse array of opportunities to experience, enjoy and appreciate the park. Future visitor experiences will span recreational pursuits such as bushwalking along the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk or picnicking Robyn Parker MP at Nielsen Park, through to fine dining at Fort Minister for the Environment Denison or short stay accommodation in a harbour- side heritage property. NPWS will be actively Statement on behalf of the Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council Taylors Bay, Bradleys Head

Aboriginal communities have a profound Aboriginal heritage and connection to nature are inseparable association and connection to the from one another and need to be managed in an integrated land. The land and water, flora and manner across the landscape. fauna within a landscape are central to In the management of the headlands and islands of the Sydney Aboriginal spirituality and contribute Harbour National Park, Aboriginal cultural values will provide an to Aboriginal identity. Aboriginal anchor point for conserving and experiencing ’s shared communities associate natural resources history and contributing to the momentum of reconciliation. with the use and enjoyment of foods and medicines, caring for the land, passing on Opportunities supporting reconnection to the land for city- cultural knowledge, kinship systems and based Aboriginal Australians is a major focus of the Sydney strengthening social bonds. Harbour National Park Plan of Management. Sydney has a rich Aboriginal presence and heritage but these aspects of Sydney’s character have until recently been largely invisible to non-Aboriginal people. The sites and stories that are so much a part of the heritage of the park will be made more accessible with opportunities to explore Sydney’s living Aboriginal cultural heritage, past and present.

Paul Morris CEO, Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This plan of management was prepared by staff of the Metropolitan North East Region of the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS), part of the Office of Environment and Heritage, Department of Premier and Cabinet.

NPWS acknowledges the traditional custodians of the land on which Sydney Harbour National Park is situated.

NPWS will work in a respectful manner with the Aboriginal people Published by: in Caring for Country. Office of Environment and Heritage NPWS is grateful to all the organisations and individuals who 59–61 Goulburn Street contributed to the preparation of this plan of management. These PO Box A290 included the Metropolitan North East Region Advisory Committee, the Sydney South 1232 Stakeholder Working Group (SWG), the staff of Metropolitan Branch of © Copyright State of NSW and the NPWS and Elton Consulting. Office of Environment and Heritage: Front Cover: Bradleys Head. Photographer: Kevin McGrath Use permitted with appropriate acknowledgment. P23 and P38: Little penguin. Photographer: David Jenkins ISBN 978 1 74293 815 8 All other photographs: Kevin McGrath and NPWS OEH 2012/0757 For additional information or any inquiries about this park December 2012 contact the NPWS Metropolitan North East Regional Office at Bobbin Head, Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. Printed on recycled paper

Sydney Harbour National Park Contents

Section 01 Map 4 Statement of Significance 6 Park Vision Guiding Principles 9 Values and Threats 17 Desired Outcomes 21 Summary of Key Projects 38

Section 02 Common Issues 46 Nielsen Park and Hermitage Foreshore 59 Precincts South Head and Camp Cove/ Green Point 71 Gap Bluff 85 North Head 95 111 Middle Head 123 Bradleys Head 135 Shark Island 145 Clark Island 155 Fort Denison 165 Goat Island 175 191

Section 03 How to Use the Implementation Table 202 Implementation Table 203 Implementation

Section 04 Location, Gazettal and Regional Context 236 Management Context 237 Appendices Values and Threats 238 Management Operations and Other Uses 283 Bibliography 284 Glossary and Acronyms 286

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 1 section 01 Park Vision

2 Sydney Harbour National Park PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 3 Sydney Harbour National Park

4 Sydney Harbour National Park PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 5 Statement of Significance Sydney Harbour is universally acknowledged as a place of extraordinary natural beauty and as the setting for the great global city that Sydney has become. Sydney Harbour National Park is an integral part of this setting. Bradleys Head

The harbour is more than a jewel – it is Sydney’s heart. Framing the waters of Sydney Harbour are its headlands and islands, bays and beaches. These special places contain a wealth of heritage resulting from the custodianship of Aboriginal people and the early phases of the harbour’s development for maritime industries, quarantine, defence and recreation. The resilience of nature and the survival of this rich heritage in such close proximity to the city is truly inspiring. These formerly closed lands have now entered the public domain as our public parklands.

The easy accessibility of the landscape over millennia and significant cultural heritage places this park at the heart of a city continue a deep connection to and providing a myriad of visitor provides a constant reminder the harbour, early settlers brought opportunities. The open spaces, of our connection to the natural their own customs and desires and natural settings and historic places world and shared past. It has sought to develop, protect and of Sydney Harbour National Park offered many Sydneysiders their enjoy these lands. Public recreation, offer opportunities for recreation, first opportunity to forge their the military’s presence and strong research, events, education, self- relationships with the landscape public support for the land’s development and exploration and and their heritage. Creating vibrant protection precluded the kind of cultural renewal. opportunities for new generations intense development witnessed The park sits within a complex to embrace these aspects of their elsewhere along the harbour array of public and private life is a great responsibility for the foreshores. The park has been lands. Sustaining the harbour’s managers of the park. shaped by the history of settlement. landscapes and heritage will Many generations have shaped Today, NPWS and its partners require strong partnership and today’s Sydney Harbour National are restoring habitats and shared purpose amongst all those Park. Aboriginal people nurtured protecting wildlife, conserving who care about this special place.

7 Crater Cove

8 Guiding Principles

The following guiding principles have been developed to inform the management of the park. They will be applied in conjunction with the legislation and policy framework that applies to all national parks.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 9 Conserve natural and cultural heritage

Natural heritage management will conserve, sustain and GUIDING enhance the biological and geological diversity of the landscape. PRINCIPLE 01 Aboriginal people have the primary role in determining how their heritage should be managed. We will work with the Aboriginal community to ensure that their heritage is managed with care and respect.

The management of the park’s historic heritage will be sensitive to the history and patterns of use that have determined their significance.

Land that will significantly contribute to the park and its values may be added.

Sydney Harbour National Park Manage sustainably

We will adopt sustainability practices in all of our projects, GUIDING facilities, programs and operations. The use of renewable energy, recycled and energy efficient materials and quality design will PRINCIPLE be encouraged. The plan will implement the best contemporary 02 business practices and monitor policy relating to sustainability management of the national park. We will seek opportunities in each precinct to promote sustainability and stewardship to park visitors, neighbouring communities and to other stakeholders.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 Improve accessibility

We will maximise our visitors’ opportunities to enjoy the GUIDING natural and cultural heritage of the park by providing infrastructure and other services that meet their special needs. PRINCIPLE 03

Sydney Harbour National Park Welcome all visitors

There will be increased emphasis on the commitment to ensure GUIDING the enjoyment of this generation and future generations through the provision of facilities that offer high-quality visitor PRINCIPLE experiences. The park will offer opportunities to enhance the 04 health and well being of our community.

People will be welcome to enjoy experiences that recognise the culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, interests and ages of our visitors.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 Improve transport linkages

We will encourage the provision of a wide range of public GUIDING transport options to access key destinations around the park. Special emphasis will be given to encouraging the provision of PRINCIPLE regular water transport. 05

14 Sydney Harbour National Park Conserve for the future

We will look to and conserve for the future by responding to GUIDING people’s desire for tranquil and active enjoyment of the park. We will promote wider appreciation of and education about the park’s PRINCIPLE value as a community asset of national significance. We will build 06 community support for investment in the care, conservation and protection of the park as a legacy for future generations.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 Partnerships and collaboration

We will strive to create partnerships that conserve and protect GUIDING the park. We recognise that the park cannot and should not be managed in isolation from the rest of Sydney Harbour and its PRINCIPLE community of interest. Partnership will be sought with agencies 07 of state and federal government and local councils, as well as the community, Aboriginal groups, visitors, volunteer groups, education, conservation and heritage sectors and appropriate corporate partners. Mutual obligation for the care of the park with local communities will be developed along with monitoring and reviewing the way the park is managed and used.

Sydney Harbour National Park Values and Threats

This plan separates the park into twelve geographical areas or precincts. One of the reasons for adopting a precinct approach is that the values and threats in each precinct are extremely variable. Section 02 The waterways support a great diversity of aquatic species and includes details of the values and threats that are aquatic habitats. The park is adjacent to two aquatic reserves, while particular to each precinct. The following summarises the entire coastal zone adjoining the park has been declared as an the shared values and threats across the park. Section Intertidal Protected Area. 04 contains more detailed information and references. The park provides valuable habitat in the centre of Sydney for a number of native birds Values ECOSYSTEMS VALUES and animals and complements This plan aims to conserve the natural The longevity and persistence other land reserved for nature and cultural values of the park. of the native bush in the park is conservation in the Sydney The location, landforms and plant evidenced by its survival, despite metropolitan area. its close proximity to the city. and animal communities of an area Some of the original legacy of It is an important indicator that have determined how it has been these bushlands has not persisted. long-term sustainable urban living used and valued by both Aboriginal Local extinctions have been in conjunction with the natural and non-Aboriginal people. particularly severe in relation environment is achievable. These values may be attached to to native mammals such as the landscape as a whole or to Sydney Harbour National Park bandicoots, gliders, wallabies and individual components, for example remains floristically rich with the marsupial carnivores. to plant and animal species used up to 400 native plant species Two important objectives of by Aboriginal people. For reasons and a number of rare plant and managing the park are to avoid of clarity and document usefulness, animal species, and vegetation any future loss of species and to individual values and issues are communities of high scientific look at opportunities to reverse dealt with separately, however, their value. A number of populations, the process of local extinctions. In inter-relationships are recognised. species and communities in the some cases this will come through park have been formally listed improvements to environmental LANDSCAPE VALUES under the NSW Threatened Species conditions and natural re- Sydney Harbour National Conservation 1995 (TSC Act) and colonisation of the park, while Park protects much of the scenic Commonwealth Environmental in others it may require the backdrop to Sydney Harbour and Protection and Biodiversity reintroduction of appropriate together with the waters of the Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). species. harbour and adjoining foreshore, This includes the long-nosed comprises Australia’s greatest bandicoot and little penguin harbour and maritime city. populations at North Head and the Nielsen Park she-oak. The park has outstanding scenic and aesthetic qualities valued by the community, including spectacular sandstone cliffs and headlands, small sandy beaches and rocky foreshores, natural vegetation, grassed clearings, historic structures and plantings.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 17 CULTURAL HERITAGE VALUES As Sydney is the dominant gateway and Sydney Harbour National Park contains much evidence of starting point for most international holidays, Aboriginal occupation and offers opportunities to see aspects the park plays an important role as a visitor’s of life before and after European settlement. Many of the sites first introduction to the country. Visitor’s reflect life around a bountiful waterway and include middens and engagement with the park will have a decisive engravings of marine life. All of the landscapes of the park and influence on their subsequent experiences in, harbour are of significance to Aboriginal people who maintain a and views of, the national park system. close relationship with the land. The appeal and international recognition The strong ongoing association between Aboriginal people and of Sydney Harbour as a destination means this the park is highlighted by the gazettal in 2005 of two Guringai area forms a core focus of state branding and Resting (Aboriginal) Places within the park at North Head and at marketing. Sydney Harbour forms the backdrop Reef Beach. to many cultural, heritage and art institutions, the venue for events and festivals, and a place The historic places of the park play a critical role in our for the recreational pastimes of locals. understanding of the development of Sydney and of the nation. They demonstrate the themes of immigration, navigation, defence, EDUCATION AND quarantine, maritime industry and settlement. INTERPRETIVE VALUES Sites of recognised national and state significance in the park The diversity of natural and cultural values, include the North Head Quarantine Station, the Middle Head/ combined with the easy accessibility of Georges Head complex of fortifications, Goat Island and Bradleys Sydney Harbour National Park, provide many Head. Fort Denison, Nielsen Park and the islands also contain opportunities to enrich visitor experience places of high historical value. through interpretation and educational programs. Key themes include Aboriginal SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH VALUE heritage, contemporary Aboriginal perspectives There has been a history of scientific study or research on the harbour and culture, the colonial and around Sydney Harbour, long before the gazettal of the park. The historic development of the harbour, the laboratories on Rodd Island in the 1880s are one of the earliest challenges of protecting urban bushland and examples. Since then there have been a number of studies wildlife populations, and other sustainable use undertaken in relation to park management including threatened and management options. species, pest management, archaeology, climate change and The threatened species and populations in recreation management. The proximity to a number of research the park have been subject to extensive research, institutions ensures a strong affiliation by the scientific community as has the potential climate change impacts on with the park. significant heritage sites such as Fort Denison. The park and its natural and cultural resources RECREATION AND TOURISM VALUES provide a rich environment for undertaking and Sydney Harbour is one of the most recognisable destinations encouraging research that contributes to more in Australia. It is a unique destination given it is one of the effective management practices and builds on the only urban environments surrounded by national parkland. rich legacy of existing information about the park. The natural beauty of Sydney Harbour National Park and its The park has the potential, through interconnectedness with the city makes the area a drawcard for collaborative education and research programs, locals and a must-see icon for visiting tourists. to yield information and contribute to a greater understanding of Australia’s natural and cultural history.

18 Sydney Harbour National Park Threats It is remarkable that so many of the core values of Sydney Harbour National Park have survived the development of Sydney. However, the ongoing persistence of these values cannot be assumed, and both natural and cultural values require careful management of the threats to their continued survival.

Threats which apply across much or most of the park include:

»» Habitat fragmentation through urban development »» Pests and invasive species »» Climate change, especially sea level rise and altered rainfall patterns »» Dieback including that induced by Phytophthora cinnamomi »» Grazing of seeds and seedlings by pests such as black rats and rabbits »» Predation by foxes and domestic carnivores »» Inappropriate fire regimes and wild fires »» Excessive nutrients and sediment from stormwater run-off, favouring weed species, reducing water quality and smothering aquatic habitats »» Erosion »» Physical damage caused by visitors »» Fragmentation »» Aquatic pest risks.

The relatively small size of the park and its accessibility to research and tertiary institutions generates an opportunity for long-term monitoring and research into the effect and management of many of the above threats. Research programs include those concerning P. cinnamomi, impacts/management, sea level rise impacts on heritage structures, stormwater discharge into aquatic habitats, the impact of rabbit grazing on plant recruitment and the impact of black rats as an invasive species.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 19 Clark Island

20 Sydney Harbour National Park Desired Outcomes

The care, protection and management of Sydney Harbour National Park will ensure its long-term stewardship for current and future generations. The plan of management 2012 sets aspirations for the management of the park relating to focus areas that have been identified during key stakeholder and community consultation.

A number of the desired outcomes are interrelated and together will contribute to the successful management, protection and visitor enjoyment of the park.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 21 Outcome 1 Conserve the natural values of the park

The care, protection and restoration of the natural values of the park will continue to be the highest priority

WHERE WE WANT TO BE IN 2022 Despite over 200 years of urban in such close proximity to the city OUR GOALS impact, the landscapes of Sydney is truly inspiring and threats to »» The range of natural ecosystems Harbour National Park retain the survival of these threatened within the park is conserved. functioning ecosystems and plants, animals and bushland will »» The remnant plants, animals significant natural biodiversity. be managed as a high priority. This and vegetation within the park These ecosystems will be will include the implementation are protected and enhanced maintained and protected from of appropriate fire regimes, and by ameliorating environmental a range of local impacts such as pest and stormwater management impacts associated with pest invasive species and stormwater, programs. species, inappropriate use and and global impacts such as those Enhancement of the past land use practice. resulting from climate change. environmental and habitat qualities Consideration will be given to the »» Habitat corridors within and of the bushland will be a priority addition of areas to Sydney Harbour beyond the park are identified as a means of improving resilience National Park and partnerships with and conserved in partnership to future climate change and other neighbouring land managers will be with the relevant stakeholders. threats and as a way of actively strengthened to further secure the »» Fire is managed as a key reversing the decline in species park’s natural values. element in the care of the diversity and abundance. The bush’s ecology. Continued leadership will be bushland also acts as a buffer required to balance environmental zone and filter between the urban »» Interpretation of the park’s protection with the many other surroundings and the aquatic natural values engages and values of the park, such as its environments and with good co- inspires the community and outstanding cultural heritage operative management can result assists with management of elements and contemporary in improved water quality and inappropriate visitor use. visitor experiences. Environmental food availability for the cetaceans »» Energy efficiency of visitor and protection isn’t just about and birds of prey coming into the operational facilities is improved. biodiversity, it is also about harbour. Opportunities will also »» Water and waste are managed conservation of landscape and be investigated for appropriate sustainably including the use catchment values such as water, reintroductions of species where of recycled water and water soil and air quality and about and if conditions are suitable and sensitive design in facilities. reducing our ecological footprint. natural recruitment is not possible. »» Partnerships for environmental The park’s bushland plays a The park will continue its sustainability innovation are critical role as a refuge for flora and role as a precious remnant of strengthened, aiming for fauna species, some of which are an environment that has been carbon-neutral operations. protected under threatened species otherwise dramatically altered over legislation. The resilience of nature recent times.

22 Sydney Harbour National Park »» Partnerships with universities for research and monitoring of natural values will assist park management. »» Knowledge of P. cinnamomi and the threats it places on the long-term survival of plant and animal species in the area will be improved. Where possible the spread of P. cinnamomi will be controlled and its impact on native vegetation reduced. »» Water quality and flows moving onto and off the park’s land are managed to mimic natural conditions.

KEY PROJECTS PROJECT 1 PROJECT 2 Bushland Health Conservation of Threatened Develop strategies to proactively Species, Populations and address threats to bushland health Communities and resilience. Priority will be given to A strong commitment will be given to the continued management of known the management of threatened species, threats such as the fungus Phytophthora populations and communities whose cinnamomi root rot and nutrient future is largely or wholly dependent on discharge into the park, both of which Sydney Harbour National Park, to ensure have the potential to compromise the the long-term persistence of viable long-term viability and health of our populations. Implementation of actions in harbour-side bushland and its flora and relevant recovery plans, threat abatement fauna. plans and the priorities action statement will receive a high priority.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 Outcome 2 Celebrate and nurture contemporary and traditional Aboriginal culture The Aboriginal perspective will provide an anchor point for conserving and experiencing Australia’s shared history

WHERE WE WANT TO BE IN 2022 Sydney Harbour National Park, OUR GOALS »» Key sites have dual names and with its tangible collection of »» Aboriginal heritage is Aboriginal people interpret important Aboriginal sites and protected and conserved for their culture and guide visitors global accessibility, can become an future generations. in the park. internationally recognised place »» Aboriginal people are actively »» Both contemporary and to experience and appreciate the involved in decision-making traditional Aboriginal culture is world’s most ancient living culture. in the implementation of this nurtured and conserved within Personal journeys of discovery and plan, including cooperative the park in partnership with emotional connections involving management of Aboriginal Places. Aboriginal people. Aboriginal people will take place across land which sustained »» Employment, partnerships Aboriginal people before modern and economic and tourism Australia was imagined. opportunities for and with Aboriginal people are made The primary focus of Aboriginal available where possible. heritage management in Sydney »» Understanding of the Aboriginal Harbour National Park has been history of the land and islands the management of the physical of the park is improved through aspects of Aboriginal culture such research and interpreted with as rock engravings and middens. the assistance of Aboriginal Whilst this is important, the less people and other agencies tangible aspects of Aboriginal such as the Sydney Harbour culture require greater recognition. Foreshore Authority (SHFA), Such aspects include resting Sydney Harbour Federation places, place names, stories and Trust (SHFT), and plant and animal resource use. local government.

24 Sydney Harbour National Park KEY PROJECTS PROJECT 3 Aboriginal Discovery Partnership Work in partnership with the Aboriginal people of Sydney, and other stakeholders, to develop and expand programs to interpret both traditional and contemporary Aboriginal culture throughout Sydney Harbour.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 Outcome 3 Celebrate the historic heritage values of the park

Conserve the historic heritage values of the park and celebrate and promote knowledge and understanding of Australia’s history

WHERE WE WANT TO BE IN 2022 Distinguished by its exceptional Interpretation will be contemporary, »» Detailed planning for historic historic heritage intertwined with yet inclusive of all, as technology heritage precincts ensures a natural heritage, this cultural evolves and a wider range of holistic approach, as historic landscape of Sydney Harbour choices are available for learning. layers and other value sets are National Park holds rich layers of integrated and managed as We will explore ways of history. A substantial collection of cultural landscapes. enhancing personal experiences historic buildings, sites and objects of, and connections to, historic »» An audit of all historic sites within the park tells stories of heritage sites through activities is complete and a condition Australia’s colonisation including which bring them into day to day monitoring system is in place the interactions with Indigenous use by the community. We will across the park. people. There are also significant pursue opportunities to adaptively »» Places within the park are stories to be told around migration, use heritage places for events, managed as linked histories and defence, quarantine, harbour performances, accommodation themes that extend beyond the protection and conservation, and festivals. Appropriate uses park boundary. recreation, suburban expansion are those which promote the »» A successful cultural discovery and industry. conservation of the core values program is operating across Historic buildings, sites and of the site, are sympathetic to the the park, offering genuine collections will receive attention context of the site and which retain experiences and visitor commensurate with their level of social relevance. information and interpretation significance and regional priorities Partnerships with other utilising contemporary and and resources. The stories of historic heritage practitioners and inclusive technologies. Sydney and Australia will continue managers will result in collective »» Use of the park’s historic to be told through the park, as capacity-building and excellence heritage at selected, suitable these places are protected for in historic heritage management. sites is an integral component of generations to come. We will share information and conservation. Visitors will be made aware collaborate with agencies such as »» Heritage experts and managers of these stories, as historic SHFT and the Historic Houses Trust. of adjoining heritage properties heritage interpretation will be are partners with information a core discovery experience in OUR GOALS exchange, joint research, Sydney Harbour National Park. »» All state and nationally training and planning for Contemporary and innovative significant buildings, sites and historic heritage. approaches to learning will be collections of historic heritage used, such as combining learning significance are managed in through discovery with walking accordance with appropriate or other recreational experiences. planning documents.

26 Sydney Harbour National Park KEY PROJECTS PROJECT 4 PROJECT 5 Harbour Islands Green Point and Constables Enrich the visitor experience to Cottage, Camp Cove Project Australia’s finest harbour park, through Prepare a landscape design plan for the the revitalisation of the five park islands, First Landing Place at Camp Cove and with a particular focus on the largest the entrance to the park at Constables and most complex of the group, Goat Cottage, including interpretation, Island. Encourage the integration and signage and redesign of this important adaptive re-use of buildings to these key heritage place within the park and cultural tourism destinations for Sydney, adjoining local government area. enhancing visitation and working in partnership with other agencies for a shared vision for Sydney Harbour.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 Outcome 4 Provide enriching and memorable experiences in the park An iconic park offering a depth of visitor experiences in a stunning setting

WHERE WE WANT TO BE IN 2022 Few national parks in Australia are growth area is volunteer tourism between participants of different more accessible to both domestic where participants have an engaging recreational pursuits and impacts and international visitors than experience as they contribute to a on park neighbours. Sydney Harbour National Park. better environment. Cultural tourism Close cross-government, tourism As Sydney is the predominant remains popular with international industry and corporate partnerships gateway and starting point for most tourists and is a growth area and a cross-tenure, integrated international holidays, the park both domestically and with local approach to marketing the Sydney plays an important role as a visitor’s communities. From small picnics to Harbour National Park experience first introduction to the country, as New Years Eve firework spectaculars, contributes to a highly satisfying visit. well as our national park system. the vantage points in the park are Visitors’ engagement with Sydney popular places for Sydneysiders to OUR GOALS Harbour National Park will ultimately celebrate and enjoy special events. »» The park offers a wide range frame the experiences they will Sydney Harbour National Park, of visitor experiences that have in a national park around with its outstanding heritage, are responsive to tourism and the state and indeed the country. stunning landscapes and ’stand social trends and target specific Globally, visitors are increasingly alone’ precincts, is ideally configured market segments. motivated by a desire to gain for delivery of these experiences on new and authentic experiences »» Visitor experiences meet the a ‘mind, body, spirit’ level. The park which enable them to immerse needs of local, national and will be a key Sydney experience for themselves in the character and international visitors for both all and will showcase how nature culture of a destination. These passive and active recreation, and cultural heritage can coexist ‘experience seekers’ are interested embracing the trend for ‘mind within a city environment. in understanding new people and body and spirit’ recreation and the places, in personal development, Recreational and tourism activities universal popularity of walking. and in engaging in activities which will be managed to maximise »» Visiting the park is a key Sydney provide a contrast to their everyday the visitor experience whilst experience and the park will life. This interest is strongly aligned minimising impacts on the natural seek to complement and add with what Sydney Harbour National and cultural values of the park. value to those experiences Park has to offer. Visitors will know that they are provided off park. within a national park and will be Nature and national park tourism »» Visitors’ expectations of their park aware of any protective measures is regarded as a growth area in experience are met with effective that go with this special status. Australian tourism. In addition to the marketing and high levels of Provision of a wide range of ‘experience seekers’ segment, there enjoyment across all activities. experiences attracts an eclectic mix is ongoing high interest in iconic »» A variety of accommodation types of visitors. Spatial and temporal destinations for those seeking more and comfort levels are provided separation as well as other packaged national park experiences for visitors to enjoy overnight or management measures will be in with ‘soft adventure’ options. Another longer breaks in the park. place to minimise both conflicts

28 Sydney Harbour National Park »» Cross-tenure masterplanning, »» Impacts associated with recreation public land managers, enabling between federal, state and and public gatherings are an iconic tourism experience private sector adjoining owners managed to minimise impact on rivalling some of the great maintains heritage values and the park’s heritage values, other European walks. Linked to the improves visitor experiences. participants and neighbours. northern and southern parts »» Government and private sector Private activities and events of Sydney’s Great Coastal Walk investment will enhance and that impact on the park’s values from Barrenjoey to Royal National expand visitation opportunities and accepted customary visitor Park, there will be integrated in the park and contribute to enjoyment, will not be permitted. and seamless infrastructure and heritage conservation. »» Risk associated with visitation signage to ensure fragmentation and loss of the walk’s identity »» Public and private transport in the park is managed by does not occur. access to the park by water is regular safety inspections and a popular and essential means maintenance of recreational »» Increased visitor appreciation of accessing a number of park facilities. and awareness of the park’s precincts and will be supported »» Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk will values, through educational and encouraged. be an example of close cross- and interpretive programs, is tenure cooperation between achieved.

KEY PROJECTS PROJECT 6 Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk Develop the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk as an iconic section of Sydney’s Great Coastal walk from Barrenjoey to , linking existing tracks and upgrading others into one world-class circuit of the harbour. Form partnerships with adjacent land managers in developing this walk to ensure compatible and consistent infrastructure and signage. The walk will showcase the spectacular landscape, natural and cultural heritage, famous structures, scenic grandeur and urban diversity to become a ‘must do’ attraction for residents and interstate and international visitors.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 Outcome 5 Improved access to the park for all

We will provide park facilities and services which meet the needs of all sectors of the community

WHERE WE WANT TO BE IN 2022 Consistent with the principles to all. The primary park entrances »» Park vehicular traffic may be of respect, helpfulness and at North Head, Middle Head, restricted in specific locations at responsiveness, we will seek to South Head, Bradleys Head and specific times, predominantly to maximise the accessibility of park Nielsen Park will be welcoming, allow for pedestrian and mobility- experiences to all visitors. Programs well planned and designed and impaired access and for facility and facilities will be provided for focused on visitor convenience and servicing. visitors with diverse needs. information provision. Park entry »» Education and interpretation treatments will express the ‘feel’ of Visitor experiences in Sydney facilities and programs available the park as a whole together with Harbour National Park will include in the park are suitable for a the ‘feel’ of individual precincts. those suitable for people with wide range of abilities and disabilities and their carers. Places of national heritage backgrounds including children significance, such as the First and CALD communities. Children, who have been under- Landing Place of Governor Phillip »» Access for visitors is improved represented in visitation to parts at Camp Cove, will be celebrated through well-priced, well- of the park, will be attracted by with excellence in landscape design. promoted and co-coordinated new interactive and contemporary Precinct planning will ensure visits public transport. learning experiences. This will to historic places protect heritage provide increased opportunities »» Water access caters for visitors and other values and facilitate visitor for school visits, including those with a range of physical abilities. safety, learning and enjoyment. schools with high proportions of »» Key precincts and facilities are of disadvantaged students and high a high standard and demonstrate OUR GOALS levels of cultural diversity. excellence in design through »» Visitor facilities, interpretation detailed precinct planning. Aboriginal communities will and safety information and »» Visitor experiences and heritage have greater opportunities to be programs are provided for all, conservation are heightened involved with Sydney Harbour including the disadvantaged through excellence in park National Park. and those with reduced mobility landscape and facility design. A critical part of meeting the and in consideration of CALD needs of visitors is to provide communities. information about the park in ways »» A range of classes of tracks and that are accessible to culturally viewing areas are available in and linguistically diverse (CALD) the park, including ‘all access’ communities and which offer a paths and viewing areas. sense of welcome and invitation

30 Sydney Harbour National Park KEY PROJECTS KEY PROJECTS PROJECT 7 PROJECT 8 Enhanced Park Access Bradleys Head and Nielsen Park Provide improved access at key park Recreational Parklands locations, including North Head, Goat Prepare landscape design plans for Island, Nielsen Park, Middle Head and the Bradleys Head and Nielsen Park Bradleys Head. The project will focus precincts that retain and enhance the on including improved access for integrity of these precincts as the people of all levels of ability and CALD recreational parklands for which the communities. It will provide information, community so passionately fought education and interpretation for a wide and which ensure resilience for high range of visitors, including children and seasonal visitation. people from a diverse range of cultures.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 Outcome 6 Strengthen and create partnerships

Strengthen and create strong and enduring partnerships that widen the visitor experience and enhance the protection of park values throughout the harbour landscape

WHERE WE WANT TO BE IN 2022 Partnerships will be vital in events utilising the park could those provided by the NPWS. realising the vision for Sydney potentially be expanded with Commercial operators may Harbour National Park. Partnerships temporary venues for events such deliver a number of other visitor will occur across all outcome areas as the Sydney Writer’s Festival, services such as guided tours and and will have a range of purposes. the Sydney Food Festival and the recreational activities. Infrastructure Sydney Festival. improvements and maintenance Joint projects and planning will be undertaken by specialist with neighbouring natural Strong community partnerships contractors and supervised by resource managers, such as with neighbours, including NPWS staff in the areas of heritage local government, Sydney residents and local government, conservation and restoration and Harbour Federation Trust (SHFT), will be sought in balancing park infrastructure works. Sydney Metropolitan Catchment expanded visitor opportunities Management Authority (SMCMA), and wider public access with the OUR GOALS Department of Primary Industries protection of the park’s amenity. (DPI) and NSW Roads and A sense of mutual obligation for »» Strong partnerships with Maritime Services, will ensure the care of the natural and cultural universities and other research complementary and mutually heritage values of the park and sectors and institutions will inform agreeable outcomes and successful adjacent local government areas and improve park management. cross tenure management of will be encouraged. »» NPWS will collaborate with other significant precincts such as North public land managers such as SHFT, Volunteers will have and Middle Heads. DPI and Sydney Metropolitan CMA fulfilling roles in aspects of park (SMCMA) and local government, in Research partnerships management and care. Programs a cross-tenure approach with joint with universities will further will result in benefits both to the projects and integrated planning in understanding of the park’s values park and to the individuals or a manner that focuses on achieving and assist improved management. organisations involved. Volunteers common management aims will expand their knowledge Ongoing partnerships with and skills, and their involvement »» Strong industry partnerships Destination NSW and the tourism will build a constituency for are in place with stakeholders industry, such as integrated conservation and result in direct such as the tourism, culture and marketing and promotion, will on-ground improvements. events sectors. strengthen appropriate messaging »» A sense of mutual obligation is and promotion and assist in NPWS will partner with the demonstrated with open and presenting the park as a premier private sector in the delivery cooperative relationships between tourist destination. of a number of services and NPWS and local communities opportunities in the park. Sydney Harbour National Park that assist in conserving Expressions of interest will will continue to partner with heritage whilst maintaining be sought for private sector others to host some of the city’s neighbourhood amenity. involvement in the delivery of key cultural events. The range of visitor experiences to complement 32 Sydney Harbour National Park »» Volunteer programs are successful »» NPWS continues to work closely with with programs such as the corporate local, state and federal government volunteers program, international agencies, land managers, residents and volunteer conservation programs and research institutions to improve urban local programs such as ‘green web”. design such that stormwater is regarded »» Private sector partnerships and other as a resource rather than a burden and opportunities result in a net benefit to where a range of water sensitive design the park and support NPWS in achieving techniques are adopted to protect the the eight desired outcomes stated in park and aquatic environments. this plan of management. »» A framework is developed for the »» A consultative approach is continued with management of shared infrastructure, ongoing community engagement assisting including roads, with SHFT and decision-making, management, marketing other stakeholders. and improvements to the park.

KEY PROJECTS PROJECT 9 North Head Sanctuary Build partnerships when creating a sanctuary for endangered flora and fauna across the whole of North Head. This will involve all North Head stakeholders, volunteers, tertiary institutions, lessees and other land managers. NPWS and other stakeholders will work closely with the Department of Primary Industries (DPI) to ensure the integration of the terrestrial areas of North Head and Dobroyd Head with the marine protected areas.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 Outcome 7 Robust management of the park is sustained

The park will serve as demonstration of best-practice conservation management

WHERE WE WANT TO BE IN 2022 National parks with values that landscape design/construction/ »» NPWS liaises with appropriate are as significant and complex as maintenance, cultural heritage experts and institutions, those of Sydney Harbour National protection, bushland restoration, including the Sydney Institute Park, require robust management. habitat enhancement, threatened of Marine Studies, to identify The management team, and other species management, fire measures that may enhance NPWS teams involved in the management, public consultation, the environmental resilience of park, have a sound reputation Aboriginal partnerships, risk those inter-tidal communities for effective decision-making, management and visitor safety that adjoin the park. strong relationships and positive and enjoyment are utilised at all »» Improved knowledge and engagement with all stakeholders. times in the park. understanding of the NPWS develops strategic planning »» Assets are prioritised for implications of climate that provides management maintenance using the NPWS change on the values of the principles and a framework for the corporate Asset planning area enable informed integrated management, protection, Maintenance System. management decisions. interpretation and monitoring of »» NPWS invests in optimal »» Programs to reduce the the heritage values of the park. projects and improvements pressures arising from other These principles will be effectively towards realising the vision for threats such as habitat applied in the park, including Sydney Harbour National Park. fragmentation, invasive species, a coordinated research agenda »» NPWS policies for addressing bushfires, pollution and urban and monitoring and evaluation. climate change impacts from expansion help mitigate the Professionalism will continue to be sea level rise are translated into effects of climate change. demonstrated across all aspects of clearly articulated management »» Activities and attractions park management and responses for those involved in in the park complement and service delivery. the care of the park. are integrated and reciprocated OUR GOALS »» NPWS extends the outcomes of with those of adjoining land owners. »» High-quality research and the sea rise vulnerability studies ongoing monitoring inform park of Fort Denison and Goat »» Education is recognised as management. Island to other sites around imperative in extending people’s the harbour to identify natural, understanding and appreciation »» NPWS park management cultural and recreational assets of the park’s values and policies, including community that may be adversely impacted engendering a sense of personal consultation, inform this plan of by climate change. responsibility for their protection management and are applied in the management of the park. »» The projected impacts of sea »» Sydney Harbour National Park level rise inform decisions on and SHFT lands benefit from »» The range of accepted and maintenance and replacement strong management integration. adopted standards and priorities for vulnerable procedures around facility and harbour-side assets.

34 Sydney Harbour National Park KEY PROJECTS PROJECT 10 PROJECT 11 Climate Change Mitigation Gap Bluff Adaptive Re-use As part of the park wide inter-tidal asset Realise the potential for exemplary maintenance and heritage protection, adaptive re-use of Bluff NPWS will monitor impacts and precinct. Through investigation of implement best-practice maintenance and appropriate community and commercial adaptation for sites directly impacted by uses, provide increased opportunities rising sea levels. Such sites include Fort for visitor appreciation and access to Denison, inter-tidal ecosystems, Aboriginal the site. middens, sea walls and wharves.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 Outcome 8 Contribute to the goal of easy and safe transport to and within the park Getting to and around the national park will be easy for everyone

WHERE WE WANT TO BE IN 2022 For public transport to become for Sydney’s visitors and may be and integrated public transport an acceptable alternative mode offered by either the public or networks, the encouragement of of transport in a car dependent private sector. sustainable and car-free tourism, society, a holistic approach by all and raising awareness to change Whilst the Sydney Harbour partners and the development of a visitor and local attitudes and Scenic Walk and other walking unified strategy are required. behaviour. tracks in the park will not be A range of options will be accessible to cyclists, access on OUR GOALS investigated for transport to and sealed roads in the park to reach from the park and between its walking tracks will be supported »» Partnerships with the tourism precincts. Key park precincts with bicycle lock-up facilities at sector enhance access to the will be easily reached by public major track heads and parking park from the Harbour. transport that is coordinated with areas. »» A strongly patronised, efficient other transport modes, is well- harbour hopper service operates Private access to the park by priced, and is widely promoted. from to key visitor kayak and other water craft will precincts in the park. A daily harbour water transport be welcomed, however, mooring shuttle service, leaving Circular to public wharves is generally not »» New facilities are available for Quay/ at frequent permitted due to limited space and and are well-used by visitors intervals and visiting the park’s regular use by public and private accessing the park by non- islands and mainland sites, would water transport vessels. motorised means. be a popular Sydney experience. »» Negotiations with adjacent land Traffic travelling around and The harbour shuttle could operate managers and local councils result within the park will be managed, like other major city tourist in traffic and parking solutions where possible, to minimise services, such as the Bateau that are acceptable to all. congestion and protect visitor and Mouche on the Seine in Paris or neighbour amenity. »» Sustainable transport options the Boston Islands ferry service are included in promotional in the United States, offering a A high and increasing materials and at / in park day ticket and a hop-on / hop-off proportion of park visitors access information points and sources. service. The service will deliver park precincts using modes of »» Partnerships with local councils, both independent travellers and transport other than private motor bicycle user groups and other tour groups to a range of park vehicles. Options to be investigated stakeholders result in bicycle attractions, activity nodes and will include the creation of traffic- links and facilities at appropriate accommodation in a similar way to free areas such as road closures, locations such as track heads on the red open-top tour buses. It will park-and-ride schemes, controlled the edge of the park. be a ‘must do’ signature experience parking zones, high-quality

36 Sydney Harbour National Park KEY PROJECTS PROJECT 12 The Harbour Shuttle Work with government agencies and other stakeholders to establish and promote a Sydney Harbour shuttle service. The service would travel at frequent intervals, departing from the city and making a range of stops in Sydney Harbour National Park and its islands. The service would also stop at other key harbour destinations and be promoted as a Sydney Harbour tourist experience.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 Summary of Key Projects

The following is a summary of the projects which embody the aspirations set by the community and the park managers for the park. Whilst they are not the only initiatives which will be implemented by NPWS over the life of the plan, they represent the high priority projects which will protect our precious national park for generations to come while providing a range of unique experiences for visitors.

CONSERVATION OF THREATENED SPECIES, POPULATIONS ABORIGINAL DISCOVERY BUSHLAND HEALTH AND COMMUNITIES PARTNERSHIP 1 2 3

Develop strategies to proactively A strong commitment will be Work in partnership with the address threats to bushland health given to the management of Aboriginal people of Sydney, and and resilience. Priority will be given threatened species, populations other stakeholders, to develop to the continued management of and communities whose future is and expand programs to interpret known threats such as the fungus largely or wholly dependent on both traditional and contemporary Phytophthora cinnamomi root rot Sydney Harbour National Park, to Aboriginal culture throughout and nutrient discharge into the park ensure the long-term persistence of Sydney Harbour. both of which have the potential to viable populations. Implementation compromise the long-term viability of actions in relevant recovery and health of our harbour-side plans, threat abatement plans and bushland and its flora and fauna. the priorities action statement will receive a high priority.

38 Sydney Harbour National Park GREEN POINT AND CONSTABLES COTTAGE, SYDNEY HARBOUR HARBOUR ISLANDS CAMP COVE PROJECT SCENIC WALK 4 5 6

Enrich the visitor experience to Prepare a landscape design plan Develop the Sydney Harbour Scenic Australia’s finest harbour park, for the First Landing Place at Camp Walk as an iconic section of Sydney’s through the revitalisation of the Cove and the entrance to the park Great Coastal walk from Barrenjoey to five park islands, with a particular at Constables Cottage, including Royal National Park, linking existing focus on the largest and most interpretation, signage and tracks and upgrading others into one complex of the group, Goat Island. redesign of this important heritage world-class circuit of the harbour. Encourage visitation to these key place within the park and adjoining Form partnerships with adjacent land cultural tourism destinations for local government area. managers in developing this walk to Sydney, working in partnership with ensure compatible and consistent other agencies for a shared vision infrastructure and signage. The for Sydney Harbour. walk will showcase the spectacular landscape, natural and cultural heritage, famous structures, scenic grandeur and urban diversity to become a ‘must do’ attraction for residents and interstate and international visitors.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 39 BRADLEYS HEAD AND ENHANCED NIELSEN PARK NORTH HEAD PARK ACCESS RECREATIONAL PARKLANDS SANCTUARY 7 8 9

Provide improved access Prepare landscape design plans Build partnerships when creating enhancements at key park for the Bradleys Head and Nielsen a sanctuary for endangered flora locations, including North Head, Park precincts that retain and and fauna across the whole of Goat Island, Nielsen Park, Middle enhance the integrity of these North Head. This will involve Head and Bradleys Head. The precincts as the recreational all North Head stakeholders, project will focus on including parklands for which the community volunteers, tertiary institutions, improved access for people of all so passionately fought and which lessees and other land managers. levels of ability and culturally and ensure resilience for high NPWS and other stakeholders linguistically diverse communities. seasonal visitation. will work closely with the It will provide information, Department of Primary Industries education and interpretation for (DPI) to ensure the integration a wide range of visitors, including of the terrestrial areas of North children and people from a diverse Head and Dobroyd Head with range of cultures. the marine protected areas.

40 Sydney Harbour National Park CLIMATE CHANGE GAP BLUFF THE HARBOUR MITIGATION ADAPTIVE RE-USE SHUTTLE 10 11 12

As part of the park wide inter- Realise the potential for exemplary Work with government agencies tidal asset maintenance and adaptive re-use management of and other stakeholders to establish heritage protection, NPWS will the Gap Bluff precinct. Through and promote a Sydney Harbour monitor impacts and implement investigation of appropriate shuttle service. The service best-practice maintenance and community and commercial uses, would travel at frequent intervals, adaptation for sites directly provide increased opportunities for departing from the city and making impacted by rising sea levels. visitor appreciation and access to a range of stops in Sydney Harbour Such sites include Fort Denison, the site. National Park and islands of the inter-tidal ecosystems, Aboriginal park. The service would also stop at middens, sea walls and wharves. other key harbour destinations and be promoted as a Sydney Harbour tourist experience.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 41 section 02 Precincts

42 Sydney Harbour National Park PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 43 Precinct Plans of Management

All Precincts: Common Issues 46 Precinct 01: Nielsen Park and Hermitage Foreshore 59 Precinct 02: South Head, Camp Cove and Green Point 71 Precinct 03: Gap Bluff 85 Precinct 04: North Head 95 Precinct 05: Dobroyd Head 111 Precinct 06: Middle Head 123 Precinct 07: Bradleys Head 135 Precinct 08: Shark Island 145 Precinct 09: Clark Island 155 Precinct 10: Fort Denison 165 Precinct 11: Goat Island 175 Precinct 12: Rodd Island 191

44 Sydney Harbour National Park PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 45 All Precincts: Common Issues

What we are going to do across the whole park

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO OUTCOME 1 Vegetation Conserve the natural »» Continue to support existing bush regeneration programs within the park. values of the park »» Select and sample sites to establish quality baseline data on the current floristic and The care protection faunal composition of the park. and restoration of the »» Develop and implement strategies for the maintenance of views from natural values of the public lookouts. park will continue »» Include consideration of the potential impact on existing views when conducting to be the highest supplementary plantings during bush regeneration programs. priority »» Utilise where feasible native plants grown from local seed sources in bushland restoration projects.

Fauna »» Continue to utilise the NPWS Atlas of NSW Wildlife database for the systematic recording of wildlife in the park. »» Continue to undertake research to determine the desirability and feasibility of reintroducing locally-extinct native animal species. »» Actively manage silver gull nesting colonies on park islands to reduce the impact of nesting activities on the park’s natural, cultural and recreational values and to contribute to effective silver gull management.

Threatened Species »» Implement threatened species actions from relevant recovery plans or the PAS. The highest priority will be actions for populations, species or communities where the park comprises a critical component of their total distribution. »» Establish monitoring regimes for threatened plant species and vegetation communities to measure the success of management practices in maintaining or improving their conservation status.

Weeds and Pests »» Implement the relevant actions from the NSW Statement of Intent for Infection of Native Plants by Phytophthora cinnamomi and management plans for other harmful pathogens such as myrtle rust Uredo rangelii in co-operation with adjoining land managers. »» Prioritise weed and feral animal control in those areas subject to fire or other major disturbance events. »» Implement an evaluation regime to measure the effectiveness of weed control, particularly in relation to conservation outcomes. »» Prioritise fox, rabbit and black rat control for the park. »» Include management options for silver gulls and Australian ibis in the regional pest management strategy. »» Implement measures to reduce the proliferation of aquatic weeds and pests.

46 Sydney Harbour National Park WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Fire »» Identify and undertake, or contribute to, research projects aimed at improving knowledge and understanding of fire management in the park. »» Work with the local bush fire management committee to coordinate and prioritise fuel management activities across the park. »» Update or rewrite the reserve fire management strategy and consider inclusion of the following: –– Utilisation of fire for ecological management purposes including vegetation succession, nutrient export and dieback control –– Implementation of measures to reduce the occurrence of unplanned bushfires and the spread of bushfires in and adjacent to the park –– Application of fire regimes that are appropriate for long-term maintenance of the park’s plant and animal communities –– Undertaking rapid suppression of unplanned fires where possible.

Stormwater »» Prepare and implement a strategy to improve the management of stormwater flowing into and across the park and into the harbour in partnership with councils, adjacent land managers and neighbours. »» Include in the strategy options for stormwater management, and the resulting erosion and nutrient seepage issues at the land /water interface, as a priority towards minimising water quality impacts in adjoining aquatic habitats.

Pets »» Pets other than assistance animals are not permitted in Sydney Harbour National Park.

Horse Riding »» There is currently no known horse riding in Sydney Harbour National Park. Horse riding is not considered appropriate in the planning area as it has the potential to accelerate erosion, introduce weeds and be in conflict with other park users. Horse riding is therefore not permitted in Sydney Harbour National Park.

Other »» Continue energy and water saving initiatives and reduce waste collection requirements through recycling and visitor education programs. »» Harvest rainwater by the installation of water tanks for water re-use in toilets and for external uses. »» Support tertiary sector field research programs offering opportunities to enhance the natural and cultural values of the park. »» Expand the Sydney Harbour National Park corporate and community volunteer program across the park.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 47 WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO OUTCOME 2 »» In consultation with local Aboriginal communities, undertake regular inspections of Celebrate known Aboriginal sites to monitor condition and emerging threats. and nurture »» Liaise with the Aboriginal people of Sydney on matters relating to the protection, contemporary and management and interpretation of the Aboriginal cultural heritage of each precinct. traditional Aboriginal »» Continue liaison with local Aboriginal communities regarding park management culture issues, particularly in relation to the interpretation and management of sites such as The Aboriginal the Grotto Point engravings. perspective will »» Consider dual naming of sites throughout the park, in consultation with local provide an anchor Aboriginal communities, to reflect previous and ongoing connection to Country. point for conserving »» Identify an appropriate location, or locations, within the park for Aboriginal culture and experiencing camps. Protocols for the conduct of such camps will be determined in consultation Australia’s shared with local Aboriginal communities. history »» In consultation with local Aboriginal communities, review the adequacy of information on Aboriginal and cultural landscapes, places and objects within the NSW Government Aboriginal Heritage Information Management System. »» NPWS will continue to facilitate NAIDOC week activities within the park and participate in the Guringai Festival. »» Aboriginal Discovery will become a routine component of the tour program within the park. »» Research and facilitate recording of contemporary contact and pre-contact culture of precincts, including regular recording of Aboriginal site condition. »» Develop and facilitate a range of on-park activities to encourage improved understanding of Aboriginal culture among both the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal community. »» Protect Aboriginal sites from potential negative impacts caused by visitation and landscape management practices.

48 Sydney Harbour National Park WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO OUTCOME 3 »» Implement the recommendations of the NPWS Fortifications of Sydney Harbour and Celebrate the Strategic Plan 2007. historic heritage »» Undertake an oral history project to seek out and document the memories, values of the park associations and attachments of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal communities, families and individuals with particular places and events within the park. Conserve the historic heritage »» Develop and implement cyclic maintenance plans for the park’s historic buildings and values of the park structures in accordance with the applicable conservation planning documents and/ and celebrate and or NSW Heritage Act 1977 minimum maintenance standards. promote knowledge »» Manage buildings retained for their cultural values, and wherever possible, continue and understanding of public use. Investigate appropriate adaptive re-use options for all such buildings that Australia’s history do not currently serve a recreational or operational use. »» Buildings may be adapted and leased for the purpose of sustainable visitor and tourist uses. For example, visitor and tourist accommodation, administration, equipment hire, interpretation, restaurant, café, kiosk and other food and drink outlets, conferences and functions, retail outlets, facilities to enable activities of a sporting nature to be carried out, information centres and booking outlets. »» Identify historic landscapes, buildings and structures within the park that are not covered by an existing conservation planning document. Assess the potential threats and opportunities associated with these places to determine if they warrant formal conservation management plans. Prepare heritage assessments for those at risk or with unrealised visitor-use potential. »» Document the current uses of heritage sites across the park and assess the appropriateness of existing uses. Critically review sites currently used for administrative purposes or staff accommodation and identify opportunities to replace these with uses which enhance visitor access and enjoyment if appropriate. »» Investigate the registration of the whole of Sydney Harbour National Park on the State Heritage List. »» Continue to prepare inventories and manage the moveable heritage collection for the park, recognising the work already completed on collections for the Quarantine Station, Fort Denison and Goat Island. »» Complete and implement actions from conservation management plans that have been prepared for heritage sites within the park. »» Implement conservation and maintenance works as specified in conservation management plans.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 49 WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO OUTCOME 4 »» Complete the production and release of the pilot interpretative podcast for the Provide enriching walking track between Taronga Zoo and Clifton Gardens. Expand the program across and memorable the remainder of the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk. experiences in »» Work in partnership with local Aboriginal communities, and other stakeholders, to the park develop and expand programs on the harbour islands to interpret both traditional and contemporary Aboriginal culture throughout Sydney Harbour. An iconic park offering a depth of Adventure Activities visitor experiences in »» Rock climbing, rock sports, abseiling and other forms of access down the vertical rock a stunning setting faces is currently not permitted in Sydney Harbour National Park. The permissibility of rock climbing and other forms of cliff access in the park will be conditional upon the preparation and approval by NPWS of a Sydney Harbour National Park Cliff Access Strategy (SHNPCAS);

The SHNPCAS will assess the suitability of specific locations in the park for controlled cliff access. The assessment process will include consideration of the following:

–– Expert advice on the suitability of the various sections of rock face for climbing activities, including but not limited to, a geotechnical report, –– Advice from NSW Police and other rescue agencies, –– The availability of practical options for restricting access to the cliff edge, –– The adequacy and legality of any fixing points or other infrastructure used to access the cliff edge or cliff face, –– An assessment of the environmental impacts of installing any required infrastructure, –– The development of a program to conduct ongoing monitoring of any approved sites in regard to environmental condition and safety. Approval will only be given for access to sites that satisfy all of these matters and subject to the implementation of any conditions arising from the assessment processes.

A lease or licence may be issued for the installation, maintenance and operation of any infrastructure identified in the SHNPCAS.

In the circumstance where the SHNPCAS is not approved by NPWS, rock climbing will not be permitted in any part of Sydney Harbour National Park.

»» Base jumping is not permitted in the park. »» Orienteering and rogaining will be permitted on walking tracks and roads subject to written consent. »» Triathlons, marathons and bicycle races will be permitted on formed roads only, subject to written consent from NPWS.

50 Sydney Harbour National Park WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Training »» Australian Defence Force training activities will be permitted within the park subject to the Military Training Activities Policy 2008. »» Training for search and rescue organisations will be permitted in the park. »» Implement a licensing system for personal trainers and fitness groups limiting opportunities based on other uses in the areas.

Visitor Safety »» Identify the access points through the park that are used by anglers and, where appropriate, install signs advising on the hazards of rock fishing. Rescue devices may be installed in the park adjacent to high-risk angling sites subject to environmental impact assessment.

Visitor Services »» Portable toilets and other temporary infrastructure may be provided in non- vegetated areas of the park. »» Mobile refreshment vendors may be permitted to operate under licence in the park at peak visitor times and during special events. »» Portable gas barbeques will be permitted but heat beads, wood and other types of stoves are not permitted. »» Establish an integrated park-wide visitor data system for the ongoing collection, storage and analysis of visitor use data.

»» Seek to enter into partnerships with transport operators for the provision of an integrated guided tour package within the park. Accommodation / Camping »» Conduct a review of all houses in the park to assess their suitability for visitor and tourist accommodation or other alternative uses that benefit the park.

»» Camping is not permitted in any part of Sydney Harbour National Park except Clark Island. Camping is only permitted on Clark Island if formally approved by NPWS through the issue of a consent, licence or lease.

Planning and Coordination »» Prepare and implement a park-wide interpretation and education strategy or specific precinct strategies. »» Monitor impacts associated with tourism and recreation on heritage places to ensure that they do not exceed the level of change allowed under the relevant conservation management plan. »» Regularly monitor all fortifications to identify emerging visitor safety risks and to detect the presence of threatened species such as bent-wing bats.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 51 WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO New Buildings »» New buildings will only be permitted on Goat Island, Shark Island, Fort Denison and Gap Bluff precincts. Permitted locations and uses for possible new buildings are detailed in each precinct. Education »» Assist visitor appreciation of park values and park protection measures and enhance environmental awareness through public education and interpretation facilities and services. »» Periodically review educational information presented and interpreted by commercial operators and other bodies, to ensure high-quality standards are met.

Special activities and events »» NPWS will continue to work with stakeholders in the development of protocols for the implementation of events across SHNP consistent with the NPWS Sustainability Assessment Guidelines. »» Utilise the park for events including those that are part of major Sydney festivals. Any event requiring a lease or licence under s.151 of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NPW Act) must meet the Sustainability Assessment Criteria. »» The National Parks and Wildlife Amendment (Visitors and Tourists) Act 2010 clarifies the range of purposes for which a lease or licence may be issued in NSW national parks. The Act requires that new leases and licences must comply with the Sustainability Assessment Criteria adopted by the Director General of the Department of Premier and Cabinet. These are designed to ensure that lease operations do not have an adverse impact on reserve values and meet best-practice standards for environmental performance. Further detail on the Sustainability Assessment Criteria is provided in Section 04 Appendices. »» Prepare event management plans for all events involving more than 400 people. »» Continue to work with stakeholders in the development of guidelines for the organisation and implementation of events across the park. These guidelines will be regularly monitored to ensure sustainable outcomes for park visitors and neighbours. »» Adopt waste separation and minimisation practices in the management of events in the park.

52 Sydney Harbour National Park WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO OUTCOME 5 »» Ensure that information about the availability of park facilities for the mobility Improved access to impaired is included on the NPWS website and on other appropriate websites. the park for all »» Design and adapt educational and interpretive facilities to be accessible for the mobility impaired. We will provide park facilities and services »» Implement the NPWS Risk Management System in the park, including regular which meet the needs inspection of high-risk structures such as lookouts, fortifications, heritage buildings, of all sectors of the bridges and walking tracks along cliffs. community »» Provide opportunities for mobility-impaired persons to participate in special events within the park. »» Ensure provision of adequate designated disabled parking spaces in all carparks in the park. »» Investigate the provision of multilingual translations when preparing interpretive, promotional and educational materials. »» Implement the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk Strategy 2010, including the staged upgrade of the sections within the park and the negotiation of an interagency agreement for the coordinated implementation of design and signage standards across all tenures. »» Prepare and implement cyclical maintenance plans for maritime infrastructure in the park including wharves, sea walls, swimming enclosures, weirs and moorings. »» Review the requirements and feasibility of adaptation of park wharves to allow for the improved access for mobility impaired in accordance with the Disability Standards for Accessible Public Transport Act 2002. »» Implement the DECCW Disability Action Plan 2009 – 2012 as it applies to the park. »» Where considered appropriate, prepare precinct-specific landscape design plans to retain and enhance heritage values. »» Provide high-quality, well-designed landscape elements at major entrances to the park to demonstrate pride and quality in presentation.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 53 WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO OUTCOME 6 »» Partner with park lessees and other harbour land management authorities in the Strengthen and delivery of integrated, high-quality visitor experiences across Sydney Harbour. create partnerships »» Build partnerships and continue to nurture relationships with volunteers and other supporters of NPWS. Ensure that volunteers have opportunities to contribute Strengthen and meaningfully to park management in ways that meet their personal needs create strong and and aspirations. enduring partnerships that widen the »» Investigate new ways of fostering inter-agency and community-wide cooperation visitor experience in biodiversity management and weed management including the sharing of data, and enhance the equipment, expertise and training opportunities amongst park neighbours, relevant protection of park private and public authorities, other protected area management agencies, and values throughout the members of local communities. harbour landscape »» Continue to work closely with government agencies and other neighbours to ensure effective cross-boundary management of feral animals. »» Expand the volunteer program by engaging appropriately trained volunteers in roles such as visitor liaison officers, heritage site caretakers, biodiversity surveyors and bush regenerators. Adopt the campground host program where feasible. »» Prepare a register of required research to encourage the involvement of research institutions and individuals in the park. »» Liaise with local tourism associations, other government agencies and tourism operators to ensure that all relevant promotional material provides accurate information concerning the recreational opportunities available in the park. »» Continue to work with councils and neighbours over boundary encroachments, management of asset protection zones, household garden refuse deposits in the park and education and prevention programs. »» Seek partnerships with the education and cultural sectors, to encourage use of the harbour islands for small-scale special events under the umbrella of larger programs and festivals such as the Sydney Festival, Crave, Vivacity, Vivid, Sydney Writers’ Festival, Biennale and . »» Collaborate with tourism authorities in the implementation and review of applicable tourism plans and strategies.

54 Sydney Harbour National Park WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO OUTCOME 7 »» Prepare a cyclical maintenance plan for the park’s walking tracks. Robust management »» Minimise the carbon footprint of existing and future uses of the park through the of the park is implementation of energy and water saving initiatives. sustained »» Assess introduced animal control priorities according to established criteria to ensure The park will serve the most effective use of resources. as demonstration »» Ensure bush regeneration and Landcare groups are provided with guidance on best- of best-practice practice techniques and that, wherever possible, their work is directed to the highest conservation conservation priorities for environmental restoration and rehabilitation. management »» Establish and implement strategies to facilitate the systematic collection of floristic and faunal data of bushland areas as base data and establish permanent monitoring sites as a tool for the improved management of fire and weeds. »» Undertake a review of signage requirements for the park with a priority for park entry and interpretive signage for high visitation areas. In reviewing signage requirements, look at appropriate means of providing warning and directional signage, for security, baiting, and other routine management programs. Priorities for new entry signs include North Head and Bradleys Head. »» Assess the condition of service infrastructure (ie. power, water, electricity, sewer, telecommunications) and access roads which are critical to inholdings and leases. Prepare cyclic maintenance plans and replacement schedules for these assets. »» Undertake annual inspections of wharves in accordance with NSW Roads and Maritime Services safety audit requirements. »» Monitor the impacts of sea level rise and design new infrastructure to accommodate projected changes. »» Disseminate the results of climate change research conducted within the park. »» Complete licence agreements for all alien uses in the park. »» Follow water sensitive urban design principles where more natural solutions to water quality and flow issues are not appropriate. »» Develop a framework for the management and maintenance of NPWS shared roads and other infrastructure. »» Work with the Community Fireguard, NSW Fire Brigades and neighbours to provide annual pre-season preparation and assistance with hazard reduction burning. »» Ensure any upgrades or new facilities incorporate environmentally sustainable features and are of high-quality, long-lasting materials.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 55 WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO OUTCOME 8 »» Identify routes for bicycle travel to the park consistent with local government bike Contribute to the plans and, where appropriate, provide bicycle racks. goal of easy and »» Permit bicycles on public vehicular roads and service roads but not on walking tracks safe transport to and or at any other locations specified in this plan. within the park »» Maintain the network of roads and walking tracks in the park to provide access for Getting to and around visitors to undertake a wide range of activities. the national park will »» Identify the desired future and character of each road in the park by precinct and be easy for everyone manage accordingly, with special emphasis on methods to reduce wildlife fatalities. »» Continue to work with state and local government agencies to ensure clear directional signs outside the park for visitors wishing to access the park. »» Maintain a range of vehicle-based lookouts for the elderly and less mobile. »» Support the implementation of a regular water transport service to Watsons Bay, Manly, Quarantine Station and Clifton Gardens. »» Seek cost-effective ferry transport to provide visitor access to all harbour islands.

56 Sydney Harbour National Park PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 57 58 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 01: NIELSEN PARK AND HERMITAGE FORESHORE Precinct 01: Nielsen Park and Hermitage Foreshore

The significance and diversity of values in the Nielsen Park precinct demand a complex set of management responses. Perhaps more than any other part of the park, the precinct crowded. The precinct has a strong focus on both natural and cultural conservation is characterised by a strong tradition of including, by eastern suburbs standards, a relatively large tract of remnant bushland recreational uses, notably picnicking and with threatened species. The strong Aboriginal and historical themes are swimming but also small-scale celebrations. important for education and interpretation.

Despite the development and modifications To improve access and the enjoyment associated with the precinct’s recreational of visitors, Nielsen Park has been targeted uses, it also supports highly significant in several of the key projects in this elements of cultural and natural heritage. plan of management. The major project The future challenge will be to successfully is Project 8 Bradleys Head and Nielsen manage traditional and new recreational Park Recreational Parklands where pursuits whilst conserving the character of the both of these areas are recognised for recreational parklands, the buildings of the their recreational values. The aim is to Greycliffe Estate and the remnant bushland. address the needs of the visitors, lessees Nielsen Park at was and neighbours and enhance the visitor incorporated into Sydney Harbour National experience through careful review and Park in 1978, while the Hermitage Foreshore planning of these important foreshore was added in 1984. The precinct has a public areas. Other projects include: wide diversity of values across cultural, »» Project 1 Bushland Health social, aesthetic, recreational and natural »» Project 2 Conservation of Threatened themes. The precinct contains both natural Species, Populations and Communities and modified landscapes and a range of »» Project 3 Aboriginal Discovery buildings and other built items. Aboriginal Partnership sites are also found in the precinct. The precinct’s remnant flora and fauna ranges »» Project 6 Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk across national, state, regional and local »» Project 7 Enhanced Park Access levels of conservation significance. Details of these key projects are outlined Nielsen Park has a strong recreation in Section 01 of the plan. tradition based around Shark Beach and the swimming enclosure. The Hermitage Foreshore walking track links Rose Bay to Nielsen Park as part of the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk. Large parts of the precinct are quiet and secluded whilst other areas near the beach are often very busy and

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 59 The Precinct and its Context

Description Planning context

The precinct lies on the south Nielsen Park is located in the owl Ninox strenua, are managed in side of and extends Woollahra local government area. accordance with the provisions of in a southerly direction along the the Threatened Species Conservation Whilst under the Environmental foreshore of Rose Bay to Bayview Hill Act 1995 (TSC Act) Planning and Assessment Act 1979 Road and to Bottle and Glass Point (EPA Act), Woollahra Council has no Further details about the in the north, backing onto Vaucluse formal role in the statutory approval planning context are provided in Road and Greycliffe Avenue. of proposed works within Sydney Section 04 Appendices. The 20-hectare Nielsen Park Harbour National Park, the plan of section of the precinct lies to the management is prepared so that north whilst the narrow, elongated wherever possible it is consistent Hermitage Foreshore section, with local government plans. extends to the south. Access to this Within Nielsen Park there are popular location is generally by both natural and cultural values private vehicle or by bus transport of significance. from Edgecliff Railway Station or and the Steele Point Battery are Circular Quay. There is limited on- important heritage items. Examples street parking. An internal service of significant plant and animal road, off Vaucluse Road, provides species, such as the Nielsen Park pedestrian and management vehicle she-oak , access to Steele Point, Greycliffe sunshine wattle Acacia terminalis House and the park workshop. subsp. terminalis and the powerful

60 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 01: NIELSEN PARK AND HERMITAGE FORESHORE

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 61 Significant Values and Considerations

Natural features

The precinct is characterised by Over 180 native plant species This precinct provides essential sandstone slopes and gullies with have been recorded from Nielsen habitat for native fauna, including Mt Trefle, at around 40 metres Park; but also around 120 weed species that are now rare within above sea level, the highest point. species. The most significant the local area. Around 65 species Shark Beach spans the headlands plant species within this precinct of native fauna have been recorded between Steele Point and Bottle is the endangered Allocasuarina from this precinct in the past, and Glass Point. In some areas of portuensis which was only but for many of these species the precinct, the natural vegetation discovered in 1986; at that time there are few recent records. The has been replaced by exotic the total known population was majority of the fauna species are plantings and lawns, however only 10 plants, all within Nielsen birds, with few reptiles, frogs or much of the precinct is remnant Park. None of these original native mammals known from the bushland. Although only a relatively plants survive, and the existing precinct. The only threatened fauna small area, this remnant is very population within Nielsen Park is species known to forage within this significant as it is the largest area all from propagated material. In precinct is N. strenua which is listed of foreshore bushland south of the addition, the remnant bushland as vulnerable under the TSC Act. harbour (the nearest large remnants provides important habitat for However, five regionally significant are as far south as Malabar and the endangered Acacia terminalis fauna species (the southern scaly- Botany Bay). As such, this precinct subsp. terminalis, which along foot Pygopus lepidopodus, common conserves representatives of with the habitat of the Nielsen tern Sterna hirundo, topknot pigeon a once more widespread and Park she-oak is being degraded Lopholaimus antarcticus, white- abundant fauna and flora. The by weed invasion. Maintaining the winged triller Lalage tricolour, and most intact vegetation is that on Nielsen Park she-oak propagules water rat Hydromys chrysogaster) Mt Trefle, which has been the focus and their habitat is a high priority have been recorded from this of a volunteer bush regeneration for this precinct, as these represent precinct, but most of these records program for a number of years, the last known population in the are more than 20 years old. however even parts of this area wild. Similarly, maintaining and Introduced animals such as cats, remain degraded by weed invasion. enhancing habitat for the sunshine foxes and black rats also hunt and Two vegetation communities are wattle is a high priority. forage within the precinct. represented in this precinct: coastal sandstone woodland and coastal sandstone heath/littoral thicket.

62 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 01: NIELSEN PARK AND HERMITAGE FORESHORE

Cultural history

The precinct provides evidence, The precinct developed across a In 1914, Greycliffe House in the form of tangible sites and series of historical phases, including became the Hospital artefacts, of Aboriginal occupation. occupation by the Birrabirragal for Babies, only the second hospital Over hundreds if not thousands Clan (up to 1793), subdivision and established in Australia for infants of years, the park and surrounds purchase (1793-1910), management under the age of two years. It was provided essentials for life; shelter, by the Nielsen Park Trust (1911– later used as the Vaucluse Tresillian food resources and fresh water. 1968) and management by NPWS Mothercraft Home and Training The significance of the park to (1968–present). School, only the third such home contemporary Aboriginal people established. The Margaret Harper Nielsen Park is considered to be needs to be explored further. Wing acknowledges an association of state significance as it represents with Dr Margaret Harper, medical Nielsen Park contains a number the mostly intact Greycliffe Estate, director of the Tresillian hospitals. of middens and a variety of rock including the JF Hilly-designed shelter sites. Site patterning Victorian Gothic marine villa. The The Steele Point Battery, one in Nielsen Park reflects the park has associations with the of the most intact of the 1871 topographic, geological and Wentworth Family and a number of series of harbour defences, also environmental context of the area. prominent men and women from has state significance. Rock engravings, axe grinding the political, legal and commercial The park provides a suite of grooves and rock shelters are circles of Victorian Sydney. recreational facilities of varying all found in areas of sandstone The park has strong associations architectural design, all of which outcropping. Midden sites are with William Notting and his were sympathetically designed to found in greatest number on the community-funded organisation, match the surrounding landscape, shore. Some midden sites have the Harbour Foreshores Vigilance and some of which have been used been disturbed, particularly in rock Committee. This committee continuously by the public for over shelters, due to modern visitation. lobbied for the preservation of 90 years. harbour foreshore lands for public Nielsen Park wharf, built in 1917, recreation and, together with the was destroyed in May 1974 by Secretary for Lands Niels Nielsen, cyclonic winds. was responsible for the resumption of the private Greycliffe estate to form Nielsen Park.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 63 Built environment Recreation and services

There are approximately The precinct has very high levels of The nets are removed annually 15 buildings in the precinct plus a repeat visitation and a significant for cleaning marine growth and number of fortifications pathways, proportion of visitors are local, repairing torn panels. Leaving the roads and recreational facilities. with 71% travelling less than nets in place during the winter Toilets, change rooms, seats and a half an hour to reach the precinct storm period exposes them to shark net are provided. (NPWS 2005). The most popular damage or loss through extreme summertime activities in the wave action. Full details of built items precinct are ‘swimming’ (73%), ‘rest are found in the Nielsen Park The net at nearby Parsley Bay and relax’ (67%), ‘short walk of Conservation Management Plan is also removed during winter for less than an hour’ (45%), ‘socialise 2012 (CMP). cleaning and repair. with family and friends’ (44%) and ‘picnic / bbq’ (39%). Levels of Year-round harbour swimming visitor satisfaction are particularly enclosures are located nearby at high at this precinct with 73% of Redleaf Pool (Double Bay) and visitors surveyed ‘very satisfied’ Watsons Bay Baths. with their visit. Aspects that visitors The annual net removal does state are important but have lower generate concern about a heightened satisfaction levels are ‘amount of risk of shark attack. Research by the carparking’ and ‘condition of toilets’. Department of Primary Industries The number of visitors varies (DPI) into the movements of bull greatly with most weekends, sharks within Sydney Harbour summer holidays and public would suggest that they leave the holidays being by far the busiest. harbour by the end of April and There is available capacity for are absent over the winter months. increased visitation at other times. NPWS will consider the implications of any new research about shark The netted enclosure at Shark behaviour in Sydney Harbour with Beach is an important drawcard for respect to the annual removal of the precinct. the Shark Beach net.

64 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 01: NIELSEN PARK AND HERMITAGE FORESHORE

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 65 What We Are Going To Do

Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Conserve the natural values Celebrate and nurture of the park contemporary and traditional Aboriginal culture OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Through working with volunteers and other stakeholders, the OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT ecology of the precinct will be maintained and improved, Aboriginal cultural heritage will be securing the viability of existing native plant and animal species. protected and maintained and the Biodiversity conservation works will be sustainable including Aboriginal community will guide its limiting weed removal to areas that can be maintained. management.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Prepare and implement a tree management and replacement Whole of park actions as they apply strategy to include significant trees such as the avenue of figs. to Nielsen Park and Hermitage Manage the canopy of trees to maintain visual connectivity with Foreshore precinct the harbour, removing or pruning vegetation that detracts from the Continue to liaise with the Aboriginal park’s cultural view scapes. people of Sydney on matters relating to Whole of park actions as they apply to Nielsen Park and the protection, management and Hermitage Foreshore precinct interpretation of the Aboriginal cultural heritage of the precinct. Continue the Nielsen Park bush regeneration program, including the Hermitage Foreshore walking track and Bottle and Glass Point areas. Research and facilitate recording of contemporary contact and pre- contact Prepare and implement a strategy to improve the management of culture of the precinct, including annual stormwater flowing into and across the park and into the harbour recording of Aboriginal site condition. in partnership with Woollahra Council, Strickland House and individual neighbours. Include in the strategy options for Facilitate on-park activities to encourage stormwater management, and the resulting erosion and nutrient improved understanding of Aboriginal seepage issues at the land / water interface, as a priority towards culture among both the Aboriginal and non- minimising water quality impacts in adjoining aquatic habitats. Aboriginal community. Continue energy and water saving initiatives and reduce waste collection Protect Aboriginal sites from potential requirements through recycling and visitor education programs. negative impacts caused by visitation and landscape management practices. Harvest rainwater through the installation of water tanks for water re-use in dressing shed toilets and for external uses Consider dual naming of locations within (showers and foot wash). the precinct to reflect previous and ongoing connection to Country. Implement the relevant actions from the NSW Statement of Intent for Infection of Native Plants by Phytophthora cinnamomi and management plans for other harmful pathogens such as myrtle rust Uredo rangelii in co-operation with adjoining land managers.

66 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 01: NIELSEN PARK AND HERMITAGE FORESHORE

Outcome 3 Outcome 4 Celebrate the Provide enriching and memorable historic heritage experiences in the park values of the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Historic buildings, sites, landscapes Traditional passive recreation opportunities will be maintained and and collections will be conserved enriched with the addition of new visitor opportunities, whilst protecting and, wherever possible, made natural and cultural heritage values and allowing a greater diversity of accessible to the public. visitors to enjoy the precinct.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Provide high-quality historic Provide and maintain visitor infrastructure and services that support the heritage interpretive and traditional passive recreation opportunities of the precinct. educational material commensurate Continue to lease the Nielsen Park Kiosk, Kiosk Cottage, Kiosk Garage and with the high significance of the Halbert Pavilion for the purposes of a café, restaurant and function centre. Greycliffe Estate and the Steele In the event that the current lease comes to an end, new adaptive uses for the buildings Point Battery, considering a range of will be considered to support sustainable visitor and tourist use and enjoyment. methods and avoiding a proliferation of static signs in the historic Review the provision of appropriate First Aid equipment in close proximity to precinct. the beach. Ensure that the lease or licence agreements governing the operation of the Improve public access, interpretation Nielsen Park Kiosk and any other commercial activities within the precinct, and use of the precinct’s historic include effective measures for minimising the impact of visitor noise. buildings including Greycliffe House and the fortifications. Work with lessees and licensees and the local community to identify and address any emerging issues relating to commercial activities within the precinct. Ensure that future adaptive re-use Greycliffe House and its associated buildings, including the Margaret Harper Wing, of Greycliffe House and associated Dressing Pavilion and Gardeners Cottage, will be investigated for new adaptive buildings is sensitive to its high uses to support sustainable visitor and tourist use and enjoyment. historic heritage significance, and is consistent with the Conservation For example, these buildings may be adapted and leased for purposes such Management Plan 2012. as accommodation, administration, interpretation, restaurant, conferences Seek State Heritage listing for and functions. Nielsen Park and Greycliffe House Operate Steele Point Cottage as self-contained holiday accommodation. or alternatively for the entire Investigate its potential packaging with existing or new lessees in the park. Sydney Harbour National Park. Provide a netted swimming enclosure at Shark Beach in the warmer months, Complete implementation of the removing the net for maintenance in the colder months. Greycliffe Gardens Landscape Plan. Implement measures to discourage unauthorised after hours use of the precinct. Whole of park actions as they Whole of park actions as they apply to Nielsen Park and Hermitage apply to Nielsen Park and Foreshore precinct Hermitage Foreshore precinct Implement the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk Strategy 2010, upgrading and signposting Complete and implement actions from existing tracks to provide an effective link with sections outside of the park. the Conservation Management Utilise the precinct for events that are part of Sydney festivals and that are Plan 2012. within the precinct’s capacity. Implement a licensing system for personal trainers and fitness groups limiting opportunities based on other uses in the areas.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 67 Outcome 5 Outcome 6 Improved access to the park for all Strengthen and create partnerships

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Continue to support and build on The less physically able and a diversity of cultures will have partnerships including strong volunteer increased opportunities to enjoy the precinct. and local government partnerships.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Investigate public uses to increase access and opportunities for Work with Woollahra Council and people with disabilities and those from diverse cultures at Greycliffe neighbours to improve stormwater issues in House and other precinct buildings and structures. the Hermitage Foreshore area. Continue negotiations with Woollahra Council for the acquisition NPWS will liaise with the State Property of Greycliffe Avenue carpark in exchange for the carpark at Authority and other relevant stakeholders Watsons Bay and improve parking and access for those with about the future management of Strickland mobility impairment. House, and in particular the bushland Investigate increased disabled access to all current and new components of its grounds, for the purpose facilities, including additional disabled parking spaces both within of improving the Vaucluse Road entrance to the precinct and (in consultation with Woollahra Council) in the national park and potentially extending adjoining Council facilities. the habitat for Allocasuarina portuensis. Investigate the installation of handrails to improve access to the Work closely with precinct lessees to ensure beach from the promenade. that noise and other impacts on the local community are appropriately managed. Install directional and interpretive signs to Bottle and Glass Point and other locations at the extremities of the precinct. Whole of park actions as they apply Prepare a landscape design plan for the Nielsen Park and Hermitage to Nielsen Park and Hermitage Foreshore precinct that retains and enhances the precinct as a Foreshore precinct recreational parkland with rich heritage values. Continue to support and expand volunteer bush regeneration programs.

68 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 01: NIELSEN PARK AND HERMITAGE FORESHORE

Outcome 7 Outcome 8 Robust management Contribute to the goal of of the park is easy and safe transport sustained to and within the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The precinct will provide an excellent OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT example of sound park management Negotiations with adjacent land managers, including the areas of stakeholder public transport providers and local consultation, research, monitoring and councils will result in improved transport, evaluation and decision-making. traffic and parking solutions.

WHAT WE ARE WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO GOING TO DO Continue to support the excellent work of Investigate reinstatement of public water- bush regenerator volunteers in weed control based access either at or in the vicinity maintenance throughout the remnant of Nielsen Park and the introduction of a bushland. transport link. Provide high-quality, well-designed landscape Liaise with Woollahra Council regarding the elements at major entrances to demonstrate construction of bus shelters at existing bus pride and quality in presentation. In stops on Vaucluse Road. particular, investigate redesign of the Whole of park actions as they apply entrance at Greycliffe Avenue including the to Nielsen Park and Hermitage relocation of the garbage recycling bays. Foreshore precinct Whole of park actions as they apply Identify routes for bicycle travel to the to Nielsen Park and Hermitage park consistent with local government Foreshore precinct bike plans and, where appropriate, provide Implement the recovery plan for bicycle racks. A. portunensis. Permit bicycles on public vehicular roads but Implement recovery actions for A. terminalis not on walking tracks in the park or on the subsp. terminalis. promenade at Shark Beach.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 69 70 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 02: SOUTH HEAD, CAMP COVE AND GREEN POINT Precinct 02: South Head, Camp Cove and Green Point

South Head, Camp Cove and Green Point precinct is located on the south headland of Sydney Harbour. The primary management goals for the precinct are to conserve and Today, the beach at Camp Cove, managed by Woollahra Council, is a popular interpret the rich cultural landscape and to swimming spot and a venue for scuba diving, both day and night. Lady Bay (Jane) continue to offer access to some of Sydney’s Beach, gazetted as a ‘clothing optional’ beach, is popular for nude bathing. most popular outdoor recreational experiences. This area is the subject of Project 5 South Head, parts of Camp Cove and Green Point and Constables Cottage, Green Point were incorporated into Sydney Camp Cove Project to prepare a landscape Harbour National Park by 1980. This design plan for the First Landing Place precinct includes the 19th century Hornby at Camp Cove including interpretation, Light complex set amongst World War II signage and redesign of this important fortifications that form a significant part of heritage place within the park and Sydney’s fortifications history. The South adjoining local government area. The area Head section of the Sydney Harbour Scenic is also a key element of Project 6 Sydney Walk meanders around the headland, Harbour Scenic Walk, providing essential providing spectacular views back to the links in this walk. Details of these projects city and out to sea. The walk’s vantage are included in Section 01. points have become key places for whale watching and harbour event viewing, particularly the start of the Sydney Hobart Yacht Race on Boxing Day.

Captain , with a party of officers and marines, landed in Port Jackson on 21 January 1788 at an unnamed place which, in original accounts, is consistent with the beachfront at Camp Cove. The group made a meal at this place, boiling meat over a campfire on the beach. This occasion marks the first landing of members of the within Port Jackson, and the first known European landing in Sydney Harbour.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 71 The Precinct and its Context

Description Planning context

South Head precinct is the This precinct is served by a The Sydney Harbour National Park southern headland at the entrance ferry direct from Circular Quay (1980 Boundary) and the Sydney to Sydney Harbour. Its land mass to Watsons Bay and by bus from Harbour Entrance, which includes and cliffs form a promontory that Circular Quay, Edgecliff or Bondi the South Head peninsula, are listed has protected the harbour and Junction train stations. on the Register of the National created sheltered water since the Estate (RNE). A number of items The precinct is located in the drowning of the river valley. It is within the precinct are also listed Woollahra local government area. a place that has borne witness to on the RNE, including the Hornby many significant events. Whilst under the Environmental Light and the two Lightkeepers Planning and Assessment Act 1979 Cottages. As such, they are covered The precinct includes the park (EPA Act), Woollahra Council has no by the Environmental Protection and at Green Point, with its cottage and formal role in the statutory approval Biodiversity Act (EPBC Act) until 2012. parking area at the end of Pacific of proposed works within Sydney Street. It also includes the strip of The Barracks Group and Cliff Harbour National Park, the plan of land commencing at the entrance House in HMAS Watson and the management is prepared so that road to HMAS Watson and bounded former Marine Biological Station wherever possible it is consistent to the west by Cliff Street and to on Pacific Street, Watsons Bay, with local government plans. the east by HMAS Watson. Included were formerly listed on the RNE in this section are Constables Of note is the Local Government and are now on the Commonwealth Cottage, the adjacent brick cottage Amendment (Nude Bathing) Act Heritage List. These sites adjoin in Cliff Street and the carpark. The 1996 No 133 which amends the the national park precinct and precinct then includes a strip of Local Government Act 1993 to allow therefore the provisions of the land along the harbour edge from nude bathing on certain beaches. EPBC Act would apply to any Camp Cove Beach north to South [Assented to 12 December 1996] actions in the park affecting Head, bounded on the east by This includes Lady Bay (Jane) Beach. Commonwealth heritage places. HMAS Watson. The presence of Further details about the HMAS Watson at South Head limits planning context are provided in access to this section to pedestrian Section 04 Appendices. traffic only.

72 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 02: SOUTH HEAD, CAMP COVE AND GREEN POINT

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 73 Significant Values and Considerations

Natural features

Except for the dramatic cliff lines, Whilst the remnant bushland have only been poorly surveyed, boulders and rock shelves, the areas of South Head suffer from and it is likely that additional natural landscape of the South weed invasion, they provide species could be added to the Head precinct of the park has important habitat for native fauna. mammal list. This list now only been largely modified by human Although this vegetation type includes the common brushtail intervention. Most parts of the site is well represented elsewhere possum and the grey-headed were cleared when it was a defence within the Sydney Basin, there are flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus. establishment. The natural setting, few examples of this once more Fourteen of the 72 bird species are particularly the cliffs, ocean and widespread community south of seabirds or shorebirds spotted from harbour elements of South Head, the harbour until you reach Malabar South Head, such as shearwaters, contribute greatly to its significance Headland and Botany Bay. gannets, terns and cormorants, and have influenced the way in which do not utilise the remnant Prior to 1788, the Watsons which the place developed. vegetation of the precinct. Twelve Bay area would have hosted a regionally significant fauna species Historical photographs diverse fauna. Most of these have been recorded from this indicate that the entire headland species are now extinct due to precinct, but most of these records has been cleared and modified. the loss of habitat from military are old. Seven introduced birds, the There has been some natural and housing development. Much introduced black rat, foxes and cats regrowth of coastal banksia of the remaining fauna consists of have been recorded in the precinct Banksia integrifolia and other relatively common and widespread and undoubtedly have impacts on coastal heath species over the species, largely birds. However, the remaining native fauna. past 50 years, supplemented by the remnant vegetation may also a planting program from 1997 provide intermittent habitat for The only threatened fauna to 2000. Remnant vegetation is some migratory and nomadic bird recorded from the precinct are coastal sandstone plateau heath, species, when particular species the vulnerable powerful owl Ninox dominated by Melaleuca armillaris are flowering or conditions are strenua and the grey-headed and Kunzea ambigua. There are, otherwise suitable. flying-fox P. poliocephalus, which however, high levels of weeds over intermittently forage within the Since the 1980s, some 82 much of the headland and along reserve. There is no suitable species of native animal have been the Cliff Street boundary. There roosting habitat for these two recorded in the precinct including have also been plantings of coral species within the reserve, and one frog, seven reptiles, 72 birds trees both at Green Point and at the flying-foxes most likely come and two native mammals. As is the the commencement of the track to from the population that roost case elsewhere in the park, micro- South Head. by day in the Royal Botanic bats have not been surveyed or Gardens. In addition, there are

74 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 02: SOUTH HEAD, CAMP COVE AND GREEN POINT

old records of sooty oystercatchers The intense level of use of the Heritage Haematopus fuliginosus foraging on the Trail and the unofficial foot pads leading rocks and foreshores near this precinct, off the Heritage Trail to inner South Head, and a single record of the diamond firetail affect native vegetation establishment. Staganopleura guttata (which may actually Informal track formation has been reduced have been an aviary escape). Both these in recent years with the use of exclusion species are listed as vulnerable under the fencing south of Lady Bay Beach. However, Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 it is still evident with numerous tracks (TSC Act). New Zealand and Australian fur leading to historic features on the cliff seals may also occasionally utilise the edge north of Lady Bay Beach. foreshores and rock platforms as haul-out This part of the park is known for its sites, and both of these species are also scenic views. These views are experienced listed as vulnerable. from inner South Head, such as from the The developed nature of the headland defence installations and on the track to means that there is stormwater run-off. the Head and from The Gap, especially Garden escapes and weeds, introduced from its southern side. In addition, there accidentally or as cultural plantings, have are views into the South Head area from subsequently taken hold within these sites. Middle Head and North Head and from There are drainage systems throughout the water. Views and vistas should be the sites, but much of the stormwater considered when making decisions about drainage is poorly managed and discharges vegetation management. Similarly, impacts directly into the harbour without any on bird species which utilise dense cover level of treatment. Above the Camp Cove should be considered in decision making carpark, there is frequent water discharge about view management and weed control. that ceases only in very dry conditions. Excessive nutrient-rich water is a threat to remaining native vegetation in the precinct.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 75 Cultural history

The precinct provides evidence, navigation. Between 1850 and Two early Victorian stone in the form of tangible sites and 1950 defence installations, cottages at Inner South Head, artefacts, of Aboriginal occupation emplacements, and searchlight the Head Lightkeepers Cottage of the area over thousands of years. shelters were constructed. and the semi-detached Assistant The Aboriginal Heritage Information Lightkeepers Cottage have been The many historical overlays Management System (AHIMS) partially conserved. The Assistant within the precinct extend into lists 15 sites within the precinct, Lightkeepers Cottage is occupied adjoining tenures. Defence although only eight have been re- by NPWS staff, while the Head installations are spread across located in recent years. Lightkeepers Cottage is unoccupied adjacent sites including the World and its interior requires restoration. Of the eight sites, two are War II harbour boom, spread The two timber cottages within middens and one is a shelter with across the water. Parts of the South Head, Constables Cottage midden. These have been assessed Hornby Battery, located within at Camp Cove and Green Point as locally significant. The remaining HMAS Watson, can be easily seen Cottage, provide self-contained five sites, which are engravings, are but not the Inner Battery and rifle accommodation. The brick considered to be of walls. Best-practice conservation cottage in Cliff Street, adjacent to regional significance. of South Head requires synergy in Constables Cottage, is deemed to management across a patchwork Camp Cove is of cultural be of no heritage significance. of tenures. significance to Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal Australians as it is the site From 1850 to 1980 access to of Governor Arthur Phillip’s harbour most of the site was restricted, landing in 1788 and his meeting with the exception of the Camp with the area’s Aboriginal people. Cove beach area which was According to the historical research, publicly accessible. Since the the Birrabirragal people were the entire precinct was opened to the original inhabitants of this area. public, the number of walkers and runners has steadily increased In the early 1800s, the area and the precinct is enjoyed for was an outpost of Sydney and fishing, swimming and viewing. important for signalling and The precinct is in effect an Open‘ observation. The 1850s shipwrecks Air Museum’ where the whole of a of the and the Catherine site forms the museum and visitors Adamson led to the construction wander around at their own pace. of the Hornby Light and associated This visitation aspect is often lightkeepers’ cottages in the overlooked due to pre-occupation late 1850s. An obelisk was with views and lack of also constructed for safety and engaging interpretation.

76 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 02: SOUTH HEAD, CAMP COVE AND GREEN POINT

Built environment Recreation and services

The precinct contains a number The precinct provides a variety The majority of visits are of historic buildings including of experiences across iconic, made by residents who live within Constables Cottage and those recreational, cultural and urban 30 minutes travel time of this in the Hornby Light complex. respite themes. Green Point is precinct. There is no park entry fee Parts of South Head have limited accessible by car with on-site at this precinct. water, electricity and sewerage parking while Lady Bay Beach and There is an opportunity to infrastructure which would require Hornby Light are walk-in sites. further develop the tourism assessment prior to any proposed Walking tracks are available from potential of the precinct through development. all sites and interconnect so that mutually beneficial partnerships visitors may move freely from one Details of the structures between NPWS and tourism experience to another. Lady Bay are provided in the Conservation operators, managers of adjoining Beach provides for non-motorised Management Plan for South and related sites and development boat landing and clothing optional Head 2010. of the NPWS Discovery program. swimming. Cultural heritage elements and water views are There is potential to develop present at all sites. occasional tourism activities in conjunction with HMAS Watson, All sites within the precinct particularly for the shared are suitable for picnics. Lady Bay defence features. Beach / Heritage Walk provides for basic day use with toilets Woollahra Council has been and drinking water while Green approached and has agreed in Point is a medium day use area principle to work with NPWS on the with toilets provided. Two self- proposed redevelopment of the contained cottages are provided in entrance to South Head at Camp this precinct, located either end of Cove. This involves investigating Camp Cove. the future of the existing council kiosk, Constables Cottage and the toilet facilities.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 77 What We Are Going To Do

Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Conserve the natural values of Celebrate and nurture the park contemporary and traditional Aboriginal culture

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The remnant bushland will be carefully managed to reduce weed Involvement of members of the species and improve habitat for the remaining and migratory Aboriginal community in the planning and fauna species. Stormwater and the excessive high nutrient interpretation of aspects of the precinct, discharge will be controlled to reduce the impact on vegetation. particularly Green Point, will be sought.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Engage corporate and community volunteers in the removal of Whole of park actions as they apply weeds and restoration of the native vegetation along the South to South Head, Camp Cove and Green Head Heritage Walk. Point precinct Prepare and implement a tree management strategy in consultation Liaise with local Aboriginal communities with Woollahra Council and including coral trees. regarding the management and Actively manage the intense usage of the informal tracks leading off interpretation of the precinct. Particular the Heritage Trail to Inner South Head. emphasis will be placed on the interpretation Whole of park actions as they apply to South Head, Camp of Aboriginal and European contact. Cove and Green Point precinct Protect Aboriginal sites from potential negative impacts caused by visitation and Improve the management of stormwater flowing into and across the landscape management practices. precinct and into the harbour, in partnership with HMAS Watson. In consultation with the Aboriginal Continue energy and water saving actions and reduce waste collection community, consider dual naming of requirements through recycling and visitor education programs. precinct locations to reflect previous and Implement Phytophthora cinnamomi management protocols. ongoing connection to Country.

78 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 02: SOUTH HEAD, CAMP COVE AND GREEN POINT

Outcome 3 Celebrate the historic heritage values of the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Historic buildings, sites and collections will be conserved and, wherever possible, made accessible to the public.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Prepare a landscape design plan for the ‘First Landing Place at Camp Cove’ and the entrance to the park at Constables Cottage, including interpretation, signage and redesign of this important heritage place within the park and adjoining local government area. Provide an integrated signage strategy for the precinct so that visitors to the Watsons Bay Village and the precinct sites are aware of the national park status and national significance of the precinct. Implement conservation and maintenance actions from the Conservation Management Plan for South Head March 2010.

Implement the maintenance and risk management recommendations of the NPWS Fortifications of Sydney Harbour and Botany Bay Strategic Plan 2007, in particular those relating to the World War II anti-submarine features at Green Point and above ground elements at South Head. Provide for improved public access to the Head Lightkeepers Cottage and historic fortifications, including underground structures.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 79 Outcome 4 Provide enriching and memorable experiences in the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Traditional passive recreation opportunities will be maintained while the precinct is enriched with new tourism opportunities. These new initiatives will allow a greater diversity of visitors to experience the magnificence of the harbour headland and the tranquillity of Camp Cove.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Provide an enhanced entry statement at the entrance to South Head including a map, information about the precinct’s history and walks within the precinct. Provide new seating and picnic furniture of high-quality design at scenic locations at South Head, Green Point and Camp Cove Beach. In consultation with Woollahra Council, investigate the removal of the beach-front kiosk and toilets. Constables Cottage will be investigated for new adaptive uses to support sustainable visitor use and enjoyment. For example, this building may be adapted and leased for purposes such as a restaurant, café, kiosk or other food and drink outlets or for accommodation. Manage unauthorised uses of the bushland adjacent to the clothing optional Lady Bay Beach in collaboration with NSW Police, Woollahra Council, HMAS Watson and NSW Department of Health. Green Point Cottage will be investigated for new adaptive uses to support sustainable visitor use and enjoyment. For example, this building may be adapted and leased for purposes such as accommodation, or as a restaurant. The 33 Cliff St Cottage will be investigated for new adaptive uses to support sustainable visitor and tourist use and enjoyment. For example, these buildings may be adapted and leased for purposes such as accommodation. The Assistant Lightkeepers Cottage will be investigated for new adaptive uses to support sustainable visitor use and enjoyment. For example, these buildings may be adapted and leased for purposes such as accommodation or a café. The Head Lightkeepers Cottage will be subject to internal stabilisation works and investigated for new adaptive uses to support sustainable visitor use and enjoyment. For example, these buildings may be adapted and leased for purposes such as accommodation, a café or restaurant and exhibitions. Whole of park actions as they apply to South Head, Camp Cove and Green Point precinct Implement the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk Strategy 2010, as it applies to this precinct, providing upgrading of sections and links to sections outside the park and directional signs. Utilise the precinct for events that are part of major Sydney festivals and that are within the precinct’s capacity. Seek to enter into a partnership with transport operators for the provision of an integrated guided tour package within the precinct.

80 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 02: SOUTH HEAD, CAMP COVE AND GREEN POINT

Outcome 5 Outcome 6 Improved access to the Strengthen and create partnerships park for all OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Build on relationships with stakeholders and volunteers who are involved in the management of the South Head peninsula. These OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT partners include the Department of Defence (HMAS Watson), Sydney New beach, bush and historic site Ports Corporation (Hornby Light), NSW Roads and Maritime Services opportunities, including facilities and (obelisk, foreshores and waters), SHFT (Marine Biological Station) and visitor experiences, will be explored and Woollahra Council (Gap Park, Camp Cove Beach) and volunteer bush promoted for the less physically able and regenerators. NSW Police are also involved in rescues, special event for a diverse cultural community. visitor management and enforcement.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Investigate improved access arrangements Develop and implement a Memorandum of Understanding through HMAS Watson to provide unassisted with the University of NSW Faculty of the Built Environment disabled access to Inner South Head. to involve students in ’on park’ research and design projects Consider modifications at Green Point and such as the South Head, Camp Cove and Green Point precinct Constables Cottages to enhance access for landscape design plan. the mobility impaired. Whole of park actions as they apply to South Head, Provide high-quality interpretive and educational material, considering all Camp Cove and Green Point precinct methods from static signs to audio and Continue to support the volunteer bush regeneration program. video, allowing for consideration of diversity Continue partnerships with Woollahra Council and SHFT in amongst visitors and difficult access to delivering the SHSW project. the headland. Install directional and interpretive signs to and from Watsons Bay across the precinct. Work with the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust (SHFT) to design and construct an access-for-all link through SHFT’s Victoria Street Reserve across the beach-side elevation of the Marine Biological Station to Green Point. Whole of park actions as they apply to South Head, Camp Cove and Green Point precinct Investigate increased access, including for the mobility impaired, to all current and new facilities, including additional disabled parking spaces.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 81 Outcome 7 Outcome 8 Robust management Contribute to the goal of of the park is easy and safe transport sustained to and within the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The precinct will provide an excellent example of sound park management including the areas of stakeholder consultation, research, monitoring and OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT evaluation and decision-making including Negotiations with adjacent land managers, public transport best-practice redevelopment of Green providers and local councils will result in transport, traffic and Point and the Camp Cove area. parking solutions that provide acceptable solutions.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Introduce park use fees in the parking area Investigate transfer of the parking area / road from Woollahra Council at Camp Cove. to NPWS in exchange for parking in the Nielsen Park precinct. Whole of park actions as they apply Investigate and, if agreed, transfer to HMAS Watson, maintenance to South Head, Camp Cove and Green responsibilities for the road at the South Head entrance to HMAS Point precinct Watson subject to obtaining agreement that this would not lead to further restrictions to visitor access to the precinct. Establish and implement strategies to facilitate the systematic collection of Whole of park actions as they apply to South Head, Camp floristic data of bushland areas, including Cove and Green Point precinct establishment of permanent monitoring sites. Identify routes for bicycle travel to the park consistent with local Implement a licensing system for personal government bike plans and, where appropriate, provide bicycle racks. trainers and fitness groups in consultation Permit bicycles on public vehicular roads but not on walking tracks with Woollahra Council, utilising this and including the Heritage Track at South Head. Nielsen Park precincts as models for the Continue negotiations with boat operators to provide additional whole park. water access to Watsons Bay wharf as part of the harbour water transport shuttle concept.

82 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 02: SOUTH HEAD, CAMP COVE AND GREEN POINT

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 83 84 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 03: GAP BLUFF Precinct 03: Gap Bluff

The Gap Bluff precinct is located just to the west of the South Head precinct and is in close proximity to HMAS Watson and the suburb of Watsons Bay. Many tourists are The current lookouts retain an open setting with low native heath and attracted to the famous Gap, which provides spectacular water views. views down the harbour as well as along the Gap Bluff precinct is an important historic area within the park. The historic Sydney coast. buildings have a history of substantial modification, inviting serious consideration The precinct is roughly oval shaped with a for further adaptive re-use and increased series of broad vegetated terraces falling public access. towards the west. The lowest terrace is cleared and grassed. There are a number The precinct does not retain significant of buildings and archaeological sites areas of native vegetation with much of it dating from the precinct’s use as a defence being formerly cleared and now infested establishment. These include the 1936 with weeds. However, the threatened Officers Mess and Garden, the 1895 Former species sunshine wattle Acacia terminalis Workshop, the 1938 Armoury and the site subsp. terminalis does occur in the precinct. of the 1912 Artillery Barracks. Landscape Many of the plant species, both native features include an avenue of Norfolk Island and exotic, require intervention to reduce pines, large phoenix palms and gateposts at threats to historic structures and adverse the road entrance to impacts on the views from public lookouts. the precinct. The renewal of the Gap Bluff precinct is The upper terraces of the Gap Bluff the aim of Project 11 Gap Bluff Adaptive precinct are now heavily vegetated by Re-use. The intent of the project is bushland, cultural plantings and weeds. to realise the potential for exemplary Until the 1980s, this area was dominated adaptive re-use management of the by masonry and timber structures, Gap Bluff precinct to provide increased roads, paths and open grassy clearings. opportunities for visitor appreciation and The buildings in this higher area were access to the site. Details of these projects demolished when the area became part of are included in Section 01. the national park.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 85 The Precinct and its Context

Description Planning context

The precinct is located to the north of Gap The precinct is located in the Woollahra Park, managed by Woollahra Council and local government area. to the south of HMAS Watson, managed The area is the subject of Woollahra and occupied by the Training Authority Council’s Gap Park Master Plan 2008 which Maritime Warfare of the Royal Australian includes objectives to; Navy. It is bounded on the west by Cliff Street as far as the entrance road to HMAS »» Investigate and encourage a Watson and on the east by rugged 40 complementary visitor management and metre high sandstone cliffs and the Tasman infrastructure approach to the adjacent Sea. Included in this precinct is the carpark Gap Bluff area by NPWS. at the junction of Military Road and Cliff »» Support NPWS’s complementary Street, which is currently utilised more by proposal for a future trail link via Gap patrons of the nearby hotel than national Bluff to Military Road and on to park visitors. The precinct was added to South Head. Sydney Harbour National Park in 1982 after The Barracks Group and Cliff House over 80 years of use for defence purposes. in HMAS Watson are listed on the Commonwealth Heritage List. These sites adjoin the national park precinct and therefore the provisions of the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) would apply to any actions in the park affecting Commonwealth heritage places.

Further details about the planning context are provided in Section 04 Appendices.

86 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 03: GAP BLUFF Significant Values and Considerations

Natural features

The natural features and values important habitat for native fauna. species when particular species cover the entire South Head area Although this vegetation type are flowering or conditions are and are therefore duplicated in is well represented elsewhere otherwise suitable. part in this precinct and the South within the Sydney Basin, there are Since the 1980s, some 82 Head, Green Point and Camp Cove few examples of this once more species of native animal have been precinct. However, there are notable widespread community south of recorded in the precinct including differences. One such difference the harbour until you reach Malabar one frog, seven reptiles, 72 birds is the occurrence of threatened Headland and Botany Bay. and two native mammals. As is the species. The precinct contains two case elsewhere in the park, micro- Except for the dramatic cliff species classified as endangered bats have not been or have been lines, boulders and rock shelves, under the Threatened Species poorly surveyed, and it is likely that the natural landscape of the Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act). additional species could be added South Head area of the park has Acacia terminalis subsp. terminalis to the mammal list. This list now been largely modified by human is located on rocky slopes within only includes the common brushtail intervention. Most parts of the site and around HMAS Watson. This possum Trichosurus vulpecula were cleared when it was a defence species is currently restricted to and the grey-headed flying-fox establishment. The natural setting, rocky bushland areas in the eastern Pteropus poliocephalus. Fourteen particularly the cliffs, ocean and suburbs, North Head and Middle of the 72 bird species are seabirds harbour elements of South Head Head. Several planted specimens of or shorebirds spotted from South contribute greatly to its significance Nielsen Park she-oak, Allocasuarina Head, such as shearwaters, gannets, and have influenced the way in portuensis are located down-slope terns and cormorants, which do which the place developed. of the Armoury and along a drainage not utilise the remnant vegetation line to the north. Allocasuarina of the precinct. Twelve regionally Historical photographs indicate portuensis is restricted to plantings significant fauna species have that the entire headland has been in Nielsen Park and three other been recorded from this precinct, cleared and modified. There has sites. The sites of the plantings at but most of these records are old. been some natural regrowth of Gap Bluff are inappropriate in terms Seven introduced bird species, Banksia integrifolia and other of habitat type, soil disturbance black rats, foxes and cats have coastal heath species over the and range. Therefore, in the event been recorded in the precinct and past fifty years, supplemented of their senescence, it would be undoubtedly have impacts on the by a planting program from 1997 ineffective to replace them in the remaining native fauna. – 2000. Remnant vegetation is same location. coastal sandstone plateau heath, The only threatened fauna recorded dominated by Melaleuca armillaris Prior to 1788, the Watsons from the precinct are the vulnerable and Kunzea ambigua. There are, Bay area would have hosted a powerful owl Ninox strenua and however, high levels of weeds over diverse fauna. Most of these the grey-headed flying-fox P. much of the headland and along species are now extinct due to poliocephulas, which intermittently the Cliff Street boundary. There the loss of habitat from military forage within the reserve. There have also been plantings of coral and housing development. Much is no suitable roosting habitat trees both at Green Point and at of the remaining fauna consists of for these two species within the the commencement of the track to relatively common and widespread reserve, and the flying foxes most South Head. species, largely birds. However, likely come from the population that the remnant vegetation may also roost by day in the Royal Botanic Whilst the remnant bushland provide intermittent habitat for Gardens. In addition, there are old areas of South Head suffer from some migratory and nomadic bird records of sooty oystercatchers weed invasion, they provide

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 87 Cultural history

Haematopus fuliginosus foraging about view management and to the intense development of this on the rocks and foreshores near weed control. area by the Department of Defence, this precinct, and a single record of there are no recorded Aboriginal The Birrabirragal people occupied the diamond firetail Staganopleura sites in the Gap Bluff precinct. the South Head peninsula, guttata (which may actually have managing the vegetation and Although many former building been an aviary escape); both these fishing and collecting shellfish from sites were reclaimed and concealed species are listed as vulnerable the surrounding rock platforms and by revegetation after the site under the TSC Act. New Zealand waters. When Europeans arrived was transferred to NPWS, the and Australian fur seals may also in 1788, South Head was the site entire precinct contains a wealth occasionally utilise the foreshores of a number of meetings between of archaeological evidence and and rock platforms as haul-out sites, the two groups and more sustained a number of standing buildings and both of these species are also interaction took place after the from both the late 1800s School listed as vulnerable. establishment of the signal station of Gunnery period and the more The developed nature of the at Outer South Head in 1790. intensive use during and after World headland means that there is War II. A basic and preliminary The following decades saw the stormwater run-off. Garden escapes archaeological survey, undertaken alienation of the area from the local and weeds, introduced accidentally for the CMP, identified a number Aboriginal people, although some or as cultural plantings, have of substantial structural remains small groups continued to live in the subsequently taken hold within and large areas of debris from the wider Woollahra area throughout these sites. There are drainage demolition of the buildings. the 19th century and continued systems throughout the sites, but some of their traditional practices. Despite the heavy vegetation much of the stormwater drainage cover, it is still possible to see is poorly managed and discharges Unlike the northern part of the various terraces and directly into the harbour without South Head, the Gap Bluff area understand the arrangement of any level of treatment. Excessive was relatively undeveloped until building, roads, equipment and nutrient-rich water is a threat to around the early 20th century. terraced gardens. The development remaining native vegetation in From that time, along with the area of the military landscape of training the precinct. now occupied by HMAS Watson, facilities from the 1870s to the it was almost exclusively used This part of the park is known 1980s is still readable, although the by the Army. From 1895 it was for its scenic views. These views sense of openness and connection the Artillery Practice Battery and are experienced from inner South between the different areas has Workshop, from 1912 it was the Head, such as from the defence been obscured. School of Gunnery and then the installations and on the track Navy’s Radar School and from the to the Head and from The Gap, 1950s it was the Army’s National especially from its southern side. Service depot. Gap Bluff precinct In addition, there are views into was transferred from the defence the South Head area from Middle forces to NPWS in 1982. Head and North Head and from the water. Views and vistas should be At the height of its use from considered when making decisions the 1950s to 1980s, the area about vegetation management. accommodated a dense array of Similarly, impacts on bird species masonry and timber structures which utilise dense cover should covering the mostly level north be considered in decision making eastern part of the area, interlinked by numerous roads and paths. Due 88 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 03: GAP BLUFF

Built environment Recreation and services

In summary, the main buildings are the The Gap Bluff Centre consists of two Armoury and the Officers Mess, the former imposing former military buildings. These workshop, which is now a cottage, and a buildings, the Armoury and the Officers public toilet building. All buildings have been Mess, have both been significantly altered modified, with the Officers Mess as late as and have served as function centres the 1990s, to provide lecture theatres for a since the 1990s. The adjacent Gap Park proposed educational facility. and Gap Lookout is a key destination for international visitors and is generally well- The precinct is serviced with electricity, known as ‘The Gap’. mains water and sewer and telephone services. There is a bitumen sealed access The precinct includes a walk which road and parking for vehicles. forms part of the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk and in turn part of the Coastal There are a number of paths and Walk from Barrenjoey Headland to Royal walkways, some associated with previous National Park. Transport links via a cross- buildings and others purpose built to link harbour water transport service, would walking tracks to Gap Park and South Head. improve visitor opportunities by allowing Many of the walkways have extensive transport to Manly and other harbour fencing due to the proximity to cliff edges. destinations without having to return to Circular Quay.

The precinct provides spectacular views back to the city and has been a long-term popular venue for weddings and special events. The Gap Bluff precinct has links to Gap Park but requires development to enable a link to Camp Cove and South Head.

From a visitor perspective, the Watsons Bay area has many appealing features including accommodation, restaurants, hotel, shops, beach with swimming enclosure, fishing, walking tracks with extensive views, and historic sites. The area has public transport options of both bus and ferry. The Gap Bluff precinct contributes to this suite of opportunities.

This precinct is served by bus from Circular Quay, Edgecliff or Bondi Junction train stations and ferry from Circular Quay. It provides an iconic experience with spectacular coastal and harbour views.

The majority of visits are made by people living within one hour’s travel time of this precinct. There is no park entry fee at this precinct.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 89 What We Are Going To Do

Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Conserve the natural values Celebrate and nurture of the park contemporary and traditional Aboriginal culture

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The precinct’s vegetation will be managed to The Aboriginal community will be consulted as part of improve the condition of the regenerating a whole-of-national park approach to the protection, bushland and to secure the viability of the management and interpretation of Aboriginal sites and population of Acacia terminalis subsp. terminalis. history.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Monitor potential areas of asbestos contamination As part of the precinct signage package, develop associated with the former army buildings and remove information that provides Aboriginal interpretation of any exposed materials. the precinct and investigate dual naming. Implement a tree replacement strategy consistent Whole of park actions as they apply to with the Conservation Management Plan 2010 for Gap Bluff precinct the precinct. Liaise with local Aboriginal communities on matters Ensure that any replacement plantings do not relating to the protection, management and impede views to the harbour from the Armoury and Officers Mess. interpretation of the Aboriginal cultural heritage of The Gap and South Head area. Whole of park actions as they apply to Gap Bluff precinct Implement Priority Actions for the recovery of Acacia terminalis subsp. terminalis. Engage corporate and community volunteers to assist with the removal of weeds and restoration of the natural bushland. In consultation with Woollahra Council, investigate options for improving the quality of stormwater flowing from the precinct into the harbour. Implement P. cinnamomi management protocols for all works within the precinct.

90 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 03: GAP BLUFF

Outcome 3 Outcome 4 Celebrate the Provide enriching and memorable historic heritage experiences in the park values of the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The archaeological remains, historic Traditional passive recreation opportunities will be maintained buildings, installations and sites will be and enriched with new tourism opportunities that allow a greater conserved and interpreted and, wherever diversity of visitors to experience the magnificence of the harbour possible, made accessible to the public. headland and spectacular coastal walk.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Protect heritage structures from potential The Gap Bluff complex of buildings is currently managed by damage from invasive plants (eg figs) NPWS for conferences, functions and staff accommodation. New visitor behaviour, operation of plant and adaptive uses for the buildings will be investigated to support equipment, vehicles and erosion. sustainable visitor or tourist use and enjoyment. For example, the Whole of park actions as they apply to buildings may be adapted and leased for purposes such as visitor Gap Bluff precinct and tourist accommodation, administration, a restaurant or for conferences and functions. Implement conservation and maintenance Any new buildings or structures are to be located within an area works as specified in the Conservation bounded by the entrance road, the public toilets, the Armoury, the Management Plan 2010. Cottage and the Officers Mess carpark, as marked on the Gap Bluff Implement the NPWS Fortifications of Sydney precinct map. No new buildings are permitted between the Officers and Botany Bay Strategic Plan 2007 in Mess and The Gap. relation to the fortifications within the Gap Upgrade the cliff-edge walking track from Gap Park to the boundary Bluff precinct. of HMAS Watson, to support the Woollahra Council Gap Bluff Provide high-quality interpretive and Suicide Prevention Strategy and improve visual amenity, public safety educational material, considering all and accessibility. methods from static signs to audio and video allowing for consideration of diversity Any new buildings or structures may be leased for purposes consistent amongst visitors and commensurate with with the management principles of the park, including but not limited the significance of Gap Bluff. to visitor or tourist accommodation, conferences and functions, restaurant, café, kiosk and other food outlets. Whole of park actions as they apply to Gap Bluff precinct Implement the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk Strategy 2010. This will involve the upgrading of existing walking tracks and the construction of short sections of walking track to enable links with tracks in adjacent precincts. Provide signs at the entrance to Gap Bluff, including a map and information about the precinct and the national park’s walks.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 91 Outcome 5 Outcome 6 Improved access to the Strengthen and create park for all partnerships

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT To provide opportunities through improved design of Continue to support and build on partnerships including landscape and building interiors for all visitors to enjoy. strong volunteer and government partnerships.

WHAT WE ARE WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO GOING TO DO Provide disabled parking spaces in carparking areas. Introduce park use fees in the parking area at the Cliff Install a multilingual package of directional, entry and Street and Military Road intersection. interpretive signage, so that visitors to the Watsons Bay Maintain liaison with NSW Police and Woollahra Village and the precinct are aware they are visiting a Council regarding operational management of the national park and places of significance. site and the implementation of the Gap Bluff Suicide Prepare a landscape design plan for the Gap Bluff Prevention Strategy. precinct that takes full advantage of the opportunity Strengthen the partnership with Woollahra Council to integrate historic and cultural heritage with native around managing issues of joint concern such as the bushland and the excellent city and coastal views. Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk project, carparks and Whole of park actions as they apply to Gap Park links. Gap Bluff precinct Whole of park actions as they apply to Implement the NPWS Risk Management System in the Gap Bluff precinct park, including regular inspection of high risk structures Continue to support the volunteer bush such as lookouts, fortifications, heritage buildings, regeneration program. bridges and walking tracks along cliffs.

92 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 03: GAP BLUFF

Outcome 7 Outcome 8 Robust management of the Contribute to the goal of easy park is sustained and safe transport to and within the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The precinct will provide an excellent example of Negotiations with adjacent land managers, public how a commercial partnership can be developed to transport providers and local councils will result provide high-quality visitor experiences consistent in transport, traffic and parking solutions that are with park values. acceptable to all.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Realise the potential for exemplary adaptive re- Install directional and interpretive signs to and from use management of the Gap Bluff precinct. Provide Watsons Bay public transport locations. increased opportunities for visitor appreciation and Whole of park actions as they apply to access to the site through investigation of appropriate Gap Bluff precinct and sustainable community and commercial uses. Support and promote the implementation of a regular Whole of park actions as they apply to water transport service to Watsons Bay, as part of an Gap Bluff precinct outer harbour service to Manly, Quarantine Station and Reduce waste collection requirements through recycling Clifton Gardens, to complement the existing Sydney and visitor education programs. Ferries and services. Incorporate specific environmental sustainability Identify routes for bicycle travel to the park consistent requirements into any commercial leases or licences with local government bike plans and, where appropriate, established in the precinct. provide bicycle racks. Continue energy and water saving initiatives such as Permit bicycles on public vehicular roads but not on harvesting rainwater through the installation of water walking tracks. tanks for water re-use in toilets and for external uses including gardens.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 93 94 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 04: NORTH HEAD Precinct 04: North Head

The focus for this precinct is complex. Both the precinct’s cultural and natural heritage is highly significant. The challenge is to successfully manage a range of both potential for an increase in the scope and variety of recreational opportunities traditional and new visitation opportunities based around the sanctuary values is well recognised by land managers and eagerly and high visitation demand, whilst conserving sought by visitors and operators alike. the precinct’s heritage under a whole-of- The nationally significant and National Heritage listed North Head includes the headland approach. Quarantine Station, a site of over 70 heritage buildings. The site provides services in the North Head is characterised by its visual areas of cultural tourism, accommodation, prominence and isolation. The headland conferences and functions under a leasehold holds special significance to Aboriginal arrangement. The operator of the Quarantine people and its location, geology and Station, and potentially those within the history of development and use have given Artillery School, are major partners in rise to a remarkable collection of flora and developing and offering diverse and high- fauna and historic sites. quality experiences for visitors to North Head.

North Head precinct, at 183 hectares North Head is the focus for Project 9 in area, is the largest of all the Sydney North Head Sanctuary based around the Harbour National Park precincts. The precinct concept of the North Head Sanctuary. The surrounds the North Head Sanctuary (former aim of this project is to create a sanctuary School of Artillery) which is managed for endangered flora and fauna across the by the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust whole of North Head. This will involve (SHFT). Together, these public lands form a all North Head stakeholders, volunteers, significant parcel of around 260 hectares tertiary institutions, lessees and other of public parklands. These parklands lend land managers and will also ensure the themselves to a high level of integration integration of the terrestrial areas of across the boundaries of tenure. NPWS is North Head and Dobroyd Head with the committed to working with SHFT to achieve marine protected areas of North Harbour this objective. SHFT has made a significant and Cabbage Tree Bay aquatic reserves. contribution towards such integrated The complex and diverse nature of the management by declaring the Former School headland encompasses components of of Artillery as an environmental ‘sanctuary’. seven other key projects including: This emphasises the sanctuary qualities »» Project 1 Bushland Health inherent in the headland’s status as a virtual »» Project 2 Conservation of Threatened island with only one road entry point Species, Populations and Communities North Head contains relatively intact »» Project 3 Aboriginal Discovery and rare ecosystems and significant Partnership cultural heritage, providing opportunities »» Project 6 Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk for conservation, education, research and recreation. The awe-inspiring views, from »» Project 7 Enhanced Park Access spectacular cliff-top vantage points out to sea »» Project 10 Climate Change Mitigation and across the harbour, attract many visitors. »» Project 12 The Harbour Shuttle North Head is not just a natural Details of these projects are included in landmark but a recreational treasure. The Section 01.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 95 The Precinct and its Context

Description Planning context

North Head forms the northern The precinct falls within the Manly The Sydney Harbour Federation headland of Sydney Harbour. local government area and is zoned Trust Act 2001 applies to lands that Located in the Manly local 8(a) National Park. The North Head adjoin the park. government area, land-based entry School of Artillery is zoned special Under this Act, plans prepared to this precinct is only possible uses 5(a). The entire headland is a by the Trust must accord with the through the Manly central business Foreshore Scenic Protection Area. objects of the Trust. district and residential streets. The Manly Local Environmental North Head Scenic Drive, Plan (LEP) lists the Quarantine NON-STATUTORY PLANS Collins Beach Road and Bluefish Station, North Head fortifications, Non-statutory plans relevant to Road provide public and roadway, walls, School of Artillery this precinct include but are not management vehicular access and cemetery as items of the limited to: routes within the headland. environmental heritage of Manly »» Sharing Sydney Harbour Access under Schedule 4 of the LEP. The headland includes the Plan (SSHAP) 2003 Quarantine Station in Sydney Of further relevance to this »» Sydney Harbour Foreshores and Harbour National Park, former precinct, has prepared Waterways Area Development School of Artillery and North coastline management plans for Control Plan 2005. This DCP is Fort Artillery Museum managed North Harbour and Manly Cove. a non-statutory document that by SHFT, Australian Institute of Other legislation requiring supports the Harbour SEPP and Police Management (AIPM) and the consideration includes but is not applies to Sydney Harbour and North Head Sewerage Treatment limited to: its foreshores. Plant. A number of institutions Further details about the are located between the North »» Rural Fires Act 1997 planning context are provided in Head precinct and the Manly »» Threatened Species Conservation Section 04 Appendices. residential area including St Paul’s Act 1995 College school, St Patrick’s Estate »» Fisheries Management Act 1994 including the International College No 38 of Management and new boutique »» Fisheries Management (Aquatic housing, and Manly Hospital. Reserves) Regulation 2002 The Sydney Harbour National »» Environment Protection and Park component of North Head Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) is 183.52 hectares of the total Act 1999 of around 275 hectares. The remainder of the land is managed North Head – Sydney, of which by SHFT (73.75 hectares of which Sydney Harbour National Park is 10 hectares is the Department a part, has been assessed by the of Defence’s, North Fort), Sydney Australian Heritage Council and was Water (16.06 hectares) and the included as a place on the National Australian Institute of Police Heritage List in 2006. Management (1.74 hectares).

96 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 04: NORTH HEAD Significant Values and Considerations

Natural features

North Head was formed 90 boundary between the sands and vegetation communities on the million years ago during the Late the Hawkesbury Sandstone. These headland: coastal rock-plate heath, Cretaceous Period. Following feed the perennial stream entering coastal sandstone plateau heath, rifting of the Tasman Sea and the harbour at Collins Beach, the Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub uplift of the Hornsby Plateau, stream at Quarantine Station and (ESBS), coastal sandstone ridge- stream erosion began to cut into the stream flowing beside the top woodland, coastal sandstone the plateau surface. This erosion Sewage Treatment Works. gully forest, littoral thicket and a excavated the valley system now small patch of temperate littoral The North Head precinct flooded by Sydney Harbour and rainforest. The coastal sandstone contains a more expansive area of left behind the ridges and plateau heaths and scrub form dense bushland than any other precinct remnants forming the high ground vegetation thickets up to 2 metres in the park, and protection of the and headlands around the harbour. high on shallow stony soils on natural heritage values are a high There have been at least eight Hawkesbury Sandstone. The heath priority for this precinct. North sea level changes over the past is dominated by sclerophyllous Head has a mosaic of vegetation 700,000 years, and as a result of vegetation such as heath banksia communities including Sydney these changes in sea level, North Banksia ericifolia, coastal banksia Harbour’s most extensive area of Head has on various occasions B. integrifolia, red bloodwood heath and scrub vegetation; the formed a mesa, an island and a Corymbia gummifera, smooth- most notable being the largest tied island. The main valleys of barked apple , remaining example of Eastern North Head are the landward various heath species, and tea-tree Suburbs Banksia Scrub (ESBS), extensions of these ancient valleys Leptospermum laevigatum. Common listed as an endangered ecological in the bed of Sydney Harbour. The ESBS species include B. ericifolia, community. The natural ecosystems largest valley extends from Manly B. serrata, Eriostemon australasius, have been partly protected by Hospital to Collins Beach and is Leptospermum laevigatum, North Head’s isolation, but even the landward extension of the Monotoca elliptica, Pteridium within this precinct have been palaeovalley in Spring Cove. esculentum, Ricinicarpos pinifolius both fragmented and subjected to and Xanthorrhoea resinifera. The North Head is a tied island, varying degrees of human impact. coastal sandstone gully forest with composed primarily of Triassic This includes clearance of much of smooth-barked apple Angophora age sandstone, shale and laminite the headland for military purposes. costata, grey gum E. punctata and from the Hawkesbury Sandstone North Head’s unusual history of forest red gum E. tereticornis is and Newport Formations, which development and management found on more sheltered slopes are exposed in the cliffs and rock has left a legacy on the landscape. and near creeklines such as on the platforms from outer North Head However, even the lawn areas western side of North Head. Coastal to Headland. Above within North Head provide sandstone ridgetop woodland with the 60 metre contour, North important habitat for at least smooth-barked apple and bangalay Head is a plateau with a central some species, such as long-nosed E. botryoides is found in more north-south trending ridge of bandicoots Perameles nasuta which exposed sandstone slopes. Pleistocene-aged dune sands up forage extensively in these to 30 metres thick. These sands grassed areas. There are four plant species are a significant aquifer; wetlands listed under the NSW TSC Act or the Approximately 460 species are developed where the sand Commonwealth EPBC Act recorded of plants have been found at deposits are shallow and where on North Head: the sunshine North Head within the different sand chokes valleys on the western wattle Acacia terminalis subsp. vegetation communities. Recent side and springs rise at the terminalis (endangered); Camfield’s mapping identifies eight different

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 97 stringybark Eucalyptus camfieldii importance is the declaration little eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides, (vulnerable); the hairy geebung of ‘critical habitat’ for the little spotted harrier Circus assimilis, Persoonia hirsuta (endangered); and penguin population, which includes powerful owl Ninox strenua, barking the rice flower Pimelea curviflora nesting and potential nesting areas owl Ninox connivens, grey-headed var. curviflora (vulnerable); although in this precinct from west of Collins flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus the latter species may be a planted Beach to Cannae Point and includes and the eastern bentwing-bat individual. In addition, a further five Collins, Store and Quarantine Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis. regionally significant plant species Beaches; foraging habitat which Whilst not all of these species are occur across North Head: Guringalia extends up to 50 metres from the resident, (for example, some such dimorpha, Hibbertia nitida, Darwinia shore line and lies within North as the wide-ranging grey-headed leptantha, Erythrorchis cassythoides (Sydney) Harbour Aquatic Reserve, flying-fox, powerful and barking and Rulinga hermanniifolia. is included as critical habitat. owls just forage within the precinct Fox control to protect both these intermittently), maintaining suitable The fauna and flora of this threatened populations, has been habitat for these species is a precinct are perhaps better identified as a high priority in the priority for this precinct. known than other precincts, as state-wide Fox Threat Abatement numerous flora and fauna surveys Despite North Head’s relative Plan. Any works or developments have been conducted for the isolation, there are a number of in these precincts will need to be headland including a systematic threats to the biodiversity conserved consistent with the conservation of survey in 1986 and recent surveys in this precinct which include: these two populations. commissioned by SHFT. A total »» Predation of flora and fauna by of 146 fauna species have been In addition to threatened fauna domestic and feral animals recorded within the North Head species, 28 regionally significant »» Fatalities due to vehicular traffic precinct including 106 bird species fauna species have been recorded (seven of which are introduced on the headland. Some introduced »» Fragmentation and loss of species), 20 mammals (nine of species, in addition to foxes, have habitat due to clearing for which are introduced species), the potential to impact on flora and development of carparks, 14 reptiles and six amphibians. fauna on North Head, particularly walking tracks and new facilities However, some of these species the introduced black rat and the »» Weed infestation such as the brown antechinus rabbit. At times, introduced rabbit »» Inappropriate fire regimes Antechinus stuartii and the native populations on North Head can »» Stormwater run-off causing bush rat Rattus fuscipes now no be large, and have the potential changes to nutrient levels, longer occur. to impact on the Eastern Suburbs erosion, weed seed dispersal Banksia Scrub EEC and regeneration Probably the most significant and leading to dieback and the of other species, particularly post- elements of the fauna at North spread of fungus Phytophthora fire, as well as on cultural heritage Head are the two populations cinnamomi. values; at such times, rabbit control listed as endangered under the is a priority for this precinct. Addressing these threats to TSC Act: the endangered long- ensure that the natural heritage nosed bandicoot Perameles nasuta The extensive bushland of North values of North Head are population at North Head and Head provides habitat for at least maintained, is a priority for the endangered little penguin seven threatened fauna species this precinct. Eudyptula minor population in listed as vulnerable: red-crowned the Manly Point area. Of further toadlet Pseudophryne australis,

98 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 04: NORTH HEAD

Cultural history

North Head precinct is part of the Both rock engravings and beaches. In the 1890s, the western Kay-ye-my clan’s traditional Country. painted motifs occur at North Head. boundary of the quarantine area Over hundreds if not thousands Engravings occur in rock shelters was defined by a stone wall. of years, the park and surrounds and on open rock platforms, and Modified in the 1930s, it now acts provided essentials for life, being include footprints, a fish or whale, as a physical boundary to the shelter, food resources and fresh a , circles and a shark. relatively undeveloped, natural water. North Head was also a pivotal A source of white and reddish/ bushland areas of North Head. point for Aboriginal ceremony. brown ochre has been located on North Head remained isolated North Head. Evidence of Aboriginal use of until 1859 when a 60-acre land North Head has been recorded A declared Aboriginal Place grant adjoining the quarantine area in at least 35 separate locations (Guringai Resting Place – Quarantine was made for the construction of a across this landscape. Sites include Station) is located on North Head Catholic Archbishop’s residence. rock engravings, rock shelters with and Aboriginal place names have A seminary was built on this land in deposit and/or art, open camp been recorded for locations on the 1879. sites, middens and burials. Most southern side of North Head, and It was not until the 1930s that sites are concentrated on the include Boree, and Garungal or major defence installations were western, harbour-side of North Car-gang-gel. constructed at North Head. The Head, generally in association with As the most dominant harbour construction of gun emplacements, the small coves and beaches and headland, North Head was magazines, engine room, pump close to fresh water sources. of importance for navigation chambers, tunnels and plotting The shell middens commonly from First Fleet times. By 1809, room and the mounting of guns occur in rock shelters, usually with navigational plans showed an were completed early in 1936 and shallow deposits. A range of rocky obelisk in the area that would were based on the assessment shore shell species but very few become the quarantine station. of the potential threat from the fish and marine bone and few A ten metre high obelisk still Japanese navy. The barracks stone artefacts have been recorded exists on this site making it and other accommodation were in these shelters. Implements potentially one of the oldest constructed in the late 1930s. include a shell possibly hafted onto European structures on the During World War II, North Head was the end of spear throwers (one foreshores of Sydney Harbour. one of the most heavily fortified of three locations in Sydney) and From 1828, Spring Cove was sites in Australian history. The radar there is possible evidence for skin used for ship-based quarantine station installed at Blue Fish in 1942 working identified on stone and until quarantine activities were is one of only two installed and is bone artefacts from earlier undated transferred to Quarantine Beach, the oldest surviving in Australia. excavations in rock shelters at in 1837 where on-shore facilities The Army School of Artillery was Collins Cove. At least two edge- were established. Store Beach established at North Head in 1946 ground axes have been located at to the north provided a separate and the strength of the school North Head, as well a small number point of entry for supplies and fluctuated over the years with a of stone flakes. personnel. Although the whole resurgence in the 1960s during the of the headland was set aside for Vietnam War. Due to the isolation At least one burial has been quarantine purposes, the area close and limitations of the site, the located in a rock shelter on North to Quarantine Beach developed as school was relocated to Victoria in Head, associated with shell material. the focus for quarantine activity 1998.The School of Artillery is now The skeleton of a child and an adult with functional areas located on managed by the Sydney Harbour were removed from a rock shelter the valleys, hillsides and ridges Federation Trust (SHFT). at Cannae Point in the 1960s. surrounding Store and Quarantine PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 99 Recreation

North Head’s deep-water Naturalness varies widely across educational programs. In addition anchorages, rugged cliffs and the precinct with nooks of more to other transport options, the landward isthmus provided an natural areas accessible by foot for Quarantine Station wharf is easily-guarded, naturally-isolated those visitors seeking quietness available for visitor transfer by site for quarantine purposes. This and seclusion, while other areas are water taxi or other vessels. sense of isolation has since been open and modified from the The precinct’s walking tracks reinforced by: natural state. and routes connect with those on »» the Catholic Church’s St Patrick’s The headland is a spectacular other public land tenures including Estate and the Commonwealth vantage point for regular local the walk to Shelly Beach and Little government’s control of the visitors and tourists. Sights include Manly Cove. Connectivity between area which has resulted in the ships passing through Sydney the national park visitor sites in this persistence of most of the Heads and the seasonal whale precinct is through the North Head headland’s native vegetation migration. Major events such as the Sanctuary managed by the SHFT. start of the annual Sydney Hobart »» views into and from North The three beaches in this precinct Yacht Race and New Year’s Eve Head, in particular from the provide for still-water swimming fireworks attract large crowds and Quarantine Station, in which and non-motorised boat landing. little development is visible have been and will continue to be well managed by NPWS. NPWS will The precinct is generally »» the landmark location of North continue to work with the Trust unsuitable for group picnics with Head at the mouth of Middle and the Quarantine Station lessees few open grass areas. However, the Harbour and the seaward to ensure events that attract North Head Sanctuary has easily entrance to Port Jackson from large numbers of visitors are well accessible picnic sites and also a the Pacific Ocean managed and adequately consider visitor centre, self-guided walk, »» the relatively large scale and the headland’s wildlife. Large museum and café. size of North Head in the sections of the national park’s With significant population context of Port Jackson’s scale. bushland habitat are protected increases projected in older age North Head precinct is served from visitation impacts, in that groups and the generally flat by a ferry from Circular Quay to access to these areas is prohibited. nature of the headland, improved Manly Wharf and by bus from By developing a system of walking opportunities for the mobility Manly Wharf. Private vehicles can tracks and restricting activities impaired, such as bird hides and access the precinct through Manly, such as triathlons and other sports high standard tracks and lookout with carparking locations at three to roads and walking tracks, these platforms, would be well utilised. sites within the precinct. areas will remain protected. Visitor numbers are highest in A wide range of recreation The precinct includes the the Fairfax Lookout and Quarantine activities take place in North Head 30-hectare Quarantine Station area Station areas and lowest along the precinct delivering a range of managed by a lessee principally Blue Fish Track. experiences across iconic, cultural for tourism purposes. Visitor and urban respite themes. There is opportunities provided by the an overwhelming sense of isolation lessee include dining, a range of from every day city life. accommodation types, guided tours, function and conference venues, a visitor centre and

100 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 04: NORTH HEAD

The precinct’s individual sites ADVENTURE ACTIVITIES »» Trampling of vegetation and vary in their level of attraction. Background the creation of new tracks is Fairfax Lookout attracts a significant damaging to the environment and Rock climbing is prohibited number of international, national to the flora and fauna of the area under the National Parks and and state visitors. Store Beach, Wildlife Regulation except where »» Rescue operations Blue Fish Track and the Quarantine climbing is expressly approved in are hazardous Station attract a significant number the relevant plan of management. »» Geotechnical reports indicate of Sydneysiders and Collins Flat Across NSW, approval for climbing that the cliffs at North Head are Beach is overwhelmingly visited by has been granted in specific unstable local residents. areas within Blue Mountains, »» Much of the face at North Head There is a park use fee at Warrumbungle and Ku-ring-gai is comprised of poor quality, carparks on the headland. Other Chase national parks. Approval ‘chossy’ rock. sites do not have an entry cost for has not previously been provided »» Fishing clubs have voiced day visitors. North Head Sanctuary in Sydney Harbour National Park concern about any outcomes does not currently charge a park due to the small size of the park, in the plan of management entry or use fee. the incompatibility with other that may impact their ability to Visitor numbers and visitor park users and the environmental utilise ladders on the cliff faces behaviour are having a noticeable impacts associated with rock to access the rock platforms. impact on recreational quality at climbing. North Head precinct will be Store Beach and Collins Beach, Desired Outcome included in the preparation of a particularly during the summer »» To provide opportunities for park-wide strategy to be known as months. This is generally attributed special visitor experiences the Sydney Harbour National Park to a lack of nearby toilet facilities through carefully selected Cliff Access Strategy (SHNPCAS). and wind and water-borne litter, and controlled adventure The SHNPCAS will assess the rather than litter left by visitors. activities that involve minimal suitability of specific locations risk to participants and for in the park for controlled cliff environmental damage. access. The assessment process Issues will include consideration of the »» Adventure activities such as following: rock climbing have the potential »» Expert advice on the suitability to conflict with other park uses of the various sections of rock at North Head. The number face for climbing activities, of visitors to North Head is including but not limited to, a increasing and most visitors visit geotechnical report North Head for the harbour and »» Advice from NSW Police and city views, for whale watching other rescue agencies and for viewing specific harbour events such as the start of the »» The availability of practical Sydney Hobart Yacht Race. options for restricting access to the cliff edge »» There is an acknowledged increased risk to visitors who may be enticed to the cliff edge to view rock climbers

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 101 Built environment and services

»» The adequacy and legality of any fixing The precinct has an extensive collection points or other infrastructure used to of buildings and structures, mostly access the cliff edge or cliff face located at the Quarantine Station, with 65 »» An assessment of the environmental buildings in total. The precinct’s World War impacts of installing any II defence structures are extensive and required infrastructure range in levels of significance, although are generally in poor condition. Other land »» The development of a program to managers have equally large numbers of conduct ongoing monitoring of buildings located at the School of Artillery, any approved sites in regard to Australian Institute of Police Management, environmental condition and safety. North Fort Museum, Sydney Water Approval will only be given for Sewerage Treatment plant and the adjacent access to sites that satisfy all of these complexes of Manly Hospital and St matters and subject to the implementation Patrick’s Estate. The North Fort area in the of any conditions arising from the North Head Sanctuary is being considered assessment processes. as a visitor hub for the whole headland, A lease or licence may be issued for the with reorganisation and upgrading of installation, maintenance and operation of carparking, toilets and café and visitor any infrastructure identified in information facilities. the SHNPCAS. The precinct includes a network Orienteering and rogaining will be of roads, walking tracks, carparks and permitted on formed walking tracks and pathways. Services include town water, roads with written consent. Provision of a risk electricity and different levels of assessment and appropriate public liability sewerage management. insurance will be a requirement for consent.

Base jumping is not permitted in Sydney Harbour National Park.

Support will continue for relevant groups and authorities with search and rescue activities in the planning area.

An opportunity may arise in co-operation with an approved commercial operator, to provide safe access to the rock platform for anglers.

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PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 103 What We Are Going To Do

Outcome 1 Conserve the natural values of the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The headland’s ecosystems, through a whole-of-headland approach, will be conserved through active management including the amelioration of environmental impacts associated with pest species, inappropriate visitor use and past land-use practice.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Enter into an agreement, such as a Memorandum of Understanding initially with SHFT and the other major land managers on the headland, to secure optimal management of the headland’s natural heritage. Work with NSW Department of Primary Industries (DPI), SHFT and other key stakeholders to expand the North Head Sanctuary to incorporate the Cabbage Tree Bay Aquatic Reserve and North Harbour Aquatic Reserve. Investigate linking the aquatic reserves around the headland with the national park through establishing an intertidal or marine protected area. Support SHFT in the implementation of the ‘Sydney Harbour Green Precincts’ energy and water project and expand where appropriate. Support Manly Council and SHFT in the ‘no domestic pet policy’ for those living within the precinct and in close proximity to boundaries. Maintain the evening North Head Scenic Drive road closures to reduce wildlife fatalities and control vandalism. Liaise with the NSW Department of Health regarding the potential transfer or rezoning of those lands below Manly Hospital which may have sufficient natural heritage values to warrant their inclusion in the park. Whole of park actions as they apply to North Head precinct Establish and implement strategies to facilitate the continued systematic collection of floristic and faunal data of bushland areas, to support base data collected in 1986. Investigate re-introduction of native fauna species that once lived on the headland, working with SHFT and other North Head stakeholders. Prepare and implement a strategy to improve the management of stormwater flowing into and across the park and into the harbour in partnership with Manly Council, Manly Hospital and individual neighbours. As part of this strategy, give consideration to the future management of lands at the rear of Manly Hospital above Collins Beach as a means of improved management of this environment and, in particular, the area of littoral rainforest. Continue to implement the recovery plans for the endangered species, communities and populations found on the headland including E. minor and P. nasuta populations, littoral rainforest and ESBS. Implement innovative energy and water saving initiatives and reduce waste collection requirements through recycling and visitor education programs. Prepare and implement a policy for the management of vegetation that detracts from or impedes cultural and public viewscapes, such as from major lookouts and fortifications. Amend the fire management strategy for the headland as new research on threatened species requirements, maintenance of biodiversity and asset protection becomes available. Rehabilitate tracks and trails constructed for prescribed burning or wildfire operations. Prioritise the rehabilitation of threatened species habitat in precinct weed management programs. Retain exotic species with significant cultural values and manage them to prevent spread into native plant communities.

104 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 04: NORTH HEAD

Outcome 2 Outcome 3 Celebrate and nurture contemporary Celebrate the historic and traditional Aboriginal culture heritage values of the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The significance of North Head to the Aboriginal people is The precinct’s historic heritage will be managed acknowledged and respected. The management and interpretation and conserved in a whole-of-headland context, of sites, and spiritual and historical connections, will involve the providing greater opportunity for understanding Aboriginal people of Sydney. of its range and complexity.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Investigate the development of a bush food and medicinal plant and Continue to lease the Quarantine Station animal interpretive walking track at North Head. buildings for the purposes permitted under Research stories concerning little penguin E. minor and its the Conditions of Approval and Lease 2002 significance to the Aboriginal community past and present. including accommodation and ancillary facilities, conferences, functions and Whole of park actions as they apply to North Head precinct events, restaurant and educational and Continue to liaise with the local Aboriginal community on matters guided activities. The site and collections relating to the protection, management and interpretation of are to be managed consistent with the Aboriginal cultural heritage across the headland and including the headland’s status on the National marine protected areas. Heritage List. Research and facilitate recording of contemporary, contact and pre- Remove vegetation growing in heritage contact culture of the precinct, including regular inspection and structures and protect these structures recording of Aboriginal site condition. from physical damage from erosion, visitors, Undertake conservation works in consultation with the local vehicles and other plant and equipment Aboriginal community to protect Aboriginal sites if any are being such as mowers. negatively impacted by visitors, feral animals or any other natural or Record, assess and prepare a conservation artificial process. program for stone structures including walls Facilitate on-park activities to encourage improved understanding of on the headland. Aboriginal culture among both the Aboriginal and Record and conserve rock engravings at Old non-Aboriginal community. Mans Hat. Consider dual naming of locations within the precinct to reflect Whole of park actions as they apply to previous and ongoing connection to Country. North Head precinct The recommendations of the Quarantine Station Conservation Management Plan will continue to be implemented. Conserve, manage and interpret the precinct’s military history and sites in a whole-of-headland context, implementing the recommendations in the NPWS Fortifications of Sydney Harbour and Botany Bay Strategic Plan 2007.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 105 Outcome 4 Provide enriching and memorable experiences in the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The range of recreational opportunities will be maintained but will be reviewed in light of visitor impacts at Fairfax Lookout and the three beaches. Management will be guided by the headland sanctuary objectives and will be sensitive to the precinct’s significant natural and cultural values.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Work with SHFT to share the new proposed ‘entry point’ to the sanctuary on North Fort Road. Assess and, where required, improve precinct carparking and other visitor facilities and services in consultation with SHFT, to enhance enjoyment and to complement those offered by adjacent public parkland providers. Locations on North Head will be assessed as part of the Sydney Harbour National Park Cliff Access Strategy for possible use for rock climbing, access for rock fishing and commercial tours. Erect signs to manage the illegal use and installation of ladders and other equipment used to climb the rock faces at North Head. Ensure management of vehicle access during special events is consistent with the objectives of the park and the sanctuary concept and with the development and implementation of a transport management policy. Investigate the installation of toilet facilities in the Collins Beach area. Reduce risks to wildlife by implementing measures to discourage inappropriate after hours use of the precinct. Work with St Patrick’s Estate and Manly Council to secure access for the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk (SHSW) from Shelley Beach through St Patrick’s land, to the boundary of Sydney Harbour National Park. Whole of park actions as they apply to North Head precinct Continue to work with SHFT and other North Head stakeholders to develop the SHSW with a commitment to minimal environmental impact and visitor safety. The Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk Strategy 2010 includes a number of proposed new walking tracks, the upgrading of others and the formalisation of lookouts on the headland. These include some of the following: A new walking track is proposed around the outer margin of the one way section of North Head Scenic Drive, to improve safety for visitors by providing separation of pedestrians from vehicle traffic. A new walking track is to be constructed from the roundabout at the entrance to the Quarantine Station to the carpark at the end of Collins Beach Road. A new walking track is proposed in the bushland at the back of Collins Beach to provide an alternative to the beach access. A new low key lookout is proposed on the eastern side of North Head at the end of the old vehicle track off Gunners Walk. This will provide walkers with excellent coastal views and whale watching opportunities. Rationalise the section of the SHSW which follows the boundary fence of the Sewerage Treatment Plant from North Head to Blue Fish Point. Full details are available in the document A Strategy for the Development of a Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk 2010 prepared by Gondwana Consulting.

106 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 04: NORTH HEAD

Outcome 5 Outcome 6 Improved access to the park for all Strengthen and create partnerships

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT North Head precinct will provide a wide range of opportunities OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT for people including those with disabilities and those from a Continue to support and build on existing diversity of cultural and linguistic backgrounds. partnerships and create new partnerships.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Provide high-quality, well-designed landscape elements at the Investigate opportunities to integrate the entrance to North Head at Park Hill Arch to demonstrate pride and visitor services and cultural tourism products excitement at what lies beyond on North Head. offered at the Quarantine Station with other Prepare and implement an integrated signage package for the visitor experiences across the park. precinct including entry, information, directional, regulatory and Manage the little penguin critical habitat interpretive signage. area in liaison with the Penguin Wardens, Construct a visitor viewing platform at the lookout adjacent to Taronga Zoo, Manly Council, NSW the North Fort entrance. Consideration is to be given to a design Roads and Maritime Services and NPWS competition for this structure. Threatened Species Unit. Improve access by developing new opportunities for the mobility In collaboration with all North Head impaired. These may include bird hides, accessible walking land managers, prepare a North Head tracks, lookout platforms, and potentially new improved access Masterplan to guide the development and opportunities in aquatic reserves. delivery of integrated visitor services, including the walking track network, Whole of park actions as they apply to North Head precinct parking and public toilet facilities. The plan Seek advice from Manly Council Access Committee and others on will be publicly exhibited and improved and increased opportunities for the mobility impaired to comments invited. enjoy the precinct. Strengthen partnerships with groups such Investigate the provision of multilingual translations when preparing as the North Head Sanctuary , interpretive, promotional and educational materials. Manly Council and the Manly community Ensure provision of adequate designated disabled parking spaces in generally to actively support, engage and all carparks in the precinct. work towards the holistic management of Design and adapt educational and interpretive facilities to be North Head. accessible for the mobility impaired. Where appropriate, involve all North Head and Dobroyd Head stakeholders, DPI, volunteers, tertiary institutions, lessees and other land and aquatic area stakeholders and managers in the integrated management of the terrestrial areas of North Head and Dobroyd Head with the marine protected areas of North (Sydney) Harbour and Cabbage Tree Bay aquatic reserves.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 107 Outcome 7 Outcome 8 Robust management of Contribute to the goal of easy and the park is sustained safe transport to and within the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The precinct will provide an excellent example of sound park management, OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT particularly in the areas of sustainability Manage and promote transport to, from and within the precinct and the management of natural and in a way that supports and does not compromise the goals of the cultural heritage values. North Head sanctuary.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Utilise the opportunity of a whole-of- Work with SHFT, other North Head stakeholders and transport headland approach to implement research, operators to develop regular, safe and economical transport options education and interpretation programs for the precinct. about the uniqueness of North Head within Consider a range of options for the movement of visitors within the the urban environment and add to the precinct including access via Quarantine Station wharf. knowledge bank of the possible effects of Review the road network and parking options in a whole-of- climate change. headland approach. Whole of park actions as they apply to Whole of park actions as they apply to North Head precinct North Head precinct Identify routes for bicycle travel to the park consistent with local Strongly commit to the management of government bike plans and, where appropriate, provide threatened species, populations and bicycle racks. communities through the implementation of actions in relevant recovery plans, the Bicycles are permitted on public vehicular roads and service trails, priorities action statement and threat including on designated routes within the Quarantine Station, but not abatement plans to ensure the long-term on walking tracks throughout the precinct. persistence of viable populations.

108 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 04: NORTH HEAD

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 109 110 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 05: DOBROYD HEAD Precinct 05: Dobroyd Head

Dobroyd Head precinct provides the pivotal link between a number of areas of remnant bushland around the harbour. The intact condition of Dobroyd Head’s vegetation The precinct, like many others in Sydney Harbour National Park, has a unique results in natural values being given a combination of ecological, historical, social and recreational features. These dominant priority in this precinct. include the Aboriginal rock engravings and navigation lighthouse at Grotto Point, Other important values of the precinct seven huts at Crater Valley, the secluded include a number of easily accessible Reef Beach with an Aboriginal midden and Aboriginal engraving sites and the burial site and a high diversity of flora cluster of historic huts at Crater Valley. and fauna. Recreational opportunities will focus on low impact activities such as bush The Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk and walking, Discovery tours and learning and subsidiary tracks link these localities, educational activities. Adventure activities allowing in-depth exploration of the will be discouraged. precinct and beyond.

Dobroyd Head precinct is located in the To improve access and visitor enjoyment suburbs of Clontarf and and to ensure the long-term viability and and forms part of the and integrity of the bush, Dobroyd Head North Harbour foreshores. The precinct precinct has been targeted in key projects extends from Castle Rock in the south west in the plan of management. These include: to Forty Baskets Beach in the north west »» Project 1 Bushland Health and and covers an area of 75 hectares. Its four »» Project 6 Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk kilometres of shoreline includes Washaway Beach, Grotto Point, Crater Valley and Reef Details of these projects are included in Beach, all linked by the Sydney Harbour Section 01. Scenic Walk.

Arabanoo Lookout and are located on the plateau above and the precinct includes a number of other scenic vantage points offering great views of the harbour, Manly, Quarantine Station and .

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 111 The Precinct and its Context

Description Planning context

Dobroyd Head precinct lies to the The precinct falls within the Further details about the west of North Head, forming the Manly local government area planning context are provided in western boundary of the North and is zoned 8 – National Park Section 04 Appendices. (Sydney) Harbour Aquatic Reserve in the local environmental and the northern boundary at plan. Within the Dobroyd Head the entrance to Middle Harbour. precinct, the Fortifications, Crater The nearest Sydney suburbs are Valley Huts, Grotto Point Light, Balgowlah and Clontarf. and the landscapes of Dobroyd Headland and Grotto Point and The precinct contains one of the the Harbour Foreshores are listed largest areas of native bushland under Schedule 4 as items of the remaining on Sydney Harbour’s environmental heritage of Manly foreshores, with its protection local government area. secured as part of the original reservation of Sydney Harbour National Park in 1975.

The diversity and richness of flora and fauna species is similar to North Head. These two headlands are linked by North (Sydney) Harbour Aquatic Reserve offering a breadth of protected area terrestrial and marine habitats, supporting flora and fauna populations such as the endangered little penguin Eudyptula minor population. The gazetted critical habitat for the E. minor population covers both North Head and Dobroyd Head.

112 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 05: DOBROYD HEAD

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 113 Significant Values and Considerations

Natural features

After North Head, Dobroyd Head she-oak Allocasuarina distyla, tea An additional three regionally precinct contains the largest trees Leptospermum laevigatum significant plant species, Platysace remnant of relatively undisturbed and various other heath species stephensonii, Rulingia hermanniifolia bushland in Sydney Harbour including Epacris spp. On the and Leucopogon amplexicaulis were National Park. The spectacular slopes and low ridge-tops (up found at Dobroyd Head during the landscape is dominated by to 10 metres) most recent vegetation survey. Hawkesbury Sandstone of moderate ridge-top woodland occurs, and in These varied vegetation relief with steep slopes and low more sheltered locations, coastal communities also support a cliffs above a rocky shoreline, with sandstone gully forest dominated moderately diverse fauna that some sandy beaches. Triassic age by bangalay Eucalyptus botryoides, is representative of the fauna sandstone, shale and laminite from smooth-barked apple Angophora community that was once more the Hawkesbury sandstone and costata, and red bloodwood widespread around the harbour Newport formations are exposed Corymbia gummifera occurs. In the foreshores. Around 107 species in the cliffs and rock platforms. wetter gullies, understorey species have been recorded from Dobroyd Two basaltic dykes, presumed to include the tall shrubs Callicoma Head in the past, including five be of Jurassic age, intrude the serratifolia, lilly-pilly Acmena species of frog, 21 species of Triassic rocks. Above the contour smithii and sweet pittosporum reptile, 69 species of native of Dobroyd Head is a plateau with Pittosporum undulatum. The latter bird and seven species of native a central north-south trending species is becoming a significant mammal. However, some of these ridge of Pleistocene-aged dune environmental weed. Within this species, such as the native bush sands up to 30 metres thick. These precinct there are scattered rocky rat Rattus fuscipes and the brown sands are a significant aquifer; outcrops and small seepage antechinus Antechinus stuartii, wetlands are developed where areas dominated by the regionally are now locally extinct on the the sand deposits are shallow and significant shrub headland. Some additional species where sand chokes valleys on the Rulinga hermanniifolia. of microbat probably also utilise western side and springs rise at the This precinct harbours a the headland, but there has been boundary between the sands and diverse flora, with the most recent little surveying for micro-bats the Hawkesbury Sandstone. vegetation survey recording 300 across most of the precincts in Dobroyd Head precinct contains native plant species but also 103 Sydney Harbour National Park. A a mosaic of vegetation communities introduced weed species. Two number of feral animal species typical of Hawkesbury Sandstone endangered plant species: the occur in this precinct including five including coastal sandstone plateau sunshine wattle Acacia terminalis introduced bird species, introduced heath (some of which is wet heath subsp. terminalis and the magenta rats, foxes, and rabbits. and sedgeland), coastal rock plate lilly-pilly Syzigium paniculatum have Three fauna species listed as heath, coastal sandstone headland been recorded from this precinct, vulnerable under the Threatened scrub, coastal sandstone ridge-top although the latter species is Species Conservation Act 1995 woodland and coastal sandstone understood to have been planted (TSC Act), the red-crowned toadlet gully forest. The heath and scrub in the hut garden in the 1930s and Pseudophryne australis, the communities form dense vegetation is unlikely to be a local, indigenous grey-headed flying-fox Pteropus thickets on shallow stony soils species. poliocephalus and the powerful and dominant species include the owl Ninox strenua, are recorded heath and coastal Banksias Banksia regularly within this precinct. The ericifolia and B. integrifolia, scrub

114 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 05: DOBROYD HEAD

Cultural history

latter two species regularly forage Although not part of the There are a number of Aboriginal within the precinct, and P. australis critical habitat declaration for the sites recorded in the vicinity is a resident species with scattered endangered little penguin population of the precinct including an records across the headland. In Eudyptula minor in Sydney’s North archaeological midden deposit addition, the critically endangered Harbour, the eastern shorelines of and engraving at Reef Beach, rock regent honeyeater Anthochaera Dobroyd Head have been identified engravings at Grotto Point and phrygia is an occasional visitor to as potential nesting habitat for the hand stencils in a rock shelter near the area when suitable species population. Any future works in this Forty Baskets Beach (not in the are flowering, being most recently part of the precinct should ensure national park). recorded in 2004. The vulnerable that this habitat is maintained and The Reef Beach midden was superb fruit-dove Ptilinopus not adversely impacted. partly eroded by a high tide and superbus has been recorded The location of Tania Park at the storm in May 1974, when human only on a single occasion and top of the plateau has implications skeletal material was exposed is undoubtedly a vagrant. Any for the drainage and vegetation and removed. This was found to works or developments in this below in Sydney Harbour National be an Aboriginal burial site and precinct should also apply the Park. A plan of management has recent repatriation of Aboriginal considerations for the protection of been prepared by Manly Council for remains has resulted in the site’s P. australis habitat outlined under Seaforth Oval, Keirle Park and Tania designation as an Aboriginal Place. the Bradleys Head precinct profile, Park. It makes recommendations as well as ensure the protection of In January 1788, Arthur Phillip for water flow and nutrient level habitat for other threatened and noted Aboriginal people living management as well as covering non-threatened fauna and flora in caves at what is now Wellings a number of other management species. In addition to threatened Reserve, to the north west of issues which have direct relevance species, 17 species of regionally Dobroyd Head in Manly Cove, to Sydney Harbour National Park. significant fauna such as the she- North Harbour. The Aboriginal Protecting core bushland areas and oak skink Cyclodomorphus michaeli, people living around Sydney their associated natural heritage southern scaly-foot Pygopus Harbour referred to themselves values from the impacts of high lepidopus (a legless lizard which as the with the Cannalgal, nutrient loads, weed invasion and is often mistaken for a snake), Kay-ye-my and Cammeragal other impacts associated with the water rat Hydromys chrysogaster, clans living on the north side of adjoining urban areas, should be a eastern stone gecko Diplodactylus Sydney Harbour. Looking out over high priority for this precinct. vittatus, tree-base litter skink Carlia Middle Head, Arabanoo Lookout foliorum, white-bellied sea-eagle is named after the Aboriginal man Haliaeetus leucogaster, rock warbler kidnapped in December 1788, Origma solitaria and whistling kite on Governor Phillip’s orders, to Haliastur sphenurus may be found in establish communications with the this predominantly bushland precinct. Aboriginal people. Grotto Point was first named by the exploratory expedition of

Captain Hunter and Lieutenant Bradley, who moored there on the night of 28 January 1788.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 115 Built environment and services

From the 1870s, Balgowlah Few people lived at Crater Valley The Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk Heights was part of Sydney’s during the Depression, although passes through the park at Dobroyd defences. The land at Dobroyd some of the men who built the first Head. This section of the walk is Head was designated Reserve hut sometimes stayed in their hut well known as part of the Manly Number 6 for harbour defences in for a few weeks at a time. Use of the Scenic Walk, a very popular walk 1871. Some of this land remained huts continued on a casual basis. from The Spit to Manly. undeveloped and is now parkland Only one hut was occupied There are a number of formal or reserve. during the depression and use and informal lookouts in the Grotto Point was resumed by declined from the late 1950s precinct, the main one in the the State Government as a public to the early 1970s when a new national park being Arabanoo reserve in 1908 and other than generation of dwellers renovated Lookout. Arabanoo Lookout was a small portion set aside for the and occupied them, some on a recently upgraded as a joint Grotto Point Light, was dedicated permanent basis. Crater Valley was project with Manly Council for the in 1912. Reef Beach, in July 1911, added to the park in 1979 and in Centenary of Federation. was resumed by the Lands Minister 1989, residents were evicted based Public toilets are located at Reef Niels Nielsen and formalised in on health reasons. The huts were Beach and are connected to town 1912. The lower part of Reef Beach, to be removed but a battle ensued water and sewer. Reef Beach also totalling 13.5 acres, was dedicated and the huts remained. In 1990, hosts an outdoor classroom and a as a public reserve in 1923 but the a draft conservation management section of boardwalk and retaining upper part, about 17 acres, wasn’t plan was prepared with guidelines wall to protect the remains of the dedicated as a public reserve for conservation and management Aboriginal midden and burial site. until 1965. including caretaker access but no overnight stays. This agreement The lighthouse at Grotto Point Sydney Harbour National Park continues today with the (not in the national park but was established in 1975. At the caretakers, generally descendants surrounded by it) was constructed in time, it incorporated only Reef of the hut builders, maintaining 1910 and officially commissioned in Beach and Grotto Point, with the the huts and undertaking visitor September 1911. It is an important larger portion incorporated into the inspections on weekends on a navigation aid for vessels entering park in 1979. The first hut in Crater casual, voluntary basis. the harbour and is maintained by Valley was built in 1923 and the Sydney Ports Corporation. last one was built in 1960, although a hut that burned down in 1957 was rebuilt in 1961-62.

116 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 05: DOBROYD HEAD

Recreation

This precinct can be reached by bus from Wellings Reserve and North Harbour Manly Wharf, although there is a walk of Reserve. As such, this precinct forms a few hundred metres from the bus stop the ‘natural’ component of a visit to the to the nearest park entrance. Entrances to Balgowlah Heights / Clontarf area. the precinct are at Dobroyd Scenic Drive, Reef and Castle Rock beaches provide Cutler Road and Beatty Street and from the still-water swimming and non-motorised Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk. boat landing areas. Dobroyd Head precinct provides both The main day use activities in this an iconic experience with spectacular precinct are walking and viewing the harbour views from Arabanoo Lookout spectacular harbour. Day use facilities in and other parts of the precinct, and an this precinct are only available at Reef urban respite experience with its expanse Beach which is a basic day use area with of bushland. Cultural heritage elements, flush toilets, a cold shower and drinking such as Crater Valley huts and World War water. Toilets and drinking water managed II fortifications, are also available on a visit by Manly Council, are available at nearby to this precinct. Arabanoo Lookout is a Forty Baskets Beach and Tania Park. prominent stop for tourist coaches. At the lookouts and along the main Walking tracks through the park link the walking route, a significant proportion of sites within this precinct and connect to or visits are made by those living over one form part of the Manly Scenic Walk, which hour travel time from the precinct. Reef is part of the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk. Beach and Castle Rock Beach have higher The precinct does not have facilities for proportions of visits by locals. car-based group picnics, however adjacent A park entry fee is not applied at or nearby local government-managed areas this precinct. do including Tania Park, Clontarf Reserve,

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 117 What We Are Going To Do

Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Conserve the natural values Celebrate and nurture of the park contemporary and traditional Aboriginal culture

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Bushland will be protected and enhanced through better Protect and interpret, with the support of management of nutrient-rich and polluted stormwater and the Aboriginal people of Sydney, the rich continued bush regeneration. evidence of Aboriginal culture in this area.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Liaise with the Department of Education and local schools to In consultation with the local Aboriginal foster involvement in use of Dobroyd Head area for environmental community, clean the rock engravings at education projects. Grotto Point in accordance with approved Introduce water saving solutions such as rainwater tanks at Reef management practices to ensure clear Beach toilets. definition and presentation to avoid uncontrolled outlining by visitors. Implement fuel reduction strategies to ensure a mosaic burn pattern across the precinct and reduction of the risk of fire emanating from Whole of park actions as they apply to the Crater Valley huts. Dobroyd Head precinct Install signs at Tania Park entrance road, lookouts and carparks to Inspect and re-record Aboriginal sites, such inform visitors of reasons not to feed birds and possible penalties. as the engravings at Grotto Point. Conduct regular monitoring of the condition of the Whole of park actions as they apply to Dobroyd Head precinct sites to detect and address any adverse Continue to support the ongoing bush regeneration program and impacts from visitation or landscape protection of core bushland areas. management practices. Expand the existing Corporate and Community Volunteer Program to Consider dual naming of key locations include Dobroyd Head. within the precinct. Continue to improve the management of stormwater flowing into Continue to liaise with traditional custodians, and across the precinct and into the harbour in partnership with the Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Manly Council, research institutions such as University of Sydney, Council and the Aboriginal people of Sydney Geosciences Unit and individual neighbours. on matters relating to the protection, Work with Manly Council to manage stormwater in accordance with management and interpretation of the its Tania Park Plan of Management. Aboriginal cultural heritage of the precinct. Implement Phytophthora cinnamomi management protocols. Research and record history and stories Continue conservation of the endangered population of little associated with Aboriginal heritage of penguins E. minor under the Recovery Plan and through the the area and utilise in preparation of an integrated management of the North Harbour Aquatic Reserve and education kit for teachers. Cabbage Tree Bay Aquatic Reserve marine protected areas with the North Head and Dobroyd Head precincts.

118 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 05: DOBROYD HEAD

Outcome 3 Outcome 4 Celebrate the Provide enriching and memorable historic heritage experiences in the park values of the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The historic buildings, sites and landscapes Dobroyd Head precinct will continue to be a key park destination will be conserved and, wherever possible, for passive recreation and for education with an emphasis on the made accessible to the public. natural environment and Aboriginal cultural heritage.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Undertake a formal review of the 1990 Provide public day use access to Crater Valley Huts for heritage draft Conservation Plan for the Crater Valley appreciation purposes as part of the Discovery program. Huts and associated cultural landscape and Investigate the provision of overnight caretaker accommodation prepare a heritage assessment. in one of the huts including the installation of facilities such as a Provide a program for public access to composting toilet, water tanks and solar energy. Crater Valley huts for historic heritage Maintain the walking track to Crater Valley to a basic standard only, appreciation purposes. with works to control erosion and provide for minimal safe access Work with the existing Crater Valley until such time as the heritage assessment is completed and future caretakers to expand the volunteer base for guidelines provided. site management and interpretation. Provide high-quality Aboriginal and historic heritage interpretive Implement appropriate fuel reduction and educational material to include Arabanoo lookout, Grotto Point measures in the immediate vicinity of the huts. engravings, Crater Valley and Reef Beach. Review management and implement Investigate safety and visitor facility requirements to allow an measures for protection of increase in the number of visitors to Crater Valley huts. This will World War II fortifications. require improvements to the walking track conditions and better directional signposting. Maintain the access track to Washaway Beach. Whole of park actions as they apply to Dobroyd Head precinct Provide an entry statement at the main entrances to Dobroyd Head precinct with park entry signs followed by park information signs including walks within the precinct and the national park. Implement the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk Strategy 2010 as it applies to this precinct. This will include upgrade of the existing walking track from the boundary at Castle Rock with an upgrade and formalisation of the lookout in this location. Also formalisation of lookouts in the Tabulam Road location, at Tania Park south west along the road from Arabanoo Lookout and on the knoll south of Reef Beach is proposed.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 119 Outcome 5 Outcome 6 Improved access to the park for all Strengthen and create partnerships

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT New opportunities for facilities and visitor experiences will be OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT explored and promoted for the beach, bush and historic sites for Continue to support and build on existing the less physically able and for a diverse cultural community. partnerships and create new partnerships.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Work with Manly Council to provide additional parking for people Work with the Crater Valley caretakers to with disabilities near Tania Park and in harbour viewing areas. expand the volunteer base for the ongoing Investigate and implement improved presentation of Aboriginal conservation and interpretation of the huts. engravings at Grotto Point through sensitive assessment of the Work with Manly Council to improve public context in the landscape. access and signage at Dobroyd Head. Investigate enhancement of the outdoor classroom facility at Reef Partner with Aboriginal groups to increase Beach, involving local schools in the project. understanding of the Aboriginal cultural Whole of park actions as they apply to Dobroyd Head precinct significance of the precinct. Investigate opportunities for multilingual translations when Work with Manly Council and neighbours preparing interpretive or promotional materials. over boundary encroachments, management of asset protection zones, household garden Provide internet-based information on sites such as sydneyforall. refuse deposits in the park and education com and a specific brochure on the precinct’s accessible sites for and prevention programs in the dog off mobility-impaired people in collaboration with Manly Council’s leash area of Tania Park. Access Committee. Whole of park actions as they apply to Consider a wide diversity of visitors in the preparation of education Dobroyd Head precinct and information materials for the precinct. Work with bush regeneration volunteers Provide high-quality, well-designed landscape elements at major in the national park and in conjunction precinct entrances to demonstrate pride and quality in presentation with the Manly Council’s bushland in line with national park design guidelines. restoration program. Ensure lookouts at high levels and over small coves on the Sydney Work with Manly Council on issues involving Harbour Scenic Walk display design excellence. management of Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk through representation on the Manly Scenic Walkway Committee.

120 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 05: DOBROYD HEAD

Outcome 7 Outcome 8 Robust management of Contribute to the goal of the park is sustained easy and safe transport to and within the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The precinct will provide an excellent example of sound park management OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT including community consultation around Negotiations with neighbours and the local management issues, education, threatened council will result in traffic and parking species recovery and research. solutions that are acceptable to all.

WHAT WE ARE WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO GOING TO DO Whole of park actions as they apply to Work with Manly Council on the Dobroyd Head precinct improvement of parking around Tania Park to prevent vehicles from blocking key Implement the threatened species recovery lookout areas, and improve stormwater plan as required for the E. minor population management from the road and carparks in relation to Dobroyd Head foreshore. into the park. Develop educational materials for use at the existing Reef Beach outdoor classroom. Whole of park actions as they apply to Dobroyd Head precinct Work with the Community Fireguard, NSW Fire Brigades and neighbours to provide Identify routes for bicycle travel to the park annual pre-season preparation and consistent with local government bike plans assistance with hazard reduction burning. and, where appropriate, provide bicycle racks. Establish and implement strategies to facilitate the systematic collection of Bicycles are permitted on public vehicular floristic and faunal data of bushland areas roads and service roads but are not as base data and establish permanent permitted on walking tracks in the precinct. monitoring sites as a tool for the improved Review directional signage in surrounding management of fire and weeds. suburban roads to improve directions to the park for vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 121 122 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 06: MIDDLE HEAD Precinct 06: Middle Head

The management goals for the precinct will focus on conservation and interpretation of the highly significant Aboriginal and historical values.

The complex and interesting setting for recreational facilities evolution of the unique military and activities whilst the highly collection of sites will be presented significant remnant bushland to visitors in innovative and will be nurtured, enhanced and traditional ways. Natural values will extended, based on a landscape be protected and the degraded, revegetation plan developed to weed infested areas improved. achieve a balance between the natural and cultural settings. A priority goal for the Middle Head precinct is to work with the The Middle Head precinct adjoining land managers to more is included in a number of the closely integrate management of plan’s key projects. The principal the exceptionally significant projects for this precinct are the natural and cultural values of the treatment of the root rot virus entire headland. Phytophthora cinnamomi as part of Project 1 Bushland Health, Middle Head precinct holds conservation of the threatened important cultural significance species sunshine wattle, Acacia for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal terminalis subsp. terminalis people alike. Bungaree’s Farm, in Project 2 Conservation of cared for by the Aboriginal man Threatened Species, Populations Bungaree, is known to have and Communities and the been located in this area. The upgrading and formalisation of precinct contains an exceptionally walking tracks as part of Project 6 significant, extensive collection Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk. Other of fortifications and associated projects include: structures. The precinct is a key destination for visitors to the »» Project 3 Aboriginal Discovery secluded beaches, walking tracks, Partnership historic sites and, more recently, »» Project 7 Enhanced Park Access the nearby range of Harbour »» Project 12 The Harbour Shuttle. Trust-leased visitor services and facilities. The highly modified Details of these projects are areas will continue to provide the outlined in Section 01.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 123 The Precinct and its Context

Description Planning context

Middle Head precinct extends The precinct falls within the The Local Government along the Mosman foreshore from Mosman local government area Amendment (Nude Bathing) Act Clifton Gardens / Chowder Bay in and under the draft Mosman Local 1996 No 133 which amended the the south to Cobblers Beach in the Environmental Plan 2008 Schedule Local Government Act 1993 to allow north. The precinct falls into two 5 – Environmental heritage Sydney nude bathing on certain beaches. discrete areas with one portion Harbour National Park at Middle [Assented to 12 December 1996] adjacent to and south of Rawson Head and Georges Heights, Georges includes provisions for Obelisk and Oval and the other the coastal Head Fortifications complexes, Cobblers Beaches in this precinct. strip overlooking Sydney Harbour. Middle Head Fort Complex, Obelisk Lands managed by the The precinct abuts the whole Point Fortifications Complex, Rock Sydney Harbour Federation Trust southern side of Headland Park and Casemate and Semi-Underground adjoin the park. Accordingly the bookends its western and eastern Armoured Casemate Battery and are Sydney Harbour Federation Trust Act extremities. The Sydney Harbour designated as state significant. The 2001 applies. Federation Trust (SHFT) manages pair of navigational obelisks in the this historically significant parkland Chowder Bay part of the precinct is Under this Act, plans prepared that, together with the national designated as locally significant. by the Trust must accord with the park, forms a significant natural, objects of the Trust, details of Middle Head is listed as a cultural and recreational asset. which are provided in Section 04 strategic foreshore site under the Appendices. state government Sydney Regional Environmental Plan (Sydney Harbour Catchment) 2005 which applies to the whole of Sydney Harbour waterways, the foreshores and the entire harbour catchment.

The Middle Head Fort Complex is designated as being of state significance and is listed on the State Heritage Register.

124 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 06: MIDDLE HEAD Significant Values and Considerations

Natural features

The precinct has had a long history of Overall, 71 species of animal have been modification and disturbance, generally recorded from this precinct including four due to clearing for construction of the frog species, 12 reptile species, 45 bird fortifications and associated buildings and species, and 11 mammal species. These infrastructure dating back to 1801. This numbers however, include six introduced has compromised natural values in some bird species and four introduced mammals areas. The precinct falls over a variety of such as black rats, house mice, foxes, aspects including easterly, northerly and and cats. The only threatened fauna south easterly. All of the remnant native species recorded from this precinct is vegetation in the precinct falls below the vulnerable eastern bentwing-bat the ridgeline and has, and continues Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis which to be, subjected to large volumes of is known to roost in fortifications and run-off which is nutrient rich and in associated tunnels and gun emplacements some instances contaminated with fuel, at Middle Head. These may be important chemicals, lead and asbestos as a result of over-wintering sites for the population previous military uses. around the harbour. Any developments or activities should ensure that they do A successful corporate volunteer not impact adversely on these roosting program, under the guidance of NPWS staff, habitats. Four regionally significant fauna has improved sections of the precinct’s species have been recorded including vegetation through programs of weed Burton’s legless lizard Lialis burtonis and removal and park maintenance. the whistling kite Haliastur sphenurus. The bushland does however support Parts of the natural areas are severely three distinct vegetation communities: infested with weed species and the fungal coastal sandstone ridge-top woodland pathogen P. cinnamomi. This situation is with smooth-barked apple Angophora exacerbated by the nutrient rich run-off costata and bangalay Eucalyptus botryoides, from the lands along the ridge which drain coastal gully forest and littoral thicket in directly into the national park. There are more protected slopes. The area to the also a number of exotic species planted north west of Clifton Gardens contains an in the ex-military building complexes additional community of closed coastal neighbouring the park and in the adjacent scrub dominated by coastal banksia urban areas, which spread into the bush. Banksia integrifolia, and scrub she-oak Addressing and limiting the spread of Allocasuarina distyla with a canopy of A. dieback associated with P. cinnamomi is a costata. The endangered Acacia terminalis priority for this precinct. subsp. terminalis is found in bushland throughout the precinct and in the adjoining areas. Managing threats to this species, particularly from weed invasion, is a high priority in this precinct.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 125 Cultural history

Middle Head precinct may be was the first Aboriginal person to constructed in 1885 and 1871 part of the Cammeragal clan’s circumnavigate the continent with respectively and are recommended traditional Country, located on the Flinders and for many years acted as in the draft conservation north side of Sydney Harbour. a mediator between the British and management plan and NPWS Early reports indicate that Middle Aboriginal people. Fortifications of Sydney Harbour Head was most likely called Kuba and Botany Bay Strategic Plan 2007 The precinct has experienced Kaba’, or ‘Ca-ba Ca-ba’ by local as having national significance. a number of historical phases. Aboriginal people. Two surviving navigation obelisks It was not until World War I The precinct is part of the above Obelisk Beach are part of that use of the precinct again exceptional collection of Mosman early colonial government harbour intensified. Further construction local government area’s Aboriginal navigation facilities. As early as and modification works took place archaeological heritage, a 1801, during the Napoleonic War, with the onset of World War II. concentration not found elsewhere a battery was constructed north Construction of HMAS Penguin, the in the metropolitan area, with many of Obelisk Bay as the area was adjacent navy base, commenced sites occurring within the park. seen as important for the defence in 1941. In 1945, Italian prisoners Close by at Balmoral is the richest of the harbour. From the 1840s, of war were housed in huts near Aboriginal rock shelter deposit the Middle Head area underwent Obelisk Beach. These huts were excavated in the Sydney area. It is a succession of construction demolished by 1961. estimated that Aboriginal people periods, the most significant With the developments in had been using this site as far back occuring during the 1870s. During military technology, coastal as 3,600 years ago. Remains in the this period, the Outer Middle armaments became obsolete and deposit are evidence of the past Head battery was constructed were decommissioned. There was presence of wallabies, kangaroos and by 1890, a defensive ditch a brief revival of military use of and wombats in this area. had been completed across the the fortifications at Middle Head headland. By the 1880s, a cluster Aboriginal rock engravings in the 1960s, with the training of of buildings had been completed occur in the precinct, with the most officers to withstand torture prior at Middle Head that were part significant and fascinating located to serving in Vietnam. There are a of the School of Gunnery. These on the apron of a gun emplacement series of corrugated iron and mesh buildings are now used by NPWS as at the Outer Forts. cages and a water tank remaining in administration offices and staff and the underground engine room from Documentary evidence suggests volunteer accommodation this period. The fortifications at that the Middle Head / Georges Middle Head Road was Middle Head, combined with those Heights area was the location of land constructed in 1870 and Chowder at Georges Head, Bradleys Head that was benevolently, yet naively, Bay Road in the 1890s. Both roads and Fort Denison, are of national given to Bungaree by Governor were built with stone edging, which significance, being the most Macquarie in an attempt to break is evident today. The underground diverse and complete collection of the nomadic habits of Sydney’s armoured and beehive casemates fortifications and defence sites Aboriginal communities. Bungaree on Chowder Bay Road were in Australia.

126 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 06: MIDDLE HEAD

Built environment Recreation and services

Middle Head precinct’s historic Middle Head precinct is served child care centre and a range of heritage buildings have been by bus from Spit Junction. The small businesses from a framing adapted for a range of uses precinct provides opportunities shop to a veterinary clinic. The including administration offices, for a variety of experiences with redevelopment of the SHFT lands staff and volunteer accommodation, its spectacular harbour and ocean at Chowder Bay, Georges Heights a minor works workshop and a views, cultural heritage, bushland and Middle Head will continue to storage compound for materials, and beaches. Significant cultural have an impact on the surrounding plant and equipment. The Soldiers heritage elements are a dominating national park areas, particularly Institute is currently used for the feature of this precinct. with increased visitation. corporate volunteer program and The precinct has pockets of Cobblers Beach and Obelisk serves as a lecture and community more natural areas for those Beach provide for clothing-optional uses room. There is a proposal to fit visitors seeking quietness and swimming and non-motorised out the building as an emergency seclusion constrasting with open boat landing. management centre for the local areas associated with the historic council and emergency response School excursions are catered defence infrastructure. organisations. A kitchen facility for with guided tours of the forts, is being designed to better A walking track extends through and other Discovery activities are accommodate the corporate the length of this precinct, connecting held in the precinct. to SHFT public open space and volunteer program. The precinct’s A significant proportion of then council-managed parks. It water, sewerage and electricity visits are made by those living forms part of the Sydney Harbour infrastructure are provided and over one hour’s travel time from Scenic Walk and links with various serviced through lands managed the precinct. There are park use smaller tracks of a range of classes. by SHFT. Public carparking for the fees for vehicles at the SHFT end of precinct is provided at the junction The main day use activities in Chowder Bay Road. SHFT also has of Middle Head and Chowder Bay this precinct are walking, cultural parking meters within the lands roads, along Chowder Bay Road heritage appreciation, viewing and they manage. and at Rawson Oval off Cross St, nude bathing. This precinct is a Visitor numbers and Bradleys Head. Chowder Bay Rd basic day use area with toilets and inappropriate behaviour in the areas is included in the Sydney Harbour drinking water. However, nearby adjacent to the beaches are having National Park. SHFT public open space contains a deleterious effect on the bushland cafés, restaurants, an art centre, and recreational values. university and educational research facilities, a conference centre,

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 127 What We Are Going To Do

Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Conserve the natural values Celebrate and nurture of the park contemporary and traditional Aboriginal culture

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Aboriginal cultural heritage will be protected and interpreted in co-operation with the Aboriginal community including OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT traditional custodians and Metropolitan Bushland areas impacted by previous land uses will be and La Perouse Local Aboriginal Land rehabilitated and enhanced, with continued protection of flora and Councils, together with fauna including the area’s endangered species. and the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Prepare a review of all known weed species in the precinct, Protect and interpret the Outer Forts rock including abundance and distribution, to inform priority setting for engraving site, involving members of the the volunteer program. Aboriginal community. Continue to remove weeds and other vegetation encroaching on and Participate with Mosman Council in the damaging historic structures and features. annual May to July Guringai Festival. Carry out a comprehensive assessment of natural and cultural Promote and encourage the implementation landscapes and vegetation, and define areas for the removal of of the Aboriginal Teachers’ Kit and booklet native vegetation and long-term maintenance of clearings. based on the Mosman Aboriginal Heritage Whole of park actions as they apply to Middle Head precinct Study 2005 initiated by NPWS. Introduce a systematic, long-term monitoring program to measure Implement recommendations from the the effectiveness of bush regeneration and pest control programs. Mosman Aboriginal Heritage Study 2005. Reduce the distribution and abundance of all existing weed and Whole of park actions as they apply to pest species found in the precinct (and where feasible eradicate). Middle Head precinct Utilise native plants grown from local seed sources in bushland Inspect Aboriginal sites regularly with restoration projects. members of the Aboriginal community and ensure protection of sites from visitor impacts. Implement the relevant actions from the NSW Statement of Intent for Infection of Native Plants by Phytophthora cinnamomi and management plans for other harmful pathogens in co-operation with adjoining land managers. Continue to implement priority actions for the conservation of the endangered species A. terminalis subsp. terminalis. Continue to support tertiary sector field research programs, offering opportunities to enhance the natural and cultural values of the headland.

128 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 06: MIDDLE HEAD

Outcome 3 Celebrate the historic heritage values of the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT High-quality conservation of the highly significant, unique collection of historic sites will be promoted and continued.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Promote and interpret the precinct’s historic heritage to a wider audience and in a tenure- blind manner. Investigate innovative interpretation and activities to provide a wider audience with access for example, use of the armoured casemate for exhibitions or performances. Whole of park actions as they apply to Middle Head precinct Implement the recommendations of the NPWS Fortifications of Sydney Harbour and Botany Bay Strategic Plan 2007 which identifies priorities for conservation works. This includes the preparation of a staged conservation works plan and a number of high priority maintenance works for this highly complex, extensive and significant site. Complete and implement a public safety and conservation risk assessment for the historic sites, considering recommendations from the NPWS Fortifications of Sydney Harbour and Botany Bay Strategic Plan 2007.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 129 Outcome 4 Provide enriching and memorable experiences in the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Innovative, safe and well-managed recreational opportunities will be provided to a wider audience to allow exploration and discovery of the fascinating history of the precinct and adjoining lands.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Complement recreational opportunities provided by other land managers at Chowder Bay, Georges Heights and Clifton Gardens. Apply park use fees in the carparks along Chowder Bay Road. Provide opportunities for passive recreation such as picnics, walking and sightseeing, as well as places for contemplation, in a bushland setting with spectacular views. Consider provision of furniture at these locations. Integrate tours and access to fortifications and other sites across multiple tenures, to enable the complete history of the headland to be interpreted. The Middle Head complex of buildings will be investigated for new adaptive uses to support sustainable visitor or tourist use and enjoyment. For example, these buildings may be adapted and leased for purposes such as accommodation, conferences and functions and administration. Provide opportunities for the sustainable use and possible licensing of the cleared sections of the precinct for events, functions and appropriate community uses. Manage inappropriate activities in the bushland behind the clothing-optional Obelisk Beach and Cobblers Beach in collaboration with NSW Police and NSW Department of Health. Whole of park actions as they apply to Middle Head precinct A new walking track is proposed to provide an off-road pedestrian link between the SHFT land at Chowder Bay, traverse above Obelisk Beach and link to the new track to the 1801 fort. From here another new track is proposed to link with the outer forts at Middle Head. Another single, principal walking track is proposed to consolidate the myriad tracks in the bushland above Cobblers Beach. Informal tracks will be closed and rehabilitated. This will formalise part of the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk. Three new lookouts are proposed for this area to formalise existing informal lookout areas. In line with recommendations of the NPWS Fortifications of Sydney Harbour and Botany Bay Strategic Plan 2007, construct walking tracks for the protection and reduction of impacts on historic structures.

130 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 06: MIDDLE HEAD

Outcome 5 Outcome 6 Improved access to the park for all Strengthen and create partnerships

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Middle Head precinct will demonstrate excellence in landscape design and provide opportunities for people with disabilities. OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Interpretation will be designed to suit a diversity of cultural and Continue to support and build on existing linguistic backgrounds. partnerships and create new partnerships.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Investigate opportunities for access to underground fortifications Continue to liaise with SHFT and for the mobility impaired. other neighbours to ensure reciprocal Prepare a landscape design plan for the precinct to ensure arrangements are in place for high-quality continued delineation between natural bushland areas and the presentation on boundary areas. cultural landscape and high-quality visitor facilities. Continue to work with SHFT and Mosman Provide high-quality, well-designed landscape elements at the Council in the creation of a unified entrance to the precinct Headland Park. Whole of park actions as they apply to Middle Head precinct Provide and implement strategies for cross-tenure pest management in line with Investigate increased disabled access to all current and NPWS’s role as the lead agency in natural proposed facilities. area conservation. Work with SHFT to ensure adequate provision of designated parking Work with neighbouring small businesses, for people with disabilities at the entrance to the precinct. such as those operating out of Chowder Bay Provide high-quality interpretive and educational material and currently including Land’s Edge and considering all methods from static signs to audio, allowing for Plunge Dive, to integrate operations that consideration of diversity amongst visitors. will benefit all parties. Investigate the need for multilingual translations when preparing Whole of park actions as they apply to interpretive or promotional materials. Middle Head precinct Continue working with neighbours, in particular SHFT and Mosman Council, to resolve stormwater issues from ex-military developments along precinct boundaries at Cross Street, Rawson Oval, Georges Heights, Chowder Bay and Middle Head.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 131 Outcome 7 Outcome 8 Robust management of Contribute to the goal of easy and the park is sustained safe transport to and within the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Middle Head precinct will provide the opportunity to demonstrate OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT best practice in the engagement of Work with local government and transport agencies to negotiate volunteers in bushland management. improved access and transport solutions for the precinct.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Support research into the management of Discourage private vehicle use within the Middle Head precinct forts P. cinnamomi. area to allow for safe and enjoyable use by pedestrians and cyclists. Support volunteers to play a key role in the Support neighbouring organisations in investigating the provision precinct’s remnant vegetation management of improved transport solutions to the precinct, including public and in other activities such as transport and safe bicycle access. community gardens. Continue to assess the impacts on wildlife of night access on roads Investigate alternative locations for the through bushland areas. Implement strategies to reduce wildlife NPWS works storage compound away from fatalities including along Chowder Bay Road and Middle Head Road. the highly visible entrance to the park and Whole of park actions as they apply to Middle Head precinct Cobblers Beach access road. As an interim Encourage private sector establishment of a harbour water transport measure, maintain brush fencing and shuttle service, including a Clifton Gardens wharf stop, to link negotiate landscaping of the entrance Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk and to increase transport options to with SHFT. Middle Head precinct. Identify routes for bicycle travel to the park consistent with local government bike plans and, where appropriate, provide bicycle racks. Permit bicycles on public vehicular roads but not on walking tracks in the precinct.

132 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 06: MIDDLE HEAD

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 133 134 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 07: BRADLEYS HEAD Precinct 07: Bradleys Head

Bradleys Head precinct is bounded by Taronga Zoo to the west and follows the foreshore area to include Taylors Bay and Chowder Head to the east. Clifton Gardens separates The key project for this precinct is Project 8 Bradleys Head and Nielsen Bradleys Head precinct and the Middle Head Park Recreational Parklands. It involves preparing landscape design plans for the precinct of Sydney Harbour National Park. Bradleys Head and Nielsen Park precincts that retain and enhance their integrity as the recreational parklands for which The Bradleys Head section of the precinct the community so passionately fought is easily reached by various modes of and which ensures their resilience during transport, although it has limited parking high seasonal visitation. Bradleys Head space and a narrow access road terminating is a priority for this work, based on the at the water’s edge. Surrounded by proposed centenary celebrations of the bushland, the award-winning amphitheatre, first entry of the Australian Naval Fleet into high-standard walking track and the Sydney Harbour planned for 2013. facilities at Athol Hall provide opportunities for a range of visitor activities. Bradleys Head precinct is also a component of several key projects including: In contrast, Chowder Head at the eastern end of the precinct is a natural »» Project 1 Bushland Health bushland area accessed by the Sydney »» Project 2 Conservation of Threatened Harbour Scenic Walk which offers a unique, Species, Populations and Communities tranquil and secluded experience so close »» Project 3 Aboriginal Discovery and yet so far from the busy city. Partnership Conservation of the precinct’s bushland »» Project 6 Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk is vital to the future of the flora and fauna »» Project 7 Enhanced Park Access in the area. Bradleys Head precinct is a core »» Project 10 Climate Change Mitigation section of Mosman’s bushland corridor. Given the precinct’s good public transport »» Project 12 The Harbour Shuttle access from the city, it is an ideal place for Details of these projects are outlined in visitation that will engender support for Section 01. conservation and national parks.

To improve access and the enjoyment of visitors, Bradleys Head has been targeted in several of the key projects in this plan of management.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 135 The Precinct and its Context

Description Planning context

Bradleys Head precinct has rich backdrop to Sydney Harbour. The precinct falls within the and complex layers of history Bradleys Head is also the site of Mosman local government area. including evidence of Aboriginal the HMAS Sydney I memorial, with The Sydney Regional occupation in the many sites, the mast located on the point and a Environmental Plan (SREP) 2005 military history and a recreational series of memorial plaques adjacent. (Sydney Harbour Catchment) applies history which continues today. Both Bradleys Head and Chowder to this precinct, including sections There is also evidence of the strong Head are important for their native 38 and 39 which make specific influence of North Shore residents bushland which, for the most part, reference to national parks. over government decisions. In the remains as it was when the First 1880s, when Bradleys Head was The lighthouse and the mast Fleet arrived over 220 years ago. considered for laboratory-based of HMAS Sydney I, located on the This is characteristic of the north rabbit extermination experiments, Sydney Harbour foreshore at side of the harbour and contrasts locals strenuously objected and Bradleys Head, are designated as with the southern shores where the project was established at being of state significance under much of the vegetation has been Rodd Island instead. Further, when the NSW Heritage Act 1977 and are replaced by urban development. exploratory work was underway State Heritage listed. The precinct’s bushland is in for a coal mine at Bradleys Head in The nearby military forts, good condition except for the urban the 1890s, local property owners which were constructed on the fringes and in the narrow section became hostile and the site was headland in the 19th century as below Iluka Road. These areas are subsequently moved to Birchgrove. part of a series of defence sites subjected to high nutrient loads The early use of the headland around the harbour, are also through stormwater run off, rubbish for military purposes and then included in the listing. and garden refuse dumping, weed as recreation grounds ensured seed invasion, illegal tree removal Further details about the the survival of much of its native and pruning for views and dieback planning context are provided in vegetation. As well as preserving associated with the root rot fungus Section o4 Appendices. biodiversity, this bushland forms Phytophthora cinnamomi. a prominent part of the scenic

136 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 07: BRADLEYS HEAD Significant Values and Considerations

Natural features

Bradleys Head and Chowder Head Species Conservation Act 1995 largest known around the harbour. are important for the extent and (TSC Act). In addition, there are a Any activities in this precinct will relatively intact condition of their number of significant plant species need to take particular care to native bushland which, for the most that have not been recorded in protect the habitat of P. australis part, remains as it was when the the area since 1903 and require as the species is sensitive to First Fleet arrived. This is rare in investigation to determine habitat alteration as a result of too Sydney and is a characteristic of their status. frequent and very hot fires, road the north side of the harbour. On and track works, water pollution The bushland provides refuge the southern shores, much of the and changes in water quality for many species that were once vegetation has been replaced associated with urban run-off and more widespread across the by housing. bush rock removal. headlands surrounding Sydney The precinct is characterised Harbour. Archaeological evidence Two threatened nomadic animal by woodlands to open forest found in local Aboriginal shell species have been recorded dominated by a variety of species middens indicates that the local foraging at these headlands from but particularly Sydney peppermint fauna was once more diverse and time to time: the endangered swift Eucalyptus piperita and smooth- included larger animals such as parrot Lathamus discolor and the barked apple Angophora costata, and wombats, kangaroos, wallabies vulnerable grey-headed flying-fox contains a variety of understorey and dingoes. Since the 1950s, Pteropus poliocephalus. A further shrub species including acacias and around 120 animal species have four threatened bird species listed coastal banksia Banksia integrifolia. been recorded from Bradleys as vulnerable (the little eagle Some coastal sandstone headland and Chowder heads, although Hieraaetus morphnoides, superb scrub also occurs at Bradleys many have not been recorded in fruit-dove Ptilinopus superbus, Head. Coastal sandstone ridgetop recent years. These headlands little lorikeet Glossopsitta pusilla woodland dominates much of still support a diverse bird fauna, and varied sittella Daphoenositta the precinct with A. costata and around 15 reptile and frog species, chrysoptera) have been recorded bangalay Eucalyptus botryoides and more modest native mammal foraging at these headlands occurring on more exposed fauna species numbers including in the past, but only the little sandstone slopes. Coastal sandstone both brush-tailed and ring-tailed eagle and varied sittella have gully forest with A. costata, grey possums, native water rats, grey- been recorded in recent years. In gum Eucalyptus punctata and forest headed flying-foxes and probably a addition to threatened species, red gum E. tereticornis occurs number of other microbat species these headlands provide habitat for near drainage lines on sheltered (which remain poorly surveyed more than 18 regionally significant sandstone slopes such as on the across the park). A number of feral animal species (four reptiles, 13 western side of Bradleys Head and animal species also occur in the birds and the water rat). the slopes down to Taylors Bay. The precinct including rabbits, foxes Much of the woodland and forest rocky foreshores and cliff faces, and the introduced black rat. on the headland is in good condition and sandy beaches provide more The most significant fauna but the urban fringes and the localised habitats for a range of population on the headland is narrow section below Iluka Road are plant species such as ferns and undoubtedly the vulnerable red- suffering in response to the changed mosses. crowned toadlet Pseudophryne conditions of urban development. The threatened sunshine australis, which is listed as a These areas are subjected to wattle Acacia terminalis subsp. threatened species under the TSC high nutrient loads and polluted terminalis occurs at both Chowder Act. P. australis is only found in the stormwater run-off favouring and Bradleys Head and is listed as Sydney Basin and the population P. cinnamomi, resulting in severe vulnerable under the Threatened at Bradleys Head is one of the dieback. Rubbish, garden refuse and PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 137 Cultural history

weed seed invasion, as well as illegal tree The municipality of Mosman was created removal and pruning for views, are also in 1893 at a time when there were 1600 issues in these locations. Protecting core residents. Visitors began to flock to these bushland areas from these impacts is an areas and the headland’s focus changed important priority for these headlands. from military to recreation in the 1890s. The pleasure gardens at Athol Hall were created While definite clan boundaries are difficult with a hotel, dance hall and picnic pavilions. to determine, it has been suggested Taronga Zoo was opened in 1916 and the (Attenbrow 2010) that the land in the jetty at Bradleys Head was utilised in the Bradleys Head area and east to Manly transfer of animals from a zoo on the south (Gayamaygal country) was probably side of the harbour. Borogegal land. The name Borogegal was probably associated with what is today Athol Hall and associated gardens are known as Bradleys Head (Attenbrow 2010). located on the western slopes of Bradleys Head. Alexander Ferrier, granted land at The precinct contains part of the Bradleys Head in 1836, built a dwelling in exceptional collection of Aboriginal the 1840s, and by the 1860s the property archaeological heritage found in the had been developed as a ‘Pleasure Ground’, Mosman local government area, with a known then as the Athol Gardens Family concentration not found elsewhere in the Hotel. Similar facilities were established metropolitan area. The rock art engravings around the harbour at , and painted figures include hand stencils, Balmoral Beach, Pearl Bay, Clontarf and whales, fish, macropods and ancestral Clifton Gardens where a multi storey hotel, beings. Shell middens are found on the several dancing pavilions, picnic ground foreshore at Bradleys Head with a large and a large circular bathing enclosure deposit on the eastern side of the headland. were constructed. Bradleys Head is named after William By the 1900s, the habit of dancing Bradley, the First Lieutenant of First and drinking on Sundays was being Fleet flagship HMS Sirius. Bradley created frowned upon by society and Athol watercolour paintings and descriptions dance hall’s popularity and attendance of the headland in his 1788 journal. The declined. In 1908, the State Government Mosman area and Bradleys Head were key regained control of the land with the locations for defence installations, with the aim of protecting its natural features and first on Bradleys Head built by convicts in character for public benefit. In 1975, the 1839 and a circular parapet added later. area was transferred to NPWS as part of New defences were built on the headland Sydney Harbour National Park with the aim in the 1870s with the withdrawal of the of protecting and conserving the historic British garrison from the colony. These buildings and landscape. take the form of three gun emplacements with ordinance and underground battery and rifle wall. A defence ditch encircles the lower part of the headland. Stone for construction was quarried on site and a stone jetty with railway tracks was constructed to receive stores.

138 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 07: BRADLEYS HEAD

Built environment Recreation and services

Public facilities and built elements of the Bradleys Head precinct is served by buses precinct include: from the city, North Sydney and Taronga Zoo Wharf. There is a regular ferry service »» Historic Athol Hall at the entrance to the from Circular Quay to Taronga Zoo wharf. precinct on Bradleys Head Road, currently leased as a café and function centre The precinct provides an iconic »» Public toilets adjacent to Athol Hall, experience with spectacular harbour views connected to sewer via Taronga Zoo from Bradleys Head amongst a natural bushland setting with cultural »» Public toilets at the harbour foreshore heritage elements. carpark at Bradleys Head. These are not connected to the sewer but have three A walking track extends through the phase power connected to allow for a length of this precinct, connecting to pump station for sewer connection. The council-managed parks and to Sydney toilets are currently pumped out. An Harbour Federation Trust public open accessible toilet cubicle is provided space. It forms part of the Sydney Harbour »» Drinking water Scenic Walk. »» Carparks located at the entrance Bradleys Head is a major day use area to the headland, at the historic rifle in terms of the types of facilities available wall and at the end of the road at the and the opportunity for car-based group harbour edge picnics. However, group sizes are restricted »» The award-winning amphitheatre located by the size of open space sites and in the stone quarry at the foreshore parking limitations. Nearby Clifton Gardens Pleasure Ground and Sirius Cove Reserve »» The HMAS Sydney I mast and (both managed by Mosman Council) have war memorial space and facilities for larger groups. »» A picnic rotunda Taylors Bay provides for still-water »» Ports corporation jetty and light house, swimming and non-motorised boat landing. not available for public use »» Part of the Sydney Harbour Scenic A significant proportion of visits are Walk track linking Taronga Zoo wharf made by those living within one hour travel to Chowder Bay. Approximately time from the precinct. 500 metres of this track from the A park use fee applies in the Bradleys amphitheatre is wheelchair accessible Head section of this precinct. »» A sealed, narrow road, gated at the entrance and closed from 8pm to 6am »» Dinghy racks at Taylors Bay.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 139 What We Are Going To Do

Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Conserve the natural values Celebrate and nurture of the park contemporary and traditional Aboriginal culture

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The rich collection of sites in this area will be protected and, where appropriate, utilised for educational purposes based on the newly OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT developed Aboriginal Heritage of Mosman Teachers All remnant bushland will be conserved and threatened Kit and booklet 2010. Assistance will be sought species protected. from the Aboriginal community in this endeavour.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Continue bush regeneration at Athol Hall, Iluka Road, Taylors Work with Aboriginal staff at Taronga Zoo on Bay and Morella Road sections of the precinct. joint programs that benefit Aboriginal heritage in In accordance with the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk Strategy the precinct. 2010, consolidate, close and rehabilitate unnecessary Whole of park actions as they apply to walking tracks particularly at Chowder Head. Bradleys Head precinct Rehabilitate the degraded area on the ridge above Bradleys Research and facilitate recording of contemporary, Head, known as the Ridge Cottage site, and incorporate into contact and pre-contact culture of the precinct, the landscape design plan for the headland. including annual recording of Aboriginal site condition. Whole of park actions as they apply to Bradleys Head Facilitate on-park activities to encourage improved precinct understanding of Aboriginal culture among both Harvest rainwater from the roofs of buildings through the the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal community. installation of water tanks, and use in toilets. Review management of Aboriginal sites to ensure Investigate the installation of solar panels at Athol Hall for power protection from potential impacts caused by generation for the precinct and for supply back to the grid. visitation and landscape management practices. Implement applicable measures for the red-crowned toadlet Consider dual naming of locations within the Pseudophryne australis from the priorities action statement. precinct to reflect previous and ongoing connection Implement the applicable measures from the priorities to Country. action statement for the threatened grey-headed flying-fox Continue to liaise with traditional custodians and Pteropus poliocephalus. the Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council in Review management of vegetation where this impinges on the protection, management and interpretation of views from public lookouts. Areas for consideration include the precinct’s Aboriginal cultural heritage. the vicinity of Athol Hall. Establish and continue to implement strategies to facilitate the systematic collection of floristic and faunal data of bushland areas as base data and establish permanent monitoring sites. Implement P. cinnamomi management protocols.

140 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 07: BRADLEYS HEAD

Outcome 3 Outcome 4 Celebrate the Provide enriching and memorable historic heritage experiences in the park values of the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Develop a greater awareness of the OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT harbour’s historic heritage through The precinct will continue to offer a diversity of well-managed interpretation of the collection of sites at passive recreation opportunities with an emphasis on the Sydney this precinct, which is one of the richest Harbour Scenic Walk and on Bradleys Head as a viewing point for and most easily accessible. major Sydney Harbour events.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Finalise the draft Conservation Management Investigate the opening and interpretation of the historic military Plan for Athol Hall and implement its actions. defensive ditch as part of the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk and as an Provide high-quality historic heritage opportunity for historic interpretation. interpretive and educational material, Continue to lease Athol Hall for the purpose of café, restaurant and commensurate with the significance of the functions centre. precinct and its elements, considering a In the event that the current lease comes to an end, new adaptive range of methods from static signs to audio uses for the buildings will be considered to support sustainable and visual. visitor and tourist use and enjoyment. Regularly remove vegetation that has germinated in the fortifications’ stonework. New picnic structures may be constructed on the grassed areas below the hall and incorporated into the Athol Hall lease. Investigate management of trees and other vegetation in the immediate vicinity of the Investigate the involvement of Taronga Zoo volunteers in historically significant rifle wall, to prevent interpretation / education programs and tours in the precinct. further stone work deterioration. Install fencing along the walking track between Bradleys Head and Construct replica cannon carriages and Taronga Zoo, for visitor safety and vegetation return the cannons to the precinct. management purposes. Whole of park actions as they apply to Investigate the feasibility of connecting the foreshore toilets to the mains sewer. Bradleys Head precinct Upgrade the existing and formalise a new lookout at Chowder Head. Promote interpretation and improved access to the historically significant fortifications. Formalise a new lookout on Bradleys Head at the southern end of Taylors Bay. Upgrade the informal lookout with city views above the foreshore near Athol Hall. Whole of park actions as they apply to Bradleys Head precinct Complete the production and release of the pilot interpretative podcast for the walking track between Taronga Zoo and Clifton Gardens. Expand the program across the remainder of the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk. Implement a licensing system for personal trainers and fitness groups, limiting opportunities based on other uses in the area.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 141 Outcome 5 Outcome 6 Improved access to the Strengthen and create park for all partnerships

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Continue to support and build on partnerships with neighbours, OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT volunteers, Mosman Council, Utilise Bradley’s Head precinct to showcase exemplary park visitor precinct Taronga Zoo and other key design to complement the award-winning foreshore amphitheatre. stakeholders.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Develop a co-operative interpretation program for migrants and culturally Continue to work with the Royal diverse members of the community with Taronga Zoo and the Royal Botanic Australian Navy and other support Gardens, utilising the bushland at Bradleys Head. agencies in management of the Install a hand basin in the disabled persons’ cubicle in the foreshore toilet block HMAS Sydney I memorial. and extend the toilet facility at Athol Hall to include a disabled access cubicle. Whole of park actions as they Investigate refurbishment of the HMAS Sydney I mast and memorials as part apply to Bradleys Head precinct of the centenary celebrations of the first entry of the Australian Naval Fleet Continue to support the volunteer into Sydney Harbour, planned for October 2013. bush regeneration and walking Ensure the landscape design plan retains the integrity of the precinct as a track maintenance programs. recreational parkland. In partnership with Mosman Council Seek recognition of the Bradleys Head memorials as a Military Memorial of and individual neighbours, prepare National Significance under the Military Memorials of National Significance and implement a stormwater Act 2008. management strategy to reduce the impacts of stormwater flowing into Prepare a landscape design plan for the precinct that retains and enhances and across the precinct and into the the preinct as a recreational parkland with rich heritage values. harbour from Bradleys Head Road Whole of park actions as they apply to Bradleys Head precinct and neighbouring properties. Investigate the need for multilingual translations when preparing Continue working with Taronga interpretive or promotional materials. Zoo and other stakeholders in feral Investigate increased disabled access to all current and new facilities, animal management. including additional disabled parking spaces. Involve the local government access committee in improving or increasing facilities for the mobility impaired, including information provision. Ensure that information about the availability of park facilities for the mobility impaired is included on the NPWS and other appropriate websites.

142 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 07: BRADLEYS HEAD

Outcome 7 Outcome 8 Robust management Contribute to the goal of easy and of the park is safe transport to and within the park sustained

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Bradleys Head precinct will provide the opportunity to demonstrate best-practice management in vegetation research and OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT management, historic site interpretation Work with local government and transport agencies to negotiate and visitor facility design. improved access and transport solutions for the precinct.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Address the impacts of climate change Seek partnerships for the development and implementation of a and sea level rise on the sea walls, historic ferry / zoo / bushwalk tourist package utilising a harbour water sandstone jetty and Aboriginal shell midden. transport shuttle service and drop off / pick up at Taronga Zoo wharf Relocate dinghy racks installed at Taylors and Chowder Bay wharf. Bay, as they are in the wrong location for Seal existing unsealed carparking spaces at the Rifle Wall and at the owners of boats moored in Taylors Bay and ridge cottage site on Bradleys Head Road. are not used. Liaise with Mosman Council regarding the construction of a bus Whole of park actions as they apply to shelter and lay-by at the Bradleys Head Road entrance to Bradleys Head precinct the precinct. Upgrade the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk Whole of park actions as they apply to Bradleys Head link from Taronga Zoo to Chowder Bay in precinct accordance with the Sydney Harbour Scenic Identify routes for bicycle travel to the park consistent with local Walk Strategy 2010. government bike plans and, where appropriate, provide Establish a research program for the bicycle racks. better understanding and management of Bicycles are permitted on public vehicular roads and service roads P. cinnamomi. but not on walking tracks throughout the precinct.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 143 144 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 08: SHARK ISLAND Precinct 08: Shark Island

The ‘gardenesque’-style character of the island is of high cultural significance and will be conserved and interpreted for park visitors.

Improving access and the enjoyment Shark Island is 1.5 hectares in area of visitors to Shark Island is the subject and lies 450 metres north of Woollahra of several of the key projects in this plan Point. The highest point is 10 metres above including: sea level. »» Project 3 Aboriginal Discovery Shark Island, or Boam-billy as referred Partnership to by Aboriginal people, has a fascinating »» Project 4 Harbour Islands history. Beginning in the 1830s, it was established as a classic recreational »» Project 10 Climate Change Mitigation parkland by the Clark and Shark Island Trust. »» Project 12 The Harbour Shuttle

Today, visitors can travel to the island Details of these projects are outlined in on the regular ferry service and spend time Section 01. picnicking, swimming, fishing and enjoying a private party or special event.

Improved visitor access and an increased range of high-quality recreational experiences will be provided on the island. Public events such as performances, plays, food festivals and arts events will be supported and the island will continue to be available for limited exclusive hire. All visitor services will be designed in ways that minimise the direction of noise towards the foreshore suburbs.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 145 The Precinct and its Context

Description Planning context

Shark Island’s significance is Shark Island does not fall within derived from its diverse range of any local government area but uses over time and its long and does have visual and historic links continuing use as a recreational with the mainland’s Woollahra area for the people of Sydney. Council and with the Department of Defence. Shark Island has evolved as a national park destination for small The wharf is leased from NSW groups, family functions and public Roads and Maritime Services, events. It is available for exclusive manager of the Sydney Harbour use for booked private events such sea bed to mean high water mark, as weddings and parties. It is a and maintained by NPWS. Of popular location for viewing major relevance to the management of harbour events. the wharf is the Disability Standards for Accessible Public Transport 2002 (in force under subsection 31 (1) of the Disability Discrimination Act 1992). This Act requires assessment of all public transport wharves for upgrading for access for the disabled subject to a range of conditions detailed in the Act.

A conservation management plan was prepared for the island in 1997, by students from the Sydney University Master of Heritage Conservation Program, and many of the recommendations have been implemented.

Further details about the planning context are provided in Section 4 Appendices.

146 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 08: SHARK ISLAND

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 147 Significant Values and Considerations

Natural features Cultural history

The island today is predominantly The Kameragal clan lived to the The large Edwardian pavilion a modified landscape with a north of Sydney Harbour and the was constructed in 1911. Between few elements of indigenous clan lived to the south. Both 1911 and 1919, the island was vegetation extant. Most of the were from the Guringai linguistic planted with a large range of original vegetation was removed to group and both may have used the typically Edwardian trees and accommodate previous uses. In the island. The Aboriginal name for shrubs (see above) and water tanks, early 20th century when the island Shark Island is ‘Boam-billy’. concrete picnic shelters and garden became a popular recreational seats were installed. Evidence of Aboriginal life destination, it was landscaped on the island is in the form of at During World War II, Shark with fashionable Edwardian plants least two middens and scatters of Island was used as a storage depot such as hoop pine Araucaria stone artefacts. The shells used by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). cunninghamii, Canary Island palm for decoration on the island’s 20th 1950 saw the upgrading of visitor Phoenix canariensis, Aloe sp., Agave century buildings were possibly facilities and the construction of sp. and Yucca sp. Many of these sourced from middens on the island. a pathway around the foreshore. specimens remain today. The Potable water was transported to rock platforms and beach provide The island has had a history the island weekly and a ranger was important habitat for marine and from the 1830s of recreational employed by the Maritime Services intertidal life. use interspersed with other uses. Board. The island has buildings From 1871 to 1900 the island There is a population of brush- and equipment on the foreshore was used for human, stock and tailed possum Trichosurus vulpecula which are part of the degaussing dog quarantine. The first jetty for resident on the island. The native station located on the opposite unloading stock was constructed water rat Hydromys chrysogaster foreshore at Steele Point, Nielsen in 1878 at the south eastern point and various birds visit the island. Park. These were constructed by where the current jetty is located. the Royal Australian Navy and are In 1904 the Clark Island Trust, still operational today and used for controlled by the Lands Department, demagnetising ships. was given responsibility for Shark Island and visitors continued to Shark Island was part of the picnic on the island. original national park reservation in 1975.

148 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 08: SHARK ISLAND

Built environment Recreation and services

Dominant built features are the A visit to Shark Island is a special pavilion (1911) and wharf. Other visitor experience, with its spectacular harbour infrastructure includes a toilet block and city views and sense of isolation and concrete picnic shelters, seats and and tranquillity. tables. Sydney Water supplies potable Currently, Shark Island is available water and takes sewage from the island for picnicking on a daily basis through a via submarine pipes linking the mainland regular ferry service or by at Point Piper. Electricity is supplied by private transport. the Department of Defence from the Degaussing Station at Steele Point, Nielsen Shark Island plays an important role Park. The water, sewer lines and current in the celebration of special events such toilet block were installed, and the wharf as New Year’s Eve fireworks, reconstructed, in 1976-77. celebrations and the Boxing Day Sydney Hobart Yacht race start. It is increasingly included as a venue in Destination NSW’s cultural programs.

Shark Island can be booked on an exclusive basis by groups for parties and functions. The potential for enhanced facilities to support functions is under consideration.

The principal contentious issue in relation to Shark Island is the potential noise drift to the suburbs around the harbour foreshore. There has been a recent history of complaints arising from island functions, especially where amplified music has been used.

The island provides a unique urban respite. In terms of facilities, the precinct is a medium day use area and has facilities for group picnics. A significant proportion of visits are made by those living over one hour’s travel time from the precinct. A landing fee and booking for all visits applies at this precinct, although this is not always adhered to.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 149 What We Are Going To Do

Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Conserve the natural Celebrate and nurture contemporary values of the park and traditional Aboriginal culture

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The remnant gardenesque style plantings will be conserved and interpreted together with the remaining Port Jackson and Morton Bay figs and other significant native OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT species. The cultural landscape will have Aboriginal cultural heritage will be protected and maintained precedence over the natural. and the Aboriginal community will guide its management.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Investigate and undertake the installation Whole of park actions as they apply to Shark Island precinct of solar panels on picnic and toilet buildings Implement dual naming of the island. or stand alone. Investigate use of the power Research and facilitate recording of contemporary contact and pre- generated for wharf lighting. contact Aboriginal culture regarding the island. Prepare and implement a tree management Facilitate on-park activities to encourage improved understanding of and replacement strategy. Aboriginal culture among both the Aboriginal and Investigate the implications of sea level rise non-Aboriginal community. on intertidal zone habitats and biodiversity. Continue to liaise with the local Aboriginal people of Sydney on Encourage continuing and new research of matters relating to the protection, management and interpretation these areas and their ecology. of the Aboriginal cultural heritage of the island. Whole of park actions as they apply to Work in partnership with local Aboriginal communities and other Shark Island precinct stakeholders to develop and expand programs on Shark Island to Expand the Sydney Harbour National interpret both traditional and contemporary Aboriginal culture Park corporate and community volunteer throughout Sydney Harbour. program to Shark Island, enabling people to spend time on the island undertaking volunteer weed removal and landscape maintenance works. Harvest rainwater through the installation of water tanks for water re-use in toilets and for external uses.

150 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 08: SHARK ISLAND

Outcome 3 Outcome 4 Celebrate the Provide enriching and memorable historic heritage experiences in the park values of the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The cultural landscape, including the Traditional passive recreation opportunities will be maintained Edwardian pavilion and the early 20th and enriched with new tourism experiences, whilst protecting century plantings, will be conserved natural and cultural heritage values and allowing a greater and interpreted. diversity of visitors to enjoy the island.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Investigate new commercial partnerships Promote the island as a venue for functions and events, including to provide tourist experiences with an major cultural events such as the Sydney Festival, with numbers emphasis on the island’s cultural heritage. limited to a maximum of 800 persons on the island at any one time. Ensure regular maintenance and repairs to Replace (after detailed recording) the 1950s picnic shelters with historic structures, including the stonework updated structures of simple design and orientation, possibly of sea walls and grottos and painting of including new locations if determined in the masterplanning process. the gazebo. Review the restrictions of visiting hours, activities, visual impacts Whole of park actions as they apply to and in particular sound amplification, to minimise impacts Shark Island precinct generated from island visitation on neighbours. Review, endorse and implement the Shark Permit the provision of infrastructure to support catered functions, Island Conservation Management Plan 1997 such as outdoor kitchen facilities. The proposed location is adjacent prepared for the island. to the amenities building, where water and power are available. Provide high-quality historic heritage Assess the condition of the foreshore walking track in light of interpretive and educational material possible sea level rise impacts and repair or demolish commensurate with the high cultural and as appropriate. recreation significance of the island. Provide an entry statement at the island’s wharf arrival point including interpretation of the island’s features.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 151 Outcome 5 Outcome 6 Improved access to the park for all Strengthen and create partnerships

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The less physically able and a diversity of cultures will have OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT increased opportunities to enjoy the island. The precinct will Continue to support and build on demonstrate excellence in landscape management and design, strong volunteer and commercial including the provision and updating of visitor facilities to a high- partnerships in conservation of and quality standard. visitation to Shark Island.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Design and construct island pathways that provide an accessible Formalise an agreement with the route from the wharf to the gazebo and amenities block. Department of Defence for the degaussing Prepare a landscape plan for the island to appropriately balance the station infrastructure on the island and use island’s competing values, maximising cultural landscape elements of the power supply. and their interpretation and achieving high-quality amenity Provide support for volunteer vegetation for visitors. management programs. Provide high-quality, well-designed landscape elements at the island’s wharf entrance to signal the special qualities of the island that lie ahead. Whole of park actions as they apply to Shark Island precinct Install interpretive and information signage on the island. Temporary signs should be located at the entrance to the island (wharf and beach) to indicate if the venue is hired. Review the requirements and feasibility for adaptation of the wharf to allow improved access for mobility impaired people, in accordance with the Disability Standards for Accessible Public Transport 2002.

152 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 08: SHARK ISLAND

Outcome 7 Outcome 8 Robust management of Contribute to the goal of the park is sustained easy and safe transport to and within the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The precinct will provide an excellent example of sound park management, OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT including adaptation to sea level rise. Provide for easier public access to the island.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Whole of park actions as they apply to Continue the regular water-based Shark Island precinct shuttle service to Shark Island for independent visitors. As part of park wide inter-tidal asset maintenance, monitor the impacts and Whole of park actions as they apply to implement best practice asset maintenance Shark Island precinct and adaptation for assets directly impacted Investigate and, if approved, implement the by rising sea levels, such as Shark Island wharf waiving of the landing fee for independent and rock platform and foreshore structures. visitors. Fees are to be continued for groups Ensure any upgrades or new facilities and private bookings. incorporate environmentally sustainable features and are of high-quality, long- lasting materials.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 153 154 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 09: CLARK ISLAND Precinct 09: Clark Island

The primary focus for the island is for an increased range of small-scale, high-quality recreational experiences in a natural setting.

Clark Island, a small island less than one Improving the access and enjoyment of hectare in size, offers a tranquil bushland visitors to Clark Island has been targeted in setting in the heart of Sydney Harbour, a several of the key projects in this plan of unique picnic location for small groups and management. The main project is Project family functions. The island is situated 350 3 Aboriginal Discovery Partnership, metres from Darling Point on the harbour’s where we will work in partnership with southern shore. The Aboriginal name is the Aboriginal people of Sydney and other Billong-olola. stakeholders, to develop and expand programs to interpret both traditional Along with Shark Island to its east, it was and contemporary Aboriginal culture well established in the mould of recreational throughout Sydney Harbour. parklands by the early 20th century and holds a special place in the memories of Other projects where Clark Island will many in the Sydney community. feature include:

A company providing Aboriginal cultural »» Project 4 Harbour Islands tours regularly takes visitors to Clark »» Project 10 Climate Change Mitigation Island. The island can be booked on an »» Project 12 The Harbour Shuttle exclusive basis by groups for functions and is one of the key spectator venues Details of these projects are outlined in for New Year’s Eve fireworks and other Section 01. harbour events. In previous years, it was a venue for theatre company performances and continues to offer a unique ‘stage’ for cultural events.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 155 The Precinct and its Context

Description Planning context

Clark Island, or Billong-olola as referred The adjacent suburb of Darling Point is part to by Aboriginal people, is a small island of the Woollahra local government area, in the stunning waterscape at the heart and council has a strong interest in how of Sydney Harbour. Sited just off the the island is utilised. foreshore at Darling Point, it represents The wharf is leased from NSW Roads the quiet and remote character of Sydney and Maritime Services but maintained Harbour prior to European settlement. by NPWS. The Disability Standards for The reclaimed grassed areas are Accessible Public Transport 2002 (in force contained by historic seawalls, with stairs under subsection 31 (1) of the Disability and pathways that extend to the upper Discrimination Act 1992) applies to the levels of the island. Although largely Clark Island wharf and sets minimum replanted with native vegetation in the standards for the wharf and associated 1970s, the island has some large remnant access points. species such as Port Jackson fig Ficus Further details about the planning rubiginosa, which need care and protection. context are provided in The wharf on the western side of the Section o4 Appendices. island has become a regular entry point for people arriving in smaller vessels including kayaks, boats and water taxis. A small jetty adjacent to the wharf allows for NPWS vessel mooring to service facilities on the island.

156 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 09: CLARK ISLAND

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 157 Significant Values and Considerations

Natural features Cultural history

This small rocky island has increased Billong-olola is the Aboriginal From the 1860s, the island in size due to reclamation and the name for the island. The Kameragal was a popular picnic spot for construction of sea walls. Wind- clan lived to the north of Sydney the growing and increasingly sculpted, substantial sandstone Harbour and the Cadigal clan lived prosperous colony. ‘Picnic on Clark rocks and rocky overhangs to the south. Both were from the Island 1870’, a large painting by characterise the island. Guringai linguistic group and both artist Montague Scott, hangs in may have used the island. The Sydney’s Mitchell Library. The island’s vegetation was Cadigal people are the recognised originally typically Port Jackson The island was proclaimed a traditional owners of Sydney fig , Sydney public reserve in 1879. To improve Cove. Today, there is little tangible red gum Angophora costata, the island’s amenities, the Clark evidence of Aboriginal life on the sweet pittosporum Pittosporum Island Trust was established in island. It is understood that the undulatum, she-oak Casuarina 1892. Remnants of built items from island was frequently visited by spp. and Banksia spp. Today there this period are still present, such local Aboriginal people, with the is some remnant vegetation, but as water tanks and the timber jetty. natural rocky shoreline adapted for much has been replanted, as the The island was long associated with use as a fish trap. island was cleared in the 1800s to the Sydney Flying Squadron Sailing grow vegetables. The understorey Clark Island was named after Club. Clark Island was transferred is composed of small native shrubs Lieutenant Ralph Clark, an officer to the Defence Department during and some weed species. of the marines in the First Fleet World War II and the remains of of 1788. Like all officers, he was one of the three Japanese midget The remnant and planted encouraged to grow food for the submarines was stored on the vegetation provides habitat for a colony and was given permission island for a short time. Part of one number of native fauna species and to do so on the island. Whilst there of the midget submarines is now a vegetative link to other bushland was some measure of success, the located on Garden Island and is areas on the mainland, such as crops were often stolen and as available for public viewing. Clark Bradleys Head. result, the project was abandoned. Island became part of Sydney Fauna on the island includes Harbour National Park in 1975. birds such as the Australian magpie Gymnorhina tibicen, laughing kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae, pied currawong Strepera graculina and various sea birds and ducks. Various bats, possums and rats (native and non-native) may be present or visit. Reptiles, such as skinks and many invertebrates, live on the island.

Bush regeneration programs to control weed species are conducted with the assistance of volunteers.

158 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 09: CLARK ISLAND

Built environment Recreation and services

The island has a jetty suitable for limited Clark Island has a long history of passenger transfer. Picnic furniture and recreation, with its convenient location toilet facilities are provided for visitors. and its setting in a priceless natural and A series of steps and pathways connect cultural landscape. Clark Island is available different levels of the island and a to visitors for small gatherings such as 70-metre concrete pathway runs along the picnics, with bookings required eastern and northern side. Rock overhangs through NPWS. are supported by masonry and stone The island may be hired exclusively for supports, for public safety reasons. A brass functions. There is currently no regular public plaque provides limited information about transport service to the island however the early history of the island. access is available by private or charter Town water, sewer and electricity are vessel, including kayaks and other private available and are connected to the mainland. means of transport. Mooring at the wharf is not permitted due to its limited size, such that drop off and pick up only are permitted.

Clark Island provides an urban respite experience. In terms of facilities, this precinct is a medium day use area and has facilities for group picnics. A significant proportion of visits are made by those living over one hour’s travel time from the precinct. A landing fee and booking for all visits applies to this precinct.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 159 What We Are Going To Do

Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Conserve the natural Celebrate and nurture values of the park contemporary and traditional Aboriginal culture

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Of the five islands in Sydney Harbour National Park, Clark Island differs from the others in that it is the most natural, with minimal built structures and a significant coverage of native vegetation. Maintaining this uniqueness, by conserving natural habitat and OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT interpreting the natural environment of the harbour Clark Island will be a place for community learning islands, is a primary aim. around Aboriginal culture and the story of Sydney.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Consider expansion of the volunteer program to Allow construction of campfire facilities for use by include potentially enabling volunteers to spend an Aboriginal and other tour groups, to include low key over night on the island for bush regeneration and seating and fire place. Aboriginal people will be maintenance work. consulted on the design and location, with a preference Management of the bush on the island will aim for the currently cleared areas. to recreate, to the best of our knowledge, the pre- Whole of park actions as they apply to 1788 landscape. Clark Island precinct Maintain cleared grassed areas on the island for Implement dual naming of the island. recreational use. Research and facilitate the recording of contemporary Install solar lighting on the wharf. contact and pre-contact Aboriginal culture regarding the island. Facilitate island-based activities to encourage improved understanding of Aboriginal culture among both the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal community. Involve the Aboriginal community in the presentation and interpretation of Aboriginal culture. Work in partnership with the local Aboriginal community and other stakeholders to develop and expand programs to interpret both traditional and contemporary Aboriginal culture throughout Sydney Harbour.

160 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 09: CLARK ISLAND

Outcome 3 Outcome 4 Celebrate the historic Provide enriching and memorable heritage values of experiences in the park the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Traditional participatory recreation opportunities will be Interpret the rich history of the island, maintained and enriched with new tourism experiences, whilst and make the information available using protecting natural and cultural heritage values and allowing a interesting and contemporary means. greater diversity of visitors to enjoy the island.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Prepare and implement a heritage Continue the enhancement of Aboriginal-focused guided management plan for the island, aimed at opportunities with activities such as story telling, star gazing and conserving and interpreting the cultural bush tucker picnics. landscape of the island in line with heritage Continue to promote the island as a venue for functions, with numbers significance assessment recommendations. limited to a maximum of 250 persons on the island at any one time. Provide interpretive information to tell the Review the restrictions of visiting hours, activities, visual impacts story of Aboriginal and European history, and in particular sound amplification, to minimise impacts including the island’s role in harbour sailing generated from island visitation on neighbours. and other recreational pursuits, and the Camping is permitted on Clark Island subject to formal approval by World War II Japanese attack on Sydney. NPWS through the issue of consent, licence or lease. Continue the use of Clark Island for special events such as New Year’s Eve, Sydney Festival, Crave, Vivacity, Vivid, Sydney Writers’ Festival, Biennale and Sydney Film Festival. Pursue harbour-based events such as Clark Island to Shark Island swimming and kayaking events, subject to the acquisition of an aquatic licence from NSW Roads and Maritime Services.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 161 Outcome 5 Outcome 6 Improved access to the park for all Strengthen and create partnerships

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Through continued bush regeneration work with volunteers and other stakeholders, OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Clark Island’s vegetation will be improved. Through landscape management and design, the less physically Partnerships will be pursued to allow a able and a diversity of cultures will have increased opportunities more diverse range of activities for visitors to enjoy the island. to enjoy the island.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Investigate the viability of improved access for the disabled to and Continue to support the island’s volunteer within the Clark Island precinct. bush regeneration program and seek Investigate specialist tours for culturally and linguistically diverse expansion of the corporate program (CALD) communities with a not-for-profit Aboriginal tour operator. currently operating at Middle Head. This involves volunteer staff from corporate Prepare a landscape plan for Clark Island to guide the provision and entities working under the guidance of maintenance of cleared and bushland areas and amenities for future NPWS experts to remove weeds and use of the island. participate in park maintenance activities. Monitor the condition of and maintain the foreshore walking track Seek partnerships with the education and on the eastern side of the island. A reassessment of the materials cultural sectors, to encourage small-scale used may be required due to sea level rise and wave action. special events on the island. Upgrade the picnic furniture on the island. Whole of park actions as they apply to Clark Island precinct Provision of a regular public transport service to the island will require assessment of the wharf for upgrading under the requirements of the Disability Standards for Accessible Public Transport 2002 (in force under subsection 31 (1) of the Disability Discrimination Act 1992).

162 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 09: CLARK ISLAND

Outcome 7 Outcome 8 Robust management of the park Contribute to the goal of is sustained easy and safe transport to and within the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The precinct will provide an excellent example of sound park OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT management including adaptation to sea level rise, community Include Clark Island in a regular, easily engagement and cultural and ecotourism to a unique destination. accessed harbour shuttle service.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Examine options for energy and water saving and reduce Investigate the introduction of a regular low waste collection requirements through recycling and visitor cost option water transport shuttle service education programs. to Clark Island for independent visitors. Whole of park actions as they apply to Clark Island precinct Ensure the maintenance and stability of the wharf, pathway and seawalls of Clark Island cognisant of sea level rise predictions. Include the island in the park-wide review of signage. Ensure any development on the island uses environmental sustainability best-practice. Ensure any long term proposals for the island consider predicted sea level rises. Ensure any upgrades or new facilities incorporate environmentally sustainable features and are of high-quality, long-lasting materials.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 163 164 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 10: FORT DENISON Precinct 10: Fort Denison

Conservation of this unique site is the key focus, requiring detailed monitoring and adaptation, where feasible, for the impacts of climate change and the continual Research to date indicates that the island is highly vulnerable to any form physical processes of winds, tides, waves of sea level rise. At the upper level predictions and in its current configuration, and associated currents. At the same time, it would be profoundly affected. Even if the sea walls were adapted, seepage would facilitating continued public use as an historic still occur through the foundation. site and utilising the site to interpret its Many in the community have fond memories of visits to Fort Denison history is important. as children, and it is important to maintain and increase public access and Fort Denison, or Mat-te-wan-ye as it is appreciation of the site. known by the local Aboriginal people, is one of the most distinctive, unique Fort Denison has been targeted in a and iconic landmarks in Sydney Harbour. number of the key projects in this plan of Constructed over the years from the management due to its location and status. 1840s, the fort was completed in 1862. Visitor access is very important. The , on the northern end Project 7 Enhanced Park Access and of the island, is one of only two in the Project 12 The Harbour Shuttle aim to southern hemisphere and is one of the increase and improve access to the park for finest examples of its kind in the world. all. Other projects applying to this precinct Fort Denison is recognised by include Project 4 Harbour Islands and the people of Sydney as an historic Project 10 Climate Change Mitigation. fortification that remains an enduring Details of these projects are outlined in feature in a changing harbour context. Fort Section 01. Denison is listed under the NSW Heritage Act 1977 for its state level of significance.

The precinct has undergone stonework conservation to address outstanding maintenance and repairs. It is the subject of research into the process of climate change-induced sea level rise.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 165 The Precinct and its Context

Description Planning context

Fort Denison is a unique island Fort Denison is located in Under the Disability Standards fortification close to the heart of unincorporated waters and is not for Accessible Public Transport 2002 the city, its closest land fall being subject to any local government (in force under subsection 31 (1) Garden Island. legislation. The fort, however, is of the Disability Discrimination in close proximity to the City of Act 1992), there is a requirement Its Martello tower, a small Sydney and North Sydney local for wharves which are used defensive fort, is the only one in government areas. by passengers in conjunction Australia and the last to be built with travelling on a public in the world. Built in the mid 19th A number of state government transport service, to meet certain century in response to a military agencies have responsibility for requirements. Fort Denison wharf threat that did not eventuate, it infrastructure on the island and requires consideration was obsolete before completion. NSW Roads and Maritime Services for compliance. The fort covers an area of only is responsible for the sea bed 0.2 hectares and although surrounding the island. Further details about the originally a rocky outcrop, it was planning context are provided in Sydney Ports Corporation cut down in parts to water level for Section 04 Appendices. maintains the tide gauge, the construction of the barracks navigation light and fog bell and fortification. on the island and the Bureau A museum display is housed of Meteorology maintains an in the barracks along with a café. anemometer on the flag pole. Tours are conducted daily and the Licences from NPWS are required café is also open seven days and for these. provides a venue for after-hours NSW Water Police implement functions and events. legislation regarding the lessee’s The site is a popular destination liquor licence. for a diverse range of visitors Fort Denison is of state including school groups, and is significance and is listed on the currently serviced by a regular State Heritage Register. ferry service from Circular Quay and Darling Harbour.

166 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 10: FORT DENISON

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 167 Significant Values and Considerations

Natural features Cultural history

There are few natural identifying Fort Denison is of national and For most of the 20th century, the features remaining in this precinct international significance as an island and fort took on a maritime as the island has been completely exceptionally fine and intact role. It continues to be a reference altered. The fact that it is no longer example of a 19th century defence point for tide measurement and referred to as an island but as a fortification that is unique within changing navigation techniques. fort is indicative of this situation. Australia. Located in Sydney Fort Denison is the only island site The only remaining natural Harbour, neighbouring the Sydney entirely covered with a fortification features occur in the intertidal Opera House and the Sydney within Sydney Harbour and it retains zone. However, the other ‘natural’ Harbour Bridge, Fort Denison is a the integrity of its completed 1862 features are the remnant historic landmark that represents colonial form. In an international context, plantings including an edible fig Australian settlement. The fort is the combination of a Martello tower Ficus carica on the upper terrace associated with several phases of and associated barracks is unusual and a date palm Phoenix canariensis Australian history. and rare. The fort, built entirely of in the lower area. The P. local sandstone, demonstrates the It is highly probable that it was canariensis (one remaining of two) evolution from an island to convict used by local Aboriginal people. in particular has a landmark quality, shaped rock battery, to a completed Governor Arthur Phillip renamed due to its size and its incongruous fort. The Martello tower on Fort it Rock Island soon after European prominence on what is essentially Denison is unique as a European- settlement to Sydney Cove, but it a rocky island. The F. carica, despite styled coastal fort constructed was informally known as Pinchgut its age, continues to bear fruit. in Australia. It is of international Island. This colourful name is Both specimens are reminders of significance as one of only two commonly believed to refer to the the long domestic history of the towers in the southern hemisphere island’s use as place of punishment island associated with the island that survive intact. It forms part of a for convicts until the early 1800s, caretakers, a history which spans worldwide group of similarly styled and the starvation diet they more decades than the active fort. and dated European coastal fort received there of bread and water. towers built during this period. The name may also refer to the nautical term that indicates the The tower is also of international island’s location at the narrowest significance for the integrity of its point of the harbour. The island, original casemated ordnance and previously approximately 25 metres sidearms. Fort Denison is recognised above mean sea level (the Martello by the people of Sydney as an Tower is 15.4 metres above mean historic fortification that remains sea level) was then modified for an enduring feature in a changing defensive use firstly as a battery harbour context. The very nature of and then as a fort. As a fort, it its massive sandstone construction, demonstrates the administration combined with its isolation and and politics of the comparative inaccessibility, adds to and the need for defensive its mystique and its landmark status structures in the colonies. within Sydney Harbour.

168 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 10: FORT DENISON

Built environment Recreation and services

The fort has town water, electricity and sewer. Fort Denison has a strong visual presence The wharf is leased from NSW Roads and in the harbour landscape and is a well- Maritime Services and maintenance is the recognised local landmark. It provides a responsibility of NPWS. The barracks building cultural and iconic experience. An auditory was converted to a museum. A commercial reminder of its presence is the daily firing kitchen and dining room were installed in of the fort’s cannon at 1pm. 1999-2000. The toilet facilities were upgraded Fort Denison is available to visitors and connected to the sewer at this time. through tours, with ferries departing from Also on the island is a tide gauge which Circular Quay and Darling Harbour. Tours has been operating continuously since include entry and a guided tour of the 1865, a fog bell, navigational markers Martello Tower and a visit to the museum and a beacon. The Bureau of Meteorology and historic tide gauge room. A café, operates a weather facility on the island operated by a lessee, is available for food and publishes observations at half-hourly and beverages. In the evenings, the venue intervals on their website. is available for exclusive hire for functions and events. At 1pm every day, Fort Dension staff fire a cannon. This practice began in 1906 to enable sailors to set their ships’ chronometers correctly. The daily gun continued until World War II, when the authorities stopped it for fear of alarming residents. The practice recommenced in 1986.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 169 What We Are Going To Do

Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Conserve the natural values Celebrate and nurture of the park contemporary and traditional Aboriginal culture

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The Aboriginal cultural heritage of the island, prior Monitoring of climate change-induced sea level rise to the construction of the fortifications, will be will guide future planning and use of the precinct. researched and interpreted where appropriate.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Review the advice and implement where practicable, Research and facilitate recording of contemporary, the recommendations contained in DECCW Coastal contact and post-contact history of the precinct with Unit‘s Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Study for Fort Denison the involvement of the Aboriginal community, to (October 2008). provide data for potential Discovery tours in partnership Examine options for energy and water saving and the with City of Sydney and other agencies. reduction of waste collection requirements. Whole of park actions as they apply to Fort Continue seagull management to ensure Fort Denison Denison precinct does not become a nesting site. Consider dual naming of Fort Denison.

170 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 10: FORT DENISON

Outcome 3 Outcome 4 Celebrate the Provide enriching and memorable historic heritage experiences in the park values of the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The fort will be conserved and the Traditional passive recreation will be maintained and enriched rich history of the island will be made with new tourism opportunities, allowing a range of visitors the available to visitors. special ‘island and historical experience’ of Fort Denison.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Manage the collection of moveable heritage Continue to lease the Fort Denison barracks and forecourt for the associated with Fort Denison. purpose of café, restaurant and functions centre. Encourage ongoing research into the history In the event that the current lease comes to an end, new adaptive and physical development of the fort. uses will be considered to support sustainable visitor and tourist Monitor the condition of P. canariensis and use and enjoyment. F. carica and seek the advice of an arborist Investigate the feasibility of declaring the island a if required. ‘non smoking’ venue. Continue to provide water to F. carica and Daily tours will continue to operate ensuring that day time P. canariensis in summer as required to visitors have the opportunity for face-to-face interpretation of the maximise their health. island’s heritage. Re-lay the turf on the upper terrace (with Ensure that Fort Denison continues to play a key role in special archaeological supervision) to improve the events on Sydney Harbour. look and safety for visitors of this area. Ensure visitor safety and comfort by limiting numbers to no more Encourage and promote the fort’s than 200 visitors at any one time. exceptional educational opportunities for Ensure visitor safety and comfort by limiting the number of visitors schools and the general public. in the Martello Tower to a maximum of 20 per guided group. Continue a program of preventative and Improve the marketing and promotion for Fort Denison. cyclical maintenance. Permit construction of storage sheds in the yard, and other discrete Whole of park actions as they apply to well-designed storage facilities for the operation of the restaurant Fort Denison precinct or similar use, if approved after heritage and environmental Plan for future works based on the assessment and consideration of alternative options. vulnerability assessment of climate change- Work with the lessee to ensure that restaurant operations enhance induced sea level rise. visitor appreciation and experience of the core heritage values of the island.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 171 Outcome 5 Outcome 6 Improved access to the park for all Strengthen and create partnerships

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Due to the predicted vulnerability of the site to salt water inundation as a result of climate change-induced sea level rise, the wharf and other facilities will be upgraded as a priority to OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT allow access for all. The fort’s appearance will be to the highest Develop partnerships with stakeholders to possible standard and the significant visual elements of the fort improve visitor opportunities and conserve will be well presented to the public. the fort.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Develop a detailed design plan for an undercover outdoor dining/ Seek appropriate partnerships to continue function area that does not compromise the visual presentation monitoring and research on the impacts of of the fort, particularly on arrival at the site, including appropriate sea level rise on this important historic site. lighting for night functions. A new structure for this purpose would be Include Fort Denison in the wider presentation permitted subject to environmental and heritage impact assessment. of Sydney Harbour’s coastal forts. Develop a system to monitor, assess and address the impact of sea Seek partnerships with the education and level rise, wave action and boat traffic on the fort structure. cultural sectors, to encourage use of the Provide improvements for the mobility impaired including hand rails island for small-scale special events on in the Martello tower and tunnel. the island under the umbrella of larger Whole of park actions as they apply to Fort Denison precinct programs and festivals such as the Sydney Festival, Crave, Vivacity, Vivid, Sydney Maintain the toilet facilities for the disabled to a clear, clean and Writers’ Festival, book launches and accessible standard. celebrity events. Promote the availability and accessibility of the precinct. Negotiate with NSW Roads and Maritime Review the requirements and feasibility for adaptation of the Services for assistance with protection wharf to allow improved access for mobility-impaired people of the fort structure by implementing in accordance with the Disability Standards for Accessible Public and regulating an ‘irregular manoeuvre Transport 2002 (in force under subsection 31 (1) of the Disability prohibited’ zone distance off for commercial Discrimination Act 1992). Fort Denison is currently the highest adventure vessels (CAV). priority precinct for upgrade to these standards. Work with the restaurant lessee to ensure that visitors to the island are supported by high-quality services and experiences.

172 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 10: FORT DENISON

Outcome 7 Outcome 8 Robust management Contribute to the goal of of the park is sustained easy and safe transport to and within the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Fort Denison will continue to have a Fort Denison precinct will provide an excellent example of high- regular, easily accessed water transport quality conservation. shuttle service.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Implement and publicly promote the research and monitoring Ensure continued and improved water programs established for the precinct including the DECCW transport services to the fort. Coastal Unit‘s Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Study for Fort Denison Prepare a feasibility assessment for the (October 2008) provision of disabled access for the Fort Adapt access to the fort to compensate for predicted sea level rise. Denison Wharf. Implement recommendations to reduce sea water inundation below the floors of the barracks building and other infrastructure. Continue the program of research into materials conservation and repair.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 173 174 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 11: GOAT ISLAND Precinct 11: Goat Island

Goat Island is the largest of the park’s five islands, and one of the eight remaining islands of Sydney Harbour. The six and a half-hectare island contains the richest and most diverse array of Aboriginal, the island for broader community use commenced in 2005. Over the historic and natural heritage values of all the next four years, more than 9 million dollars was spent on repairing park islands. Of particular note are the more than wharfs, replacing steps and pathways and undertaking essential 30 buildings and other structures dating from the conservation works. 1830s to the 1960s. During this period, a draft masterplan was prepared Dominating the waters to the west outlining various proposals for of the Harbour Bridge, Goat Island the establishment of visitor or ‘Me Mel’ truly sits at the eye of services to the island. Following Sydney Harbour. the public exhibition of the draft Wide public access has been masterplan, the then Minister denied at Goat Island over most of for Climate Change and the the last two centuries. During the Environment appointed the Goat colonial period, this resulted from Island Reference Group (GIRG) to the island’s use for the storage consider the public submissions of explosives and housing of on the plan and to provide formal convicts. Throughout most of the recommendations to the Minister 20th century, Goat Island was the on the future development and administrative and operational base management of the island. for the management of Sydney The GIRG deliberated over Harbour, first by the Sydney Harbour a two-year period, considering Trust and then by its successor, the a huge array of background Maritime Services Board (MSB). information including a draft Goat Island was transferred from conservation management plan that the management of the MSB to was being prepared for the island. NPWS in 1995. This did not result in The full text of the GIRG the island being widely opened to recommendations is reproduced general public access, largely because on pages 177 and 178, comprising of the poor condition of much of an overarching ‘Vision’ for the the island’s basic infrastructure and island along with a set of ‘Guiding associated hazards. Principles’.

Public access has been limited to Project 4 Harbour Islands aims special events, such as film festivals to revitalise the five islands of and the 1998 Biennale, supervised Sydney Harbour National Park, with and specialised tours. The successful a particular focus on Goat Island, Australian television show ‘Water as the largest and most complex of Rats’ was filmed and produced on the group. the island from 1995 to 2001. Details of this project are An ambitious program to address outlined in Section 01. potential hazards and to prepare

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 175 The Precinct and its Context

Description Planning context

Located west of the Harbour Bridge, Goat Island is unincorporated land, Goat Island and its component Goat Island has a commanding therefore not within any local parts, some 65 separate items, are position in the harbour very close government area. It does, however, heritage items within the NPWS to the Balmain peninsula and have a close visual proximity Section 170 Register. The island Barangaroo. As with all islands, and historical connection to as a whole is listed in the NPWS there is a certain mystique and Leichhardt, North Sydney and the Historic Heritage Information experience of isolation regardless City of Sydney local government Management System Register of its proximity to the mainland. areas. The adjacent foreshore (# 1387). areas at Birchgrove, Balmain Many aspects of the island have The access wharf on the south East, McMahons Point and Millers high significance, in particular the west of Goat Island has been Point are generally zoned for Aboriginal and historical heritage, upgraded to meet the requirements medium to high density residential evidenced by the remains of of the Disability Standards for development. Potential impacts Aboriginal occupation, stories both Accessible Public Transport 2002 (in of noise and visual amenity on recorded and spiritual and the force under subsection 31 (1) of the nearby residential areas need to be colonial buildings from the 19th Disability Discrimination Act 1992). considered in determining future century. More recently, the island operations and uses of the island. Further details about the was home and work place to many planning context are provided in whose memories and recollections Potential sites for land-based Section 4 Appendices. form strong ties with the place facilities for servicing Goat Island and play a significant part in the and the other national park islands interpretation of the site. are being investigated.

Following the arrival of the Goat Island is listed as a First Fleet in 1788, the island has heritage item on the NSW State remained in government control Heritage Register. This listing until the present day, being used includes all the buildings and for a range of purposes from gun structures on the island, but powder storage to government excludes the wharfage which is shipbuilding yard. Most recently, subject to a separate lease with in 1994, it was transferred from NSW Roads and Maritime Services. the NSW Maritime Services Board (MSB) to the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS), before being incorporated into Sydney Harbour National Park in 1995.

176 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 11: GOAT ISLAND Goat Island Reference Group Vision and Recommendations for Goat Island

Goat Island Goat Island Reference Reference Group Group Vision Guiding Principles

The Goat Island Reference Group For Goat Island to be a special The island and its most significant (GIRG) developed the following place of beauty and unique features would be conserved, guiding principles and vision for experience, revived and enjoyed interpreted and used in accordance Goat Island. by the public as part of the natural with the following: and cultural domain and a focal »» The most significant heritage point of one of Sydney’s most elements of the island’s valuable community assets – the history to be preserved, network of national parks, reserves restored and revived. and visual landscapes. »» Goat Island’s natural values, Through retention, conservation including its natural shoreline and promotion of its outstanding and rock-form curtilage, natural, Aboriginal and European and indigenous vegetation, cultural heritage, Goat Island would to be highlighted and the become recognised as a place of interpretation of those values national significance, featuring linked to the nearby ‘green its pre-European shoreline and headlands’ of Sydney Harbour. vegetation, and convict-constructed »» The ability to tell the island’s stone buildings. rich Aboriginal history and for visitors to experience Aboriginal heritage would be an important part of the island’s interpretive activities and use. »» The convict built stone and other colonial buildings and structures (1831-1865) in the Magazine precinct and the Water Police precinct, being of outstanding heritage significance, to be carefully restored and protected for visitor interpretation and experience. »» Buildings, structures and operations which have a materially adverse impact on the values of the Magazine and Water Police precincts and their highly significant heritage features, and on the natural heritage values of the island, to be removed, in order to properly present, interpret and experience those heritage values and features.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 177 »» The island’s 20th century maritime Such maritime features and on- and promote these major assets history to be represented and going operations – and some of together, as part of a major city its interpretation enabled by the important ‘working harbour’ tourism attraction – the Harbour retention of the Harbour Masters heritage – are more suitably – in a central city locale. Residence and four residential sited and interpreted elsewhere »» Appropriate accommodation, cottages on the knoll of the island; e.g. on Cockatoo Island. interpretation, catering, events part of the western Broadside »» The probable effects of and other tourism activities and Wharf; the workshop buildings climate change, high winds services would best be managed and structures to be used where and tides on the lowest parts and operated by government appropriate for repair and of the island to be taken into and/or corporate sector specialist maintenance of small wooden account when considering entities in ways which can boats (The repair workshop, the the retention/removal of properly protect the special values repair workshop addition, the buildings and structures on of the Island and use and manage slipway workshop buildings and those parts of the island, along them as a public asset, with access the 1949 winch house , and the with a consideration of their to and exposure of the island’s 150 ton slipway and the 1925 significance and condition. features, values and amenities slipway : items 2, 2a, 3 and 7 , and »» Goat Island to be preserved, to the public being a principle 29 and 113 of the inventory in the restored, revived, interpreted, guiding the use of the island. Conservation Management Plan used and promoted as a special »» Goat Island to continue to be 2011) in the Shipyard precinct destination and experience for the managed as part of Sydney and the amenities building (item quiet enjoyment and education of Harbour National Park. 22) in the magazine precinct. the visiting public in accordance Additional buildings and »» The present commercial with its beauty and special structures identified by the Goat shipyard operations and the natural and cultural heritage. Island Reference Group as having shipyard precinct buildings »» The Harbour Masters Residence an adverse visual and operational and structures adjacent to the and the four residential cottages impact and detracting from the Magazine precinct (The ship on the knoll of the island island’s heritage values and repair workshop, the addition to be considered for visitor significance include: to the ship repair workshop, service facilities (including the winch house (500 ton), the »» The scow shed and boat shed in eating facilities) and overnight hammerhead crane, and the 500 the Magazine precinct; accommodation. On appropriate ton shipway: items 1, 1a, 8, 9 »» The ship repair workshop and occasions, the island could be and 30 in the inventory) have addition and 500-tonne slipway in used appropriately for special a materially adverse impact on the Shipyard precinct, subject to events, primarily harbour- that very significant precinct lease conditions and obligations; centred and orientated. and its proper interpretation. »» The dredge office, gear sheds, fire »» Goat Island, as an island The operations are also likely fighting building and wharves in location, with its natural form to be impacted upon in the the North Depot precinct; and special heritage qualities, future by the effects of climate has considerable potential »» The Port Emergency Services change. In accordance with the value as a community asset building in the Emergency vision and visitor experiences in heritage and tourism Services precinct; and being proposed for the island, terms. It constitutes a unique the present operations should »» The wharf and associated opportunity to protect, conserve cease and the above buildings buildings in the South and structures be removed. Depot precinct.

178 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 11: GOAT ISLAND Significant Values and Considerations

Natural features

Goat Island forms an outstanding visual insectivorous micro-bat. Only three species landscape, being one of several Sydney of frog and three species of reptile have Harbour islands that contribute to the been recorded on the island. The bird fauna overall beauty and pattern of the harbour. is similarly not very diverse and with only The island is notable for its steep cliffs, 19 bushland native bird species, 11 native central ridgeline, rocky shoreline, remnant shorebird and waterbird species recorded sandstone outcrops and indigenous on and around Goat Island. vegetation, and areas of dense regrowth. Unlike many other precincts within Prior to 1788, the vegetation of the Sydney Harbour National Park, Goat island would have been broadly reflective Island has had more intense micro-bat of that of the adjacent harbour foreshores survey. Of the eight species of microbat of today, although it is likely to have recorded foraging on the island at night, been less species rich. This vegetation four are threatened species – the eastern community, coastal sandstone ridge-top freetail-bat Mormopterus norfolkensis, woodland with a scrub and herbaceous little bentwing-bat Miniopterus schreibersii layer, is typically dominated by Angophora oceanensis, eastern false pipistrelle costata, Eucalyptus botryoides, and Falsistrellus tasmaniensis, and the large- Banksia integrifolia. footed myotis Myotis macropus. However, to-date the last two species have only Modifications to the pre-European been tentatively identified from their landscape of Goat Island have been echolocation calls. At least some of these extensive and substantial for both the micro-bats (as well as the grey-headed landform and the locally indigenous flying-fox) commute from other locations vegetation, and involved extensive on the mainland to forage by night on quarrying, benching of sites, and the island. Future developments on the substantial clearing from 1831. However, island should consider the impacts of any since the 1980s, plantings and vegetation changed lighting shadows on the foraging regrowth, including many weed and non- behaviour of the threatened micro-bats. indigenous species, have given the island the appearance, particularly from the The black rat Rattus rattus and three water, of being densely vegetated. introduced bird species are the only introduced vertebrates now inhabiting the Whilst Goat Island may once have island. A silver gull colony commenced hosted a diversity of fauna species (albeit breeding on the island in 2004, and is less than in the surrounding headlands), the considered to be an intrusive element remaining fauna is now in poor condition. due to adverse impacts on the island’s Remaining mammal species recorded on landscape and cultural heritage values and the island include the regionally significant public health issues due to high numbers water rat Hydromys chrysogaster, the and excessive food and faecal waste. vulnerable grey-headed flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus, and up to eight species of

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 179 Cultural history

Prior to 1831, when the first recorded In 1837, the Water Police Station was European use of the island commenced, moved from Long Nose Point to Goat Island Goat Island was frequented by Aboriginal on a high point on the north eastern end. To people, especially the Wangal people. separate the police area from the convicts, The Wangal people inhabited the area on a shallow canal was cut through the rock. the southern side of Sydney Harbour and This was known as Barney’s Cut, after the referred to the island as ‘Me-mel’ (various Commanding Royal Engineer Captain spellings known) with various meanings . The stone cottage, built to associated with eyes or vision. Bennelong, accommodate the officer in charge and his who is believed to have been a Wangal crew of six and two cells, were designed man, claimed hereditary ownership of Goat by Mortimer Lewis, who also designed the Island and was often seen on the island Customs House at Circular Quay. with his wife Barangaroo. By 1846, most of the colony’s gun Goat Island has been highly modified powder was stored on Goat Island, with some level of quarrying, infill, including both the colonial government construction, lime burning or landscaping stores and privately-owned powder. During across virtually the entire island. It is this time, the large convict wall and sentry likely that much evidence of Aboriginal box and soldiers’ barracks and kitchen occupation was removed during this period. were constructed. In 1865, the government The only remaining recorded site is a single powder stores were moved to Spectacle shell midden, the remains of many meals Island with the merchant’s holdings gathered from the shores of the island. remaining. The Water Police building was used as a cartridge making laboratory The island itself and its history have when the water police moved to Dawes strong historical and cultural significance and Point, also in 1865. connections for Aboriginal people today. In 1901, the Sydney Harbour Trust Development on the island, since 1831, was established to control the port of has been extensive and post-settlement Sydney. Goat Island was established as the clearing, levelling and construction has headquarters for the Trust, which operated served to somewhat obscure the natural until 1936 when it was replaced by the features of the island. Maritime Service Board. Hundreds of tonnes of high-quality From the early 1900s, there was a sandstone were quarried for public new building phase on the island with buildings in Sydney up until 1832 when the construction of the Harbour Masters up to 200 convicts were moved from the residence in 1903 along with three prison ship Phoenix to live on the island. other residences. Tugs and dredges were Convict labour was used to level a site and stationed at Goat Island and wharves construct the gun powder magazine for the constructed. The shipyard was constructed storage of explosives for the colony. The and it utilised the convict buildings for building was completed in 1836.

180 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 11: GOAT ISLAND

Built environment and services

storage and workers’ facilities. At its When Mort Dock at Balmain Goat Island has over 30 buildings, peak, there were 170 vessels at the closed in 1963, the hammerhead ranging from the Powder Magazine, island and during 1920 to 1930, the crane built there in 1924 was constructed between 1833 and slipways were constructed to enable moved to the island. At its peak, 1838, to the maritime workers’ all the maintenance to be carried there were 500 daily workers on amenities building built in 1964. out on the island. More housing the island including 35 shipwrights. The island has five wharves, a and single men’s barracks were By 1964, the MSB began to scale number of sea walls and a shipyard constructed to house staff and the down and worked passed to other containing a 10-tonne cantilever Harbour Fire Brigade. By the 1930s, agencies. Houses were demolished, crane, two large slipways (650 120 people lived on the island. and by 1984 only 14 people were and 150 tonne) and two smaller living on the island. A conservation During World War II, the island covered slipways. management plan, prepared in operations continued to revolve 1985, recommended that the island Recent major works (2007-12) around the MSB duties on the and its heritage be preserved as have included the installation of a harbour – utilising dredges, barges, an historic site and opened to the new wheelchair-accessible pontoon tugs, launches and fire floats. public. It was decided in 1990, and gang way, conservation works Operations also involved building that the MSB no longer required to the colonial sandstone buildings the Harbour Boom and preparing Goat Island and Fort Denison and and the former Harbour Masters the keel blocks for the construction both were to be added to Sydney Residence, cliff-edge fencing of the dock at Garden Island. Harbour National Park. upgrade, major wharf repairs and A shark-proof swimming the removal of redundant and Management responsibility for area was enclosed on the north dilapidated wharfage. Goat Island was transferred from side of the cut and dredged the MSB to NPWS in May 1994. A commercial lease is currently sand was brought in for the The rationale for transferring the in place over part of the former beach. A recreation hall was also island to NPWS was twofold. The shipyard. This generates income constructed, and those living on island was becoming increasingly and provides for the ongoing use the island formed a unsuitable as an operational base of the shipyard facilities. Whilst tight-knit community. for the MSB, and it was recognised the existing lease expires in 2016, After World War II, the MSB that the significant heritage values there is an option to renew for a continued building its own wooden of the island warranted a higher further 20 years to 2036. vessels and by 1948 three slipways level of protection. This saw a The island is connected were in use. In 1960, a 500-ton radical transition in the role of the to mainland sewer, water and slipway was built to accommodate island from an operational maritime electricity supplies. Telstra the MSB’s larger vessels. depot to being part of a national Corporation manages a park, with a management focus on telecommunications line which runs the conservation and interpretation from East Balmain, through Goat of the natural and cultural values of Island, to Blues Point by submarine the island. cable. Sydney Ports Corporation manages a number of navigation devices, including a tanker lead light, on the island. Both of these uses pre-dated the gazettal of Goat Island as part of the national park.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 181 Recreation

Goat Island is in a prime location to offer Since Goat Island became part of a wide range of recreational activities, the national park, recreation has been ranging from passive enjoyment of the limited to guided tours, private and public spectacular views and landscape to functions and events, such as the Goat participation in major Island Film Festival and Biennale, and pre- events and functions or educational booked New Year’s Eve fireworks viewing. activities and opportunities. The television series ‘Water Rats’ was filmed on the island and the production As a recreation / tourism asset for offices were located in the shipyard Sydney, Goat Island works on a number of precinct for approximately six years. Park levels. It is high-quality open space in an entry fees currently apply at this precinct extraordinary location, with great potential through the booked tour / event fees. for family recreation and activities such as picnics and for the quiet enjoyment and Goat Island precinct will play an education of the visiting public. important role in increasing the range and number of visitors to Sydney Harbour The buildings and associated outdoor National Park as well as the types of visitor spaces are well suited for staging highly experiences on offer. Where possible, differentiated functions and events, from heritage buildings, landscapes and views those that cater to small groups to large will be made accessible to the public. festival experiences such as viewing New Year’s Eve fireworks. This is all strongly enhanced by thematic links and proximity to other attractions in the city including The Rocks, and other harbour islands and foreshore locations.

182 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 11: GOAT ISLAND

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 183 What We Are Going To Do

Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Conserve the natural values Celebrate and nurture of the park contemporary and traditional Aboriginal culture

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The significance of Goat Island to Aboriginal people Developing a sustainable and balanced ecology that will remain a key component in the interpretation of enhances the natural values of the island landscape. the island’s shared history.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Define and manage areas with remnant vegetation values Facilitate island-based activities to encourage improved through bushland rehabilitation methods including removal understanding of Aboriginal culture among both the of exotics, woody weeds and non-local native species. Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal community. Identify areas where native vegetation will be expanded Encourage Aboriginal enterprises for the delivery of through weed control and planting. Identify areas with indigenous interpretive programs and tours on Goat cultural heritage values and open grassy areas (both Island. Such programs will be subject to consultation native and exotic grass species) and develop specific with local Aboriginal community organisations. All horticultural procedures to maintain their cultural and interpretation programs on Goat Island will acknowledge recreational values. the significance of the island’s Aboriginal heritage and Remove redundant and non-significant powerlines and community associations. poles and overhead lighting which impact visually on Whole of park actions as they apply to Goat Island significant views. precinct Identify areas with existing remnant vegetation values, Research and facilitate recording of contemporary those where native vegetation can be encouraged to contact and pre-contact Aboriginal culture regarding expand and those of significance as cultural landscape. the island. Develop appropriate treatment and management Continue to liaise with the Aboriginal people of procedures for each of the defined landscape classes. Sydney on matters relating to the protection, Establish a more natural form of shoreline in those management and interpretation of the Aboriginal sections of the foreshore not required for operational cultural heritage of the island. wharves or structural support. Work in partnership with the local Aboriginal community Whole of park actions as they apply to Goat Island and other stakeholders to develop and expand programs precinct to interpret both traditional and contemporary Aboriginal Investigate and implement water, energy saving and culture throughout Sydney Harbour. recycling technology initiatives. Implement interpretive and education programs to reinforce strategies with visitors. Undertake weed and feral animal control programs. Control the size of the silver gull colony to reduce the impact of nesting activities on the island’s natural, cultural and recreational values and to contribute to effective silver gull management.

184 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 11: GOAT ISLAND

Outcome 3 Outcome 4 Celebrate the historic heritage Provide enriching and memorable values of the park experiences in the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT To provide special recreational and educational Goat Island’s historic buildings, structures, sites and experiences for visitors that draw upon and emphasis collections will be conserved and interpreted. the cultural and natural heritage qualities of Goat Island.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Seek approval, as required, from the Heritage Council Finalise the Goat Island Masterplan and implement its for the removal of buildings and structures that are staged and integrated approach to the establishment of not required for visitor service purposes and which Goat Island as a key visitor destination in Sydney Harbour. detract from the significance, condition, integrity or Develop an innovative education and interpretation interpretative potential of the island’s exceptional program including multi-media presentations, temporary cultural and natural heritage values. and permanent art works, and face-to-face tours. As an initial priority, seek approval to remove the two Seek private sector partners to deliver appealing visitor amenities buildings in the Magazine precinct and the experiences associated with the island’s landscape corrugated iron addition to the Queens Powder Magazine. and scenic values, and the natural, Aboriginal, convict, Develop a vibrant and innovative interpretation and colonial and maritime heritage. visitor program around the heritage values of the Continue to provide guided tours, dynamic key cultural island including educational and training opportunities, activities and special events such as the annual viewing appropriate and innovative adaptive re-use of selected of the New Year’s Eve fireworks. buildings and an events and functions program. Develop a special events program for the island including Continue to undertake and/or facilitate research into key cultural activities in Sydney’s events calendar such the history, built heritage and archaeology of the island, as the Sydney Writers’ Festival, Crave and Biennale. particularly through research partnerships, and utilise Consider design and construction of a viewing platform new information in interpretive programs. behind the convict wall to view the magazine and Conserve, adapt and manage buildings and structures shipyard areas. on Goat Island in accordance with the Goat Island Outcome 4 is continued on the next page. Conservation Management Plan 2011 and any conditions identified by the NSW Heritage Council.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 185 Outcome 4

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO The National Parks and Wildlife Harbour Masters residence and The Port Emergency Services Amendment (Visitors and Tourists) associated cottages Building (PESB) Act 2010 clarifies the range of The Harbour Masters Cottage The Port Emergency Services purposes for which a lease or and four residences will be Building will be investigated and may licence may be issued in NSW investigated for new adaptive be adapted and leased for purposes national parks. The Act requires uses to support sustainable visitor of sustainable visitor or tourist that new leases and licences must use and enjoyment. For example, use and enjoyment. For example, comply with the Sustainability the buildings may be adapted the building may be adapted Assessment Criteria adopted by and leased for purposes such as and leased for purposes such as the Director General of the Office accommodation, administration or accommodation, as a restaurant, café, of Environment and Heritage. as a restaurant or café. kiosk, bar and other food and drink These are designed to ensure that outlet, conferences and functions. New buildings or structures lease operations do not have an may be constructed within the In the circumstances where adverse impact on reserve values Accommodation Precinct (marked NPWS does not obtain the required and meet best-practice standards on the map). Any new buildings environmental heritage approvals for environmental performance. may be leased for purposes such as for the adaptive re-use and / or Further detail on the Sustainability visitor or tourist accommodation, leasing of the Port Emergency Assessment Criteria is provided in administration, equipment hire, as Services building, the building Section 04 Appendices. a restaurant, café, kiosk and other will be prioritised for removal. »» All buildings on Goat Island will food and drink outlet, including If removed, the shoreline will be be investigated for new adaptive a bar, conferences and functions, rehabilitated to a natural form. uses to support sustainable retail outlets, facilities to enable A new building or structure may visitor or tourist use and activities of a sporting nature to be constructed on the site of the enjoyment. be carried out, information centres Port Emergency Services Building, »» All adaptation and fitout works and booking outlets. and leased for purposes including must be consistent with the Any new buildings or structures but not limited to accommodation, assessment of significance and are to be located within an area as a restaurant, café, kiosk, bar compatible uses in the Goat including the Harbour Masters and other food and drink outlet, Island Conservation Management residence, the four cottages and conferences and functions, retail Plan 2011 (CMP). extending beyond their surrounding outlet, facilities to enable activities fenced yards. of a sporting nature to be carried out, information centres and See map for details (p. 174). booking outlets. Access lifts may be added to the structure to provide improved access.

186 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 11: GOAT ISLAND

Outcome 4

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Shipyard Precinct Kitchen Cottage Magazine Precinct Most of the buildings within the The Kitchen Cottage will be Buildings in the Magazine Shipyard precinct are currently leased investigated for new adaptive Precinct will be investigated for for the purposes of the operation uses to support the purposes of new adaptive uses to support of a shipyard. In the event that the sustainable visitor or tourist use sustainable visitor use current lease comes to an end, new and enjoyment. For example, the and enjoyment. adaptive uses will be considered to building may be adapted and For example, the buildings support sustainable visitor and tourist leased for purposes including may be adapted and leased for use and enjoyment for all of the accommodation, as a restaurant, purposes such as accommodation, buildings within the precinct. café, kiosk, bar and other food and administration, as a café, kiosk drink outlet. New buildings or structures or other food and drink outlet, may be constructed within the A new building or structure may conferences and functions. shipyard precinct. New buildings be constructed at the rear of the Whole island may be leased for purposes such as Kitchen Cottage. The new buildings Visitor facilities such as shade visitor and tourist accommodation, may be leased for purposes such as structures, picnic tables, seating, administration, equipment hire, as a visitor or tourist accommodation, pathways, stairs, access lifts, fences restaurant, café, kiosk and other food administration, equipment hire, as and toilets may be constructed and drink outlet, conferences and a restaurant, café, kiosk and other in accordance with the Goat functions, retail outlets, facilities food and drink outlet, including a Island Conservation Management to enable activities of a sporting bar, conferences and functions and Plan 2011 and the Goat Island nature to be carried out, information retail outlets. Masterplan. centres and booking outlets. Wharves The location of the Shipyard New wharves may be precinct is shown on the Goat constructed where required for safe Island precinct map. and sustainable access to and from Guards Barracks the island. The Barracks building will be Water Police Building investigated for new adaptive uses to The Water Police Building will be support the purposes of sustainable investigated for new adaptive uses to visitor or tourist use and enjoyment. support sustainable visitor use and For example, the building may be enjoyment. For example, the building adapted and leased for purposes may be adapted and leased for including accommodation, as a purposes such as accommodation, restaurant, café, kiosk, bar and administration or as a café. other food and drink outlet, conferences and functions.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 187 Outcome 5 Outcome 6 Improved access to the Strengthen and create partnerships park for all

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT New experiences and facilities will seek to OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT accommodate Sydney’s increasingly diverse Continue to support and build on strong volunteer, commercial cultural community while endeavouring to and local government partnerships established to support the remove barriers to access. vision for Goat Island.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Provide wheelchair-accessible toilets on Investigate utilising the island’s colonial heritage for traditional trades the island. training and educational purposes in partnership with government Provide wheelchair access to the Magazine institutions and the private sector. precinct and eastern side of the island Negotiate a formal agreement with Telstra Corporation and Sydney and investigate the feasibility of providing Ports to manage and maintain major telecommunications and navigation wheelchair access to the northern side of infrastructure on the island. the island. Continue to seek a land base to support NPWS operations on the island. Remove, when no longer required for Whole of park actions as they apply to Goat Island precinct commercial shipping, the navigation Work in partnership with Sydney Harbour stakeholders and land infrastructure (lead beacons and day managers towards a shared vision and lasting legacy for the people markers) from the island in consultation of Sydney and Australia by enhancing the amenity, conserving values with Sydney Ports and NSW Roads and and providing public access to Goat Island. Partnerships will be sought Maritime Services. specifically with the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust (SHFT) and Sydney Liaise with Telstra Corporation regarding Harbour Foreshore Authority (SHFA) to weave Goat Island into the lives of the removal or adaptation of the submarine the people of Sydney and its visitors. cable sign intruding on the Water Police Develop strong partnerships with the private sector to deliver key precinct’s rocky knoll. outcomes of the Goat Island Masterplan. Whole of park actions as they apply to Seek partnerships with the education and cultural sector, to encourage Goat Island precinct use of the island for special events such as the Sydney Festival, Crave, Investigate the need for multilingual the Sydney Writers’ Festival and Biennale. interpretative information. Encourage the City of Sydney to include Goat Island in the Install directional and interpretive signs Eora Journey project. where required. Permit shipyard operations to continue under the terms of the existing lease. If that lease is relinquished or otherwise extinguished, any replacement will be conditioned to ensure that the operation of the shipyard is fully compatible with interpretation and visitor use of the adjoining magazine precinct and the overall retention and promotion of the cultural and natural heritage values of the island. Preference will be given to operators whose principal work relates to timber or heritage vessels.

188 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 11: GOAT ISLAND

Outcome 7 Outcome 8 Robust management Contribute to the goal of of the park is sustained easy and safe transport to and within the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The precinct will provide an excellent example of best-practice Provide safe and more-flexible visitor management in relation to conservation, training and adaptive re- access to Goat Island to service proposed use design and including environmental sustainability. visitation opportunities.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Investigate the installation of solar power-generating devices on Continue to seek the most cost-effective the island. water transport to provide visitor access to Progressively replace overhead street lighting with solar lighting Goat Island. where such lighting is demonstrated to be cost effective and Design and implement improved access produces a lower carbon footprint over its operational life and paths around the island. install more energy efficient globes. Whole of park actions as they apply to Goat Island precinct Minimise the carbon footprint of existing and future uses through implementing energy and water saving initiatives. Minimise waste generation and maximise recycling opportunities. Monitor the impacts of sea level rise and design new infrastructure to accommodate projected changes. Where feasible and consistent with the CMP, require all future commercial operations to adopt sustainability measures such as harvesting rainwater and generating solar power. Consider the probable effects of climate change, high winds and tides on the lowest parts of the island when considering the retention / removal of buildings and structures on those parts of the island, along with consideration of their significance and condition. Ensure any upgrades or new facilities incorporate environmentally sustainable features and are of high-quality, long-lasting materials.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 189 190 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 12: RODD ISLAND Precinct 12: Rodd Island

The primary focus for the island is for an increased range of small-scale, high-quality recreational experiences in a cultural heritage setting where visitors engage with the The island was added to Sydney Harbour National Park in 1981 following island’s fascinating history. community outcry about the proposal to lease the island for a hotel and marina.

Sited in , Rodd Island is the Rodd Island with its historic summer furthest west of the Sydney Harbour houses, gazebo and hall, has a unique National Park precincts. Along with character. It is currently utilised for Goat Island, this small island is in independent visits and limited, small-scale close proximity to Sydney’s inner special public events. western suburbs. To improve access and the enjoyment Rodd Island, along with Clark Island of visitors Rodd Island has been targeted to the east, became a public recreation in several of the key projects in this plan reserve in 1879. Shortly afterwards, of management including: this use was revoked and Rodd Island »» Project 4 Harbour Islands was established as a Pasteur Institute for the study of disease organisms. The »» Project 10 Climate Change Mitigation island is also noted for the quarantining »» Project 12 The Harbour Shuttle of the French stage and screen actress Details of these projects are available Sarah Bernhardt’s dogs, during her visit in Section 01. and performances in Sydney in 1891. The laboratories closed in 1894 and the island once again became important for recreation. Reclamation occurred around 1899, with the island increasing in size from 0.47 to 0.67 hectares.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 191 The Precinct and its Context

Description Planning context

Rodd Island represents a romantic and Rodd Island is unincorporated and remote element of an earlier Sydney is therefore not subject to any local Harbour and River character. government legislation. However, the adjacent suburbs are part of the Leichhardt Rodd Island may currently be visited and local government areas during daylight hours for picnics or may be and these councils have an interest in the hired exclusively for a day through NPWS, visual relationship of island. with access by private or charter vessel. Mooring at the wharf is not permitted due The wharf is leased from NSW Roads to its limited size, such that drop off and and Maritime Services, manager of the pick up only are permitted. Sydney Harbour sea bed to mean high water mark, and maintained by NPWS. Of relevance to the management of the wharf is the Disability Standards for Accessible Public Transport 2002 (in force under subsection 31 (1) of the Disability Discrimination Act 1992). This Act requires assessment of all public transport wharves for upgrading for access for the disabled subject to a range of conditions detailed in the Act.

Further details about the planning context are provided in Section 04 Appendices.

192 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 12: RODD ISLAND

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 193 Significant Values and Considerations

Natural features Cultural history

This small rocky island has More is known about the European purpose but objections from local increased in size due to reclamation history of the island than the residents were sufficient to have and the construction of sea early Aboriginal history. The area the site moved to Rodd Island. The walls. The island’s vegetation was was used by the Wangal clan, and island’s status as a public recreation originally typically Port Jackson Aboriginal use of the island is reserve for the was fig Ficus rubiginosa, Sydney red evidenced through shell midden apparently of less consequence. gum Angophora costata, sweet remains. The use of shells for lime- Though a solution to the pittosporum Pittosporum undulatum, making, foreshore reclamation and rabbit problem was not found, she-oak Casuarina spp. and development on the island have the involvement of Pasteur’s Banksia spp. Today, there is some together obliterated any significant microbiologist Dr Loir continued. remnant vegetation but much has evidence of Aboriginal culture. In the 1890s, the island’s been replanted as the island was Brent Clement Rodd, one of laboratory provided a vaccine to cleared in the 1800s when it was the largest land owners in the treat illnesses caused by used as the Pasteur Institute. The Drummoyne-Five Dock area, bacteria. It was during this time understorey is composed of small desired the island for his own that the actress Sarah Bernhardt shrubs and some weed species. private recreation area following visited and performed in Sydney. Fauna on the island includes his alarm at the removal of the She was convinced to stay on the visiting birds such as the Australian island’s trees and rocks by locals. basis that her pug dog would be magpie Gymnorhina tibicen, Mr Rodd offered to buy the island, quarantined in Rodd Island, where laughing kookaburra Dacelo paid a deposit to the Lands she could visit during her stay. A novaeguineae, pied currawong Department in 1858 and gave the relationship developed with Dr Loir, Strepera graculina and various island his name. who even managed a walk-on role sea birds and ducks. Various bats, in one of her plays. Rodd did not proceed with possums and rats (native and non- the full payment in the time The biological laboratory was native) may be present or visit. allowed and so forfeited the closed in 1894 and the island Reptiles, such as skinks, and many deposit. Arguments ensued with was returned to its use for public invertebrates live on the island. the government until 1879 when, recreation. The original house that together with Snapper Island, Rodd accompanied the laboratory was Island was gazetted as a public converted to a dance hall, whilst recreation reserve. This use was the laboratory buildings were overturned in 1888 when a site removed. The small, detached was required for laboratories to kitchen was converted to a test possible controls for the rabbit caretaker’s residence. With the plague. Bradleys Head and Shark 1900 onset of the bubonic plague Island had been approved for this in Sydney, the Sydney Harbour

194 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 12: RODD ISLAND

Built environment Recreation and services

Trust controlled the harbour The island has a wharf that is The island is currently visited foreshores, including Rodd Island. suitable for transfer of passengers for independent picnics, private It was during this time that the by small charter vessels. There are functions such as weddings and island’s reclamation commenced, three gazebo-style picnic shelters limited, small-scale special public trees were planted and summer (circa 1920s), toilet facilities, a events. There is potential for houses, gazebos and grottos dance hall (1889) and a small increased and more diversified erected. Prior to World War II, residence. Town water, sewer and visitor access and opportunities, Rodd Island was extremely popular electricity are available and are including special events such as for picnics with as many as 1000 connected to the mainland. A series performances, plays, food festivals people crowded onto the island. of steps and pathways connect and arts events. To achieve this, different levels of the island. there is a need for improved public The island was leased to the Rock overhangs and grottos are access, such as the addition of a United States Army during World supported by masonry and stone regular ferry service. War II, and again returned to the supports, for public safety reasons. public in 1945 at the war’s end. There is currently no regular Subsequent caretakers undertook public transport service to boat repairs to supplement their the island. However, access is income, and added improvements available by private or charter to the house and picnic facilities. vessel. Mooring at the wharf is not In 1965, 13,000 people are permitted due to its limited size, reported to have visited the island, such that drop off and pick up only where current annual visitation is are permitted. approximately 700 persons. The Rodd Island provides a cultural, island was leased to a number iconic and urban respite experience. of boat charter operators by the The precinct is a major day use area state government, and in 1979, in terms of facilities. A landing fee a private proponent submitted a applies. Visitor numbers are low development application for a new and impacts are nil or mild across restaurant, accommodation and a the range of values. marina. The community rebelled, and in 1981, the state government responded by announcing that the island would be added to Sydney Harbour National Park. The island was opened to the public in 1984 as part of the national park.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 195 What We Are Going To Do

Outcome 1 Outcome 2 Conserve the natural values Celebrate and nurture of the park contemporary and traditional Aboriginal culture

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT Rodd Island is one of five islands managed as part of Sydney Harbour National Park. It is probably the least well known and visited of the five islands. Its historic, OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT recreational buildings in an island setting make it Although evidence of Aboriginal cultural heritage a unique public place. Maintaining this uniqueness on the island is minimal, Aboriginal heritage will be by conserving buildings and cultural plantings and researched, protected and recorded and the Aboriginal interpreting the fascinating history, is a primary aim. community will guide its management.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Prepare and implement a tree management and Whole of park actions as they apply to replacement strategy. Rodd Island precinct Encourage visiting wildlife, including the masked Research and facilitate recording of contemporary lapwing Vanellus miles, by maintaining both the open contact and pre-contact Aboriginal culture regarding and enclosed grassed areas on the island the island. Investigate and undertake the installation of solar Involve the Aboriginal community in the presentation panels on picnic and toilet buildings, or stand alone, and interpretation of sites. including utilisation for wharf lighting. Continue to liaise with the Aboriginal people of Whole of park actions as they apply to Sydney on matters relating to the protection, Rodd Island precinct management and interpretation of the Aboriginal Harvest rainwater through the installation of water tanks cultural heritage of the island. for water re-use in toilets, and for external uses.

196 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 12: RODD ISLAND

Outcome 3 Outcome 4 Celebrate the Provide enriching and memorable historic heritage experiences in the park values of the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The rich cultural heritage, including Traditional passive recreation opportunities will be maintained buildings, planting and landscape and enriched with new tourism experiences, whilst protecting structures, will be conserved natural and cultural heritage values and allowing a greater and interpreted. diversity of visitors to enjoy the island.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Prepare and implement a heritage assessment Review the restrictions of visiting hours, activities, visual impacts for the island, to conserve and interpret the and in particular sound amplification, to minimise impacts unique buildings including the house, hall, generated from island visitation on neighbours. gazebo, summer houses and grottos. Review the landing fee and booking arrangements to encourage Provide interpretive materials to inform and kayakers and others to stop on the island. educate the community about the fascinating Partner Sydney Harbour / park management and significant history of the island. bodies and recreation providers in the development of a kayak heritage trail experience, incorporating Rodd Island. Buildings on Rodd Island will be investigated for new adaptive uses to support sustainable visitor or tourist use and enjoyment. For example, these buildings may be adapted and leased for purposes such as accommodation, as a restaurant, café, kiosk and other food and drink outlet, conferences and functions. Whole of park actions as they apply to Rodd Island precinct Provide an entry statement at the island’s wharf arrival point. Limit total numbers of island visitors to 250 persons at any one time, with a preference for use by smaller groups.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 197 Outcome 5 Outcome 6 Improved access to the park for all Strengthen and create partnerships

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The less physically able and a diversity of cultures will have increased opportunities to enjoy the island. The precinct will OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT demonstrate excellence in landscape design. A sustainable Develop partnerships with community approach is considered a primary focus for the on-going stakeholders to improve and increase maintenance and development of the precinct. community ownership and use of the island.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Upgrade the toilet facilities to improve use for the mobility impaired Contact the Australian Society for Microbiology and to a standard to complement island access levels. to investigate possible partnerships Prepare a landscape design plan to appropriately balance the and involvement in the island, given its island’s range of values, maximising cultural landscape elements and significant history in the microbiology field. their interpretation, and achieving high-quality amenity for visitors. Develop partnerships with Leichhardt and Whole of park actions as they apply to Rodd Island precinct Canada Bay Councils and other community stakeholders, to improve and increase Review the requirements and feasibility for adaptation of the wharf community interest, ownership and use of to allow improved access for mobility impaired people in accordance the island. with the Disability Standards for Accessible Public Transport 2002 (in force under subsection 31 (1) of the Disability Discrimination Whole of park actions as they apply to Act 1992). Rodd Island precinct Install directional and interpretive signage on the island. Seek partnerships with the education and cultural sectors, to encourage use of the island for small-scale special events on the island under the umbrella of larger programs and festivals such as the Sydney Festival, Crave, Vivacity, Vivid, Sydney Writers’ Festival, Biennale and Sydney Film Festival.

198 Sydney Harbour National Park PRECINCT 12: RODD ISLAND

Outcome 7 Outcome 8 Robust management of Contribute to the goal of the park is sustained easy and safe transport to and within the park

OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT OUR AIM FOR THE PRECINCT The precinct will provide an excellent example of Include Rodd Island in a regular, easily-accessed ferry sound park management. shuttle service.

WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO WHAT WE ARE GOING TO DO Whole of park actions as they apply to As part of the proposed improved access for kayaks and Rodd Island precinct other personal craft, investigate and identify a suitable landing site. Prepare and implement a strategy to adaptively manage Rodd Island’s marine assets to accommodate the Whole of park actions as they apply to predicted sea level rise. Rodd Island precinct Examine a range of options for energy and water saving Investigate the introduction of a regular, low-cost water- on the island, such as water tanks to harvest rainwater based shuttle service to Rodd Island for for use in the toilets. independent visitors. Include the island in the park wide review of signage. Ensure any upgrades or new facilities incorporate environmentally sustainable features and are of high- quality, long-lasting materials.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 199 section 03 Implementation Table

200 Sydney Harbour National Park PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 201 Introduction

This plan of management establishes a These priorities are subject to the scheme of operations for Sydney Harbour availability of necessary staff and funds, National Park. It will remain in force until and to any special requirements of the amended or replaced in accordance with Chief Executive or Minister. s.73B of the National Parks and Wildlife High (H) priority activities are those Act 1974 (NPW Act). The plan is part of a considered imperative to achievement of system of management that includes the the objectives and desired outcomes. They NPW Act, management policies, established must be undertaken in the near future to conservation and recreation philosophies, avoid significant deterioration in natural, and strategic planning at corporate, cultural or management resources. branch and regional levels. The latter may include development of related plans such Medium (M) priority activities are as regional operational plans, species those that are necessary to achieve the recovery plans, fire management plans and objectives and desired outcomes but are conservation management plans. not urgent.

Relative priorities for activities Low (L) priority activities are desirable identified in this plan are set out in the to achieve management objectives and table below. desired outcomes but can wait until resources become available.

Ongoing (O) activities are undertaken on an annual basis or are statements of management intent that will direct the management response if an issue arises.

The environmental impact of proposed activities will be assessed at all stages in accordance with established environmental assessment procedures. If the impacts of any activity proposed in this plan are found to be unacceptable, the activity will not be undertaken or will be modified so as to comply with the environmental assessment outcomes.

Note that: to assist brevity, actions in the body of this plan that restate NPWS policy have not been replicated in this implementation table.

202 Sydney Harbour National Park Implementation Table

Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 1 Conserve the natural values of the park Develop strategies to proactively address threats to bushland health and resilience. Priority will be given to the continued management All Park of known threats such as the fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi root 1 High Key Project 1 rot and nutrient discharge into the park, both of which have the potential to compromise the long-term viability and health of our harbour-side bushland and its flora and fauna. Continue to support existing bush regeneration programs within All Park 1 Ongoing the park. Prepare and implement a strategy to improve the management of All Park 1 stormwater flowing into and across the park and into the harbour in Medium partnership with Councils, adjacent land managers and neighbours. Continue energy and water saving initiatives and reduce waste All Park 1 collection requirements through recycling and visitor Medium education programs. Utilise where feasible native plants grown from local seed sources in All Park 1 Ongoing bushland restoration projects. Harvest rainwater through the installation of water tanks for water All Park 1 Medium re-use in toilets and for external uses. Develop and implement strategies for the maintenance of views from All Park 1 Low public lookouts. Select and sample sites to establish quality baseline data on the All Park 1 Low current floristic and faunal composition of the park. Include consideration of the potential impact on existing views when All Park 1 conducting supplementary plantings during bush Ongoing regeneration programs. Continue to undertake research to determine the desirability and All Park 1 Ongoing feasibility of reintroducing locally-extinct native animal species. Implement actions from relevant recovery plans, the priorities action All Park statement and threat abatement plans. The highest priority will be High and 1 Key Project 2 actions for populations, species or communities where the park Ongoing comprises a critical component of their total distribution. Establish monitoring regimes for threatened plant species and All Park 1 vegetation communities to measure the success of management Low practices in maintaining or improving their conservation status. Implement the relevant actions from the NSW Statement of Intent for Infection of Native Plants by Phytophthora cinnamomi and management High and All Park 1 plans for other harmful pathogens such as myrtle rust Uredo rangelii in Ongoing co-operation with adjoining land managers. Implement an evaluation regime to measure the effectiveness of All Park 1 Low weed control, particularly in relation to conservation outcomes.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 203 Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 1 Conserve the natural values of the park Identify and undertake, or contribute to, research projects aimed at All Park 1 improving knowledge and understanding of fire management in Low the park. Update or rewrite the Sydney Harbour National Park Fire Management All Park 1 Low Strategy. Work with the local bush fire management committee to co-ordinate All Park 1 Ongoing and prioritise fuel management activities across the park. Actively manage silver gull nesting colonies on park islands to reduce the All Park 1 impact of nesting activities on the park’s natural, cultural and recreational Ongoing values and to contribute to effective silver gull management. Support tertiary sector field research programs offering opportunities All Park 1 Medium to enhance the natural and cultural values of the park. Expand the Sydney Harbour National Park corporate and community All Park 1 Medium volunteer program across the park. Implement measures to reduce the proliferation of aquatic weeds All Park 1 Ongoing and pests. All Park 1 Prioritise fox, rabbit and black rat control for the park. Ongoing Prioritise weed and feral animal control in those areas subject to fire All Park 1 Ongoing or other major disturbance events. Nielsen Park Prepare and implement a tree management and replacement strategy & Hermitage 1 High to include significant trees such as the avenue of figs. Foreshore (1) Nielsen Park Manage the canopy of trees to maintain visual connectivity with the & Hermitage 1 harbour, removing or pruning vegetation that detracts from the park’s Ongoing Foreshore (1) cultural viewscapes. South Head, Engage corporate and community volunteers in the removal of weeds Camp Cove & 1 and restoration of native vegetation along the South Head Low Green Point (2) Heritage Walk. South Head, Prepare and implement a tree management strategy in consultation Camp Cove & 1 High with Woollahra Council and including coral trees. Green Point (2) South Head, Actively manage the intense use of the informal tracks leading off Camp Cove & 1 Ongoing the Heritage Trail to Inner South Head. Green Point (2) Monitor potential areas of asbestos contamination associated with Gap Bluff (3) 1 Ongoing the former army buildings and remove any exposed materials. Implement a tree replacement strategy consistent with the Gap Bluff (3) 1 High Conservation Management Plan 2010 for the precinct. Ensure that any replacement plantings do not impede views to the Gap Bluff (3) 1 Ongoing harbour from the Armoury and Officers Mess. Enter into an agreement, such as a Memorandum of Understanding, initially with Sydney Harbour Federation Trust (SHFT) as the other North Head (4) 1 High major land manager on the headland, to secure optimal management of the headland’s natural heritage.

204 Sydney Harbour National Park Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 1 Conserve the natural values of the park Prepare and implement a policy for the management of vegetation North Head (4) 1 that detract from or impede cultural and public viewscapes, such as Medium from major lookouts and fortifications. Rehabilitate tracks and trails constructed for prescribed burning or North Head (4) 1 Ongoing wildfire operations. Prioritise the rehabilitation of threatened species habitat in precinct North Head (4) 1 Ongoing weed management programs. Retain exotic species with significant cultural values and manage North Head (4) 1 Low them to prevent spread into native plant communities. Support Manly Council and SHFT in the ‘no domestic pet policy’ for North Head (4) 1 Ongoing those living within the precinct and in close proximity to boundaries. Work with NSW Department of Primary Industries (DPI), SHFT and other key stakeholders to expand the North Head Sanctuary North Head (4) 1 High to incorporate the Cabbage Tree Bay Aquatic Reserve and North Harbour Aquatic Reserve. Investigate linking the aquatic reserves around the headland with North Head (4) 1 the national park through establishing an intertidal or marine Low protected area. Support SHFT in the implementation of the ‘Sydney Harbour Green North Head (4) 1 Medium Precincts’ energy and water project and expand where appropriate. Maintain the evening North Head Scenic Drive road closures to North Head (4) 1 High reduce wildlife fatalities and control vandalism. Prepare and implement a strategy to improve the management of stormwater flowing into and across the park and into the harbour in partnership with Manly Council, Manly Hospital and individual North Head (4) 1 neighbours. As part of this strategy, give consideration to the future Medium management of lands at the rear of Manly Hospital above Collins Beach as a means of improved management of this environment and, in particular, the area of littoral rainforest. Liaise with Department of Education and local schools to foster Dobroyd Head 1 involvement in use of Dobroyd Head area for environmental Low (5) education projects. Dobroyd Head Introduce water saving solutions such as rainwater tanks at Reef 1 Low (5) Beach toilets. Implement fuel reduction strategies to ensure a mosaic pattern Dobroyd Head 1 across the precinct and reduction of the risk of fire emanating from High (5) the Crater Valley huts. Dobroyd Head Install signs at Tania Park entrance road, lookouts and carparks to 1 Medium (5) inform visitors of reasons not to feed birds and possible penalties. Prepare a review of all known weed species in the precinct, including Middle Head (6) 1 abundance and distribution, to inform priority setting for the Medium volunteer program. Continue to remove weeds and other vegetation encroaching on and Middle Head (6) 1 Ongoing damaging historic structures.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 205 Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 1 Conserve the natural values of the park Carry out a comprehensive assessment of natural and cultural Middle Head (6) 1 landscapes and vegetation, and define areas for the removal of Medium native vegetation and long-term maintenance of clearings. Bradleys Head Continue bush regeneration at Athol Hall, Iluka Rd, Taylors Bay and 1 Ongoing (7) Morella Rd sections of the precinct. Bradleys Head Consolidate, close and rehabilitate unnecessary walking tracks, particularly 1 Medium (7) at Chowder Head in accordance with the SHSW Strategy 2010. Rehabilitate the degraded area on the ridge above Bradleys Head, Bradleys Head 1 known as the Ridge Cottage site, and incorporate into the landscape Medium (7) design plan for the headland. Investigate and undertake the installation of solar panels on picnic Shark Island (8) 1 Medium and toilet buildings or stand alone and for wharf lighting. Prepare and implement a tree management and Shark Island (8) 1 High replacement strategy. Investigate the implications of sea level rise on intertidal zone Shark Island (8) 1 habitats and biodiversity. Encourage continuing and new research of High these areas and their ecology. Consider expansion of the volunteer program to include potentially Clark Island (9) 1 enabling volunteers to spend an over night on the island for bush Medium regeneration and maintenance work. Management of the bush on the island will aim to recreate, to the Clark Island (9) 1 High best of our knowledge, the pre-1788 landscape. Clark Island (9) 1 Maintain cleared grassed areas on the island for recreational use. Ongoing Clark Island (9) 1 Install solar lighting on the wharf. Low Review the advice and implement where practicable, the Fort Denison 1 recommendations contained in DECCW Coastal Unit‘s Sea Level Rise High (10) Vulnerability Study for Fort Denison (October 2008). Fort Denison Examine options for energy and water saving and the reduction of 1 High (10) waste collection requirements. Fort Denison Continue seagull management to ensure Fort Denison does not 1 Ongoing (10) become a nesting site. Define and manage areas with remnant vegetation values through Goat Island (11) 1 bushland rehabilitation methods including removal of exotics, woody High weeds and non-local native species. Identify areas where native vegetation will be expanded through weed control and planting. Identify areas with cultural heritage Goat Island (11) 1 values and open grassy areas (both native and exotic grass species) High and develop specific horticultural procedures to maintain their cultural and recreational values. Remove redundant and non-significant powerlines and poles and Goat Island (11) 1 Low overhead lighting which impact visually on significant views. Identify areas with existing remnant vegetation values, those where native vegetation can be encouraged to expand and those of Goat Island (11) 1 significance as cultural landscape. Develop appropriate treatment High and management procedures for each of the defined landscape classes.

206 Sydney Harbour National Park Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 1 Conserve the natural values of the park Establish a more natural form of shoreline in those sections of the Goat Island (11) 1 Medium foreshore not required for operational wharves or structural support. Rodd Island Prepare and implement a tree management and 1 Medium (12) replacement strategy. Encourage visiting wildlife including masked lapwing Vanellus miles Rodd Island 1 nesting birds by maintaining both the open and enclosed grassed areas Ongoing (12) on the island. Investigate and undertake the installation of solar panels on picnic Rodd Island 1 and toilet buildings, or stand alone, including utilisation for Low (12) wharf lighting. Outcome 2 Celebrate and nurture contemporary and traditional Aboriginal culture Liaise with the Aboriginal People of Sydney on matters relating to High and All Park 2 the protection, management and interpretation of the Aboriginal Ongoing cultural heritage of each precinct. Research and facilitate the recording of contemporary contact and All Park 2 pre-contact culture of precincts, including regular recording of High Aboriginal site condition. Develop and facilitate a range of on-park activities to encourage All Park 2 improved understanding of Aboriginal culture among both the Medium Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal community. Protect Aboriginal sites from potential negative impacts caused by All Park 2 Ongoing visitation and landscape management practices. Work in partnership with local Aboriginal communities and other All Park stakeholders to develop and expand programs on the harbour islands 2 High Key Project 3 to interpret both traditional and contemporary Aboriginal culture throughout Sydney Harbour. In consultation with local Aboriginal communities, undertake regular All Park 2 inspections of known Aboriginal sites to monitor condition and Ongoing emerging threats. Continue liaison with local Aboriginal communities regarding park All Park 2 management issues, particularly in relation to the interpretation and Medium management of sites such as Grotto Point engravings. Consider dual naming of sites throughout the park, in consultation All Park 2 with local Aboriginal communities, to reflect previous and ongoing Low connection to Country. Identify an appropriate location, or locations, within the park for All Park 2 Aboriginal culture camps. Protocols for the conduct of such camps Low will be determined in consultation with local Aboriginal communities. In consultation with local Aboriginal communities, review the adequacy of information on Aboriginal and cultural landscapes, All Park 2 Low places and objects within the OEH Aboriginal Heritage Information Management System. Continue to facilitate NAIDOC week activities within the park and All Park 2 Ongoing participate in the Guringai Festival. Ensure Aboriginal Discovery becomes a routine component of the All Park 2 Medium tour program within the park.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 207 Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 2 Celebrate and nurture contemporary and traditional Aboriginal culture As part of the precinct signage package, develop information that Gap Bluff (3) 2 provides Aboriginal interpretation of the precinct and investigate Medium dual naming. Investigate the development of a bush food and medicinal plant and North Head (4) 2 Low animal interpretive walking track at North Head. Research stories concerning the little penguin E. minor and its North Head (4) 2 Low significance to the Aboriginal community past and present. In consultation with the local Aboriginal community, clean the rock Dobroyd Head engravings at Grotto Point in accordance with approved management 2 Medium (5) practices to ensure clear definition and presentation to avoid uncontrolled outlining by visitors. Protect and interpret the Outer Forts rock engraving site, involving Middle Head (6) 2 Medium members of the Aboriginal community. Participate with Mosman Council in the annual May to July Middle Head (6) 2 High Guringai Festival. Promote and encourage the implementation of the Aboriginal Middle Head (6) 2 Teachers’ Kit and booklet based on the Mosman Aboriginal Heritage Ongoing Study 2005 initiated by NPWS. Implement recommendations from the Mosman Aboriginal Heritage Middle Head (6) 2 High Study 2005. Bradleys Head Work with Aboriginal staff at Taronga Zoo on joint programs that 2 Medium (7) benefit Aboriginal heritage in the precinct. Allow construction of campfire facilities for use by Aboriginal and other tour groups, to include low key seating and a fire place. Clark Island (9) 2 Low Aboriginal people will be consulted on the design and location, with a preference for the currently cleared areas. Research and facilitate recording of contemporary, contact and Fort Denison post-contact history of the precinct with the involvement of the 2 Medium (10) Aboriginal community, to provide data for potential Discovery tours in partnership with City of Sydney and other agencies. Facilitate island-based activities to encourage improved Goat Island (11) 2 understanding of Aboriginal culture among both the Aboriginal and Medium non-Aboriginal community. Encourage Aboriginal enterprises for the delivery of indigenous interpretive programs and tours on Goat Island. Such programs will be subject to consultation with local Aboriginal community Goat Island (11) 2 Medium organisations. All interpretation programs on Goat Island will acknowledge the significance of the island’s Aboriginal heritage and community associations.

208 Sydney Harbour National Park Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 3 Celebrate the historic heritage values of the park Enrich the visitor experience to Australia’s finest harbour park, through the revitalisation of the five park islands, with a particular focus on the largest and most complex of the group, Goat Island. All Park 3 Encourage the integration and adaptive re-use of buildings to these High Key Project 4 key cultural tourism destinations for Sydney, enhancing visitation and working in partnership with other agencies for a shared vision for Sydney Harbour. Complete and implement actions from conservation management All Park 3 Ongoing plans that have been prepared for heritage sites within the park. Implement conservation and maintenance works as specified in All Park 3 Ongoing conservation management plans. Implement the recommendations of the NPWS Fortifications of Sydney All Park 3 Ongoing Harbour and Botany Bay Strategic Plan 2007. Undertake an oral history project to seek out and document the memories, associations and attachments of Aboriginal and non- All Park 3 Low Aboriginal communities, families and individuals with particular places and events within the park. Develop and implement cyclic maintenance plans for the park’s historic buildings and structures in accordance with the applicable All Park 3 Medium conservation management plans and / or NSW Heritage Act 1977 minimum maintenance standards. Identify historic landscapes, buildings and structures within the park that are not covered by an existing conservation management plan. Assess the potential threats and opportunities associated with All Park 3 Low these places to determine if they warrant the preparation of formal conservation management plans. Prepare heritage assessments for those at risk or with unrealised visitor-use potential. Document the current uses of heritage sites across the park and assess the appropriateness of existing uses. Critically review sites All Park 3 currently used for administrative purposes or staff accommodation Low and identify opportunities to replace these with uses which enhance visitor and tourist use and enjoyment. Investigate the registration of the whole of Sydney Harbour National All Park 3 Low Park on the State Heritage List. Continue to prepare inventories and manage the moveable heritage All Park 3 collection for the park, recognising the work already completed on Ongoing collections for the Quarantine Station, Fort Denison and Goat Island. Manage buildings retained for their cultural values, and wherever possible, continue public use. Investigate appropriate adaptive All Park 3 Ongoing re-use options for all such buildings that do not currently serve a recreational or operational use. Buildings may be adapted and leased for the purpose of sustainable visitor and tourist uses. For example visitor and tourist accommodation, administration, equipment hire, interpretation, All Park 3 Ongoing restaurant, café, kiosk and other food and drink outlets, conferences and functions, retail outlets, facilities to enable activities of a sporting nature to be carried out, information centres and booking outlets.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 209 Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 3 Celebrate the historic heritage values of the park Provide high-quality historic heritage interpretive and educational Nielsen Park material commensurate with the high significance of the Greycliffe & Hermitage 3 Medium Estate and the Steele Point Battery, considering a range of methods Foreshore (1) and avoiding a proliferation of static signs in the historic precinct. Nielsen Park Improve public access, interpretation and use of the precinct’s & Hermitage 3 Medium historic buildings including Greycliffe House and the fortifications. Foreshore (1) Ensure that the future adaptive re-use of Greycliffe House and Nielsen Park associated buildings is sensitive to its high historic heritage & Hermitage 3 High significance and is in accordance with the Conservation Management Foreshore (1) Plan 2012. Nielsen Park Seek State Heritage listing for Nielsen Park and Greycliffe House or & Hermitage 3 Low alternatively for the entire Sydney Harbour National Park. Foreshore (1) Nielsen Park & Hermitage 3 Complete implementation of the Greycliffe Gardens Landscape Plan. Medium Foreshore (1) South Head, Prepare a landscape design plan for the First Landing Place at Camp Camp Cove & Cove and the entrance to the park at Constables Cottage including 3 High Green Point (2) interpretation, signage and redesign of this important heritage place Key Project 5 within the park and adjoining local government area. South Head, Provide an integrated signage strategy for the precinct so that Camp Cove & 3 visitors to the Watsons Bay Village and the precinct sites are aware Medium Green Point (2) of the national park status and national significance of the precinct. South Head, Implement conservation and maintenance actions from the Camp Cove & 3 Ongoing Conservation Management Plan for South Head March 2010. Green Point (2) Implement the maintenance and risk management recommendations South Head, of the NPWS Fortifications of Sydney Harbour and Botany Bay Strategic Camp Cove & 3 Plan 2007, in particular those relating to the World War II anti- Ongoing Green Point (2) submarine features at Green Point and above ground elements at South Head. South Head, Provide for improved public access to the Head Lightkeepers Cottage Camp Cove & 3 Medium and historic fortifications, including underground structures. Green Point (2) Protect heritage structures from potential damage from invasive Gap Bluff (3) 3 plants (eg figs) visitor behaviour, operation of plant and equipment, Ongoing vehicles and erosion. Continue to lease the QS buildings for the purposes permitted under the Conditions of Approval and Lease including accommodation and ancillary facilities, conferences, functions and events, restaurant and North Head (4) 3 Ongoing educational and guided activities. The site and collections are to be managed consistent with the headland’s status on the National Heritage List. Remove vegetation growing in heritage structures and protect these North Head (4) 3 structures from physical damage from erosion, visitors, vehicles and Ongoing other plant and equipment such as mowers.

210 Sydney Harbour National Park Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 3 Celebrate the historic heritage values of the park Record, assess and prepare a conservation program for stone North Head (4) 3 Medium structures including walls on the headland. North Head (4) 3 Record and conserve rock engravings at Old Mans Hat. Low Undertake a formal review of the 1990 draft Conservation Plan for Dobroyd Head 3 the Crater Valley Huts and associated cultural landscape and prepare Medium (5) a heritage assessment. Dobroyd Head Provide a program for public access to Crater Valley huts for historic 3 Medium (5) heritage appreciation purposes. Dobroyd Head Work with the existing Crater Valley caretakers to expand the 3 Medium (5) volunteer base for site management and interpretation. Dobroyd Head Implement appropriate fuel reduction measures in the immediate 3 High (5) vicinity of the huts. Dobroyd Head Review management and implement measures for protection of 3 Low (5) World War II fortifications Promote and interpret the precinct’s historic heritage to a wider Middle Head (6) 3 Ongoing audience and in a tenure-blind manner. Investigate innovative interpretation and activities to provide a Middle Head (6) 3 wider audience with fortification access. eg use of the armoured Medium casemate for exhibitions or performances. Bradleys Head Finalise the draft Conservation Management Plan for Athol Hall and 3 Medium (7) implement its actions. Provide high-quality historic heritage interpretive and educational Bradleys Head material, commensurate with the significance of the precinct and its 3 High (7) elements, considering a range of methods from static signs to audio and visual. Bradleys Head Regularly remove vegetation that has germinated in the 3 Medium (7) fortifications’ stonework. Investigate management of trees and other vegetation in the Bradleys Head 3 immediate vicinity of the historically significant rifle wall, to prevent Medium (7) further stone work deterioration. Bradleys Head Construct replica cannon carriages and return the cannons to the 3 Low (7) precinct. Investigate new commercial partnerships to provide tourist Shark Island (8) 3 High experiences with an emphasis on the island’s cultural heritage. Ensure regular maintenance and repairs to heritage structures, Shark Island (8) 3 including the stonework of sea walls and grottos and painting of Ongoing the gazebo. Prepare and implement a heritage management plan for the island, aimed at conserving and interpreting the cultural landscape Clark Island (9) 3 Medium of the island in line with heritage significance assessment recommendations. Provide interpretive information to tell the story of Aboriginal and European history, including the island’s role in harbour sailing and Clark Island (9) 3 Medium other recreational pursuits, and the World War II Japanese attack on Sydney.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 211 Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 3 Celebrate the historic heritage values of the park Fort Denison Manage the collection of moveable heritage associated with 3 Ongoing (10) Fort Denison. Fort Denison Encourage ongoing research into the history and physical 3 Medium (10) development of the fort. Fort Denison Monitor the condition of the date palm and fig tree and seek the 3 Ongoing (10) advice of an arborist if required. Fort Denison Continue to provide water to the fig tree and date palm in summer as 3 Ongoing (10) required to maximise their health. Fort Denison Re-lay the turf on the upper terrace (with archaeological supervision) 3 Medium (10) to improve the look and safety for visitors of this area. Fort Denison Encourage and promote the fort’s exceptional educational 3 Medium (10) opportunities for schools and the general public. Seek approval, as required, from the Heritage Council for the removal of buildings and structures that are not required for visitor service Goat Island (11) 3 purposes and which detract from the significance, condition, integrity Ongoing or interpretative potential of the island’s exceptional cultural and natural heritage values. As an initial priority, seek approval to remove the two amenities Goat Island (11) 3 buildings in the Magazine precinct and the corrugated iron addition High to the Queens Powder Magazine. Develop a vibrant and innovative interpretation and visitor program around the heritage values of the island including educational and Goat Island (11) 3 Medium training opportunities, appropriate and innovative adaptive re-use of selected buildings and an events and functions program. Continue to undertake and/or facilitate research into the history, built heritage and archaeology of the island, particularly through Goat Island (11) 3 Medium research partnerships, and utilise new information in interpretive programs. Conserve, adapt and manage buildings and structures on Goat Island Goat Island (11) 3 in accordance with the Goat Island Conservation Management Plan High 2011 and any conditions identified by the NSW Heritage Council. Prepare and implement a heritage assessment for the island, to Rodd Island 3 conserve and interpret the unique buildings including the house, Medium (12) hall, gazebo, summer houses and grottos. Rodd Island Provide interpretive materials to inform and educate the community 3 Low (12) about the fascinating and significant history of the island.

212 Sydney Harbour National Park Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 4 Provide enriching and memorable experiences in the park Seek to enter into partnerships with transport operators for the All Park 4 Medium provision of an integrated guided tour package within the park. Prepare a Sydney Harbour National Park Cliff Access Strategy to All Park 4 assess the suitability of specific locations in the park for controlled Medium cliff access. Assist visitor appreciation of park values and park protection All Park 4 measures and enhance environmental awareness through public Ongoing education and interpretation facilities and services. NPWS will continue to work with stakeholders in the development of All Park 4 protocols for the implementation of events across SHNP consistent Medium with the NPWS Sustainability Assessment Guidelines. Utilise the park for events including those that are part of major Sydney festivals. Any event requiring a lease or licence under s.151 All Park 4 Ongoing of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 (NPW Act) must meet the Sustainability Assessment Criteria. Adopt waste separation and minimisation practices in the All Park 4 Medium management of events in the park. Implement the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk Strategy 2010 upgrading, All Park 4 linking and signposting tracks to provide an effective connection High Key Project 6 with sections outside of the national park. Utilise the park for events including those that are part of major Sydney festivals. Any event requiring a lease or licence under All Park 4 Ongoing s151 of the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 must meet the Sustainability Assessment Criteria. Implement a licensing system for personal trainers and fitness All Park 4 Ongoing groups, limiting opportunities based on other uses in the areas. Establish an integrated park-wide Visitor Data System for the All Park 4 Low ongoing collection, storage and analysis of visitor use data. Prepare and implement a park-wide interpretation and education All Park 4 Low strategy or specific precinct strategies. Monitor impacts associated with tourism and recreation on heritage All Park 4 places to ensure that they do not exceed the level of change allowed Ongoing under the applicable conservation management plan. Complete the production and release of the pilot interpretative podcast for the walking track between Taronga Zoo and Clifton All Park 4 Ongoing Gardens. Expand the program across the remainder of the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 213 Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 4 Provide enriching and memorable experiences in the park Conduct a review of all houses in the park to assess their suitability All Park 4 for visitor and tourist accommodation or other alternative uses that High benefit the park. Periodically review educational information presented and All Park 4 interpreted by commercial operators and other bodies, to ensure Ongoing high-quality standards are met. Continue to work with stakeholders in the development of guidelines for the organisation and implementation of events across the park. All Park 4 Medium These guidelines will be regularly monitored to ensure sustainable outcomes for park visitors and neighbours. Identify the access points through the park that are used by anglers and, where appropriate, install signs advising on the hazards of rock- All Park 4 High fishing. Rescue devices may be installed in the park adjacent to high- risk angling sites subject to environmental impact assessment. Regularly monitor all fortifications to identify emerging visitor safety All Park 4 risks and to detect the presence of threatened species such as bent- Ongoing wing bats. Nielsen Park Provide and maintain visitor infrastructure and services that support & Hermitage 4 Ongoing the traditional passive recreation opportunities of the precinct. Foreshore (1) Nielsen Park Review the provision of appropriate First Aid equipment in close & Hermitage 4 Medium proximity to the beach. Foreshore (1) Continue to lease the Nielsen Park Kiosk, Kiosk Cottage, Kiosk Garage Nielsen Park and Halbert Pavilion for the purposes of a café, restaurant and function & Hermitage 4 centre. In the event that the current lease comes to an end, new Ongoing Foreshore (1) adaptive uses for the buildings will be considered to support sustainable visitor and tourist use and enjoyment. Nielsen Park Work with lessees and licensees and the local community to identify & Hermitage 4 and address any emerging issues relating to commercial activities Ongoing Foreshore (1) within the precinct. Ensure that the lease or licence agreements governing the operation Nielsen Park of the Nielsen Park Kiosk and any other commercial activities within & Hermitage 4 Ongoing the precinct, include effective measures for minimising the impact of Foreshore (1) visitor noise. Greycliffe House and its associated buildings, including the Margaret Harper Wing, Dressing Pavilion and Gardeners Cottage, will be Nielsen Park investigated for new adaptive uses to support sustainable visitor and & Hermitage 4 tourist use and enjoyment. Medium Foreshore (1) For example, these buildings may be adapted and leased for purposes such as accommodation, administration, interpretation, conferences and functions or as a restaurant. Nielsen Park Operate Steele Point Cottage for self-contained holiday & Hermitage 4 accommodation. Investigate its potential packaging with existing or Ongoing Foreshore (1) new lessees in the park.

214 Sydney Harbour National Park Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 4 Provide enriching and memorable experiences in the park Nielsen Park Provide a netted swimming enclosure at Shark Beach in the warmer & Hermitage 4 Ongoing months, removing the net for maintenance in the colder months. Foreshore (1) Nielsen Park Implement measures to discourage unauthorised after hours use of & Hermitage 4 Medium the precinct. Foreshore (1) The 33 Cliff St Cottage will be investigated for new adaptive uses South Head, to support sustainable visitor and tourist use and enjoyment. For Camp Cove & 4 example, these buildings may be adapted and leased for purposes High Green Point (2) such as accommodation, as a café or kiosk, equipment hire and facilities to enable activities of a sporting nature to be carried out. South Head, Provide an enhanced entry statement at the entrance to South Head Camp Cove & 4 including a map, information about the precinct’s history and walks Medium Green Point (2) within the precinct. South Head, Provide new seating and picnic furniture of high-quality design at Camp Cove & 4 Medium scenic locations at South Head, Green Point and Camp Cove Beach. Green Point (2) South Head, In consultation with Woollahra Council, investigate the removal of Camp Cove & 4 Medium the beach-front kiosk and toilets. Green Point (2) Constables Cottage will be investigated for new adaptive uses South Head, to support sustainable visitor use and enjoyment. For example, Camp Cove & 4 this building may be adapted and leased for purposes such as a High Green Point (2) restaurant, café, kiosk or other food and drink outlets or for accommodation. South Head, Manage unauthorised uses of the bushland adjacent to the clothing Camp Cove & 4 optional Lady Bay Beach in collaboration with NSW Police, Woollahra High Green Point (2) Council, HMAS Watson and NSW Department of Health. Green Point Cottage will be investigated for new adaptive uses South Head, to support sustainable visitor use and enjoyment. For example, Camp Cove & 4 High this building may be adapted and leased for purposes such as Green Point (2) accommodation, or as a restaurant. The Assistant Lightkeepers Cottage will be investigated for new South Head, adaptive uses to support sustainable visitor use and enjoyment. For Camp Cove & 4 High example, these buildings may be adapted and leased for purposes Green Point (2) such as accommodation or as a café. The Head Lightkeepers Cottage will be subject to internal South Head, stabilisation works and investigated for new adaptive uses to Camp Cove & 4 support sustainable visitor use and enjoyment. For example, Medium Green Point (2) these buildings may be adapted and leased for purposes such as accommodation, as a restaurant or café or for exhibitions. The Gap Bluff complex of buildings is currently managed by NPWS for conferences, functions and staff accommodation. New adaptive uses for the buildings will be investigated to support sustainable visitor or Gap Bluff (3) 4 High tourist use and enjoyment. For example, the buildings may be adapted and leased for purposes such as visitor and tourist accommodation, administration, as a restaurant or for conferences and functions.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 215 Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 4 Provide enriching and memorable experiences in the park Any new buildings or structures are to be located within an area bounded by the entrance road, the public toilets, the Armoury, the Gap Bluff (3) 4 Cottage and the Officers Mess carpark, as marked on the Gap Bluff Ongoing precinct map. No new buildings are permitted between the Officers Mess and The Gap. Upgrade the cliff-edge walking track from Gap Park to the boundary of HMAS Watson, to support the Woollahra Council Gap Bluff Suicide Gap Bluff (3) 4 High Prevention Strategy and improve visual amenity, public safety and accessibility. Work with SHFT to share the new proposed ‘entry point’ to the North Head (4) 4 Medium sanctuary on North Fort Road. Assess and, where required, improve precinct parking and other visitor facilities and services in consultation with Sydney Harbour Federation North Head (4) 4 High Trust, to enhance enjoyment and to complement those offered by adjacent public parkland providers. Locations on North Head will be assessed as part of the Sydney North Head (4) 4 Harbour National Park Cliff Access Strategy for possible use for rock Medium climbing, access for rock fishing and commercial tours. Erect signs to manage the illegal use and installation of ladders and North Head (4) 4 High other equipment used to climb the rock faces at North Head. Ensure management of vehicle access during special events is North Head (4) 4 consistent with the objectives of the park and the sanctuary concept Ongoing and with the development and implementation of a transport policy. Investigate the installation of toilet facilities in the North Head (4) 4 Medium Collins Beach area. Reduce risks to wildlife by implementing measures to discourage North Head (4) 4 Medium inappropriate after hours use of the precinct. Work with St Patrick’s Estate and Manly Council to secure access for North Head (4) 4 the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk (SHSW) from Shelley Beach through Low St Patrick’s land, to the boundary of Sydney Harbour National Park. Dobroyd Head Provide public day use access to Crater Cove huts for heritage 4 Ongoing (5) appreciation purposes as part of the Discovery program. Investigate the provision of overnight caretaker accommodation Dobroyd Head 4 in one of the huts including the installation of facilities such as a Medium (5) composting toilet, water tanks and solar energy. Maintain the walking track to Crater Valley to a basic standard only, Dobroyd Head with works to control erosion and provide for minimal safe access 4 Ongoing (5) until such time as the heritage assessment is completed and future guidelines provided. Provide high-quality Aboriginal and historic heritage interpretive Dobroyd Head 4 and educational material to include Arabanoo lookout, Grotto Point High (5) engravings, Crater Cove and Reef Beach. Dobroyd Head 4 Maintain the access track to Washaway Beach. Low (5)

216 Sydney Harbour National Park Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 4 Provide enriching and memorable experiences in the park Investigate safety and visitor facility requirements to allow an Dobroyd Head increase in the number of visitors to Crater Valley huts. This will 4 Medium (5) require improvements to the walking track conditions and better directional signposting. Complement recreational opportunities provided by other land Middle Head (6) 4 Medium managers at Chowder Bay, Georges Heights and Clifton Gardens. Middle Head (6) 4 Apply park use fees in the carparks along Chowder Bay Road. Ongoing Provide opportunities for passive recreation such as picnics, walking and sightseeing, as well as places for contemplation, in a bushland Middle Head (6) 4 Medium setting with spectacular views. Consider provision of furniture at these locations. Integrate tours and access to fortifications and other sites across Middle Head (6) 4 multiple tenures to enable the complete history of the headland to Medium be interpreted. The Middle Head complex of buildings will be investigated for new adaptive uses to support sustainable visitor or tourist use and Middle Head (6) 4 enjoyment. For example, these buildings may be adapted and leased Ongoing for purposes such as accommodation, conferences, administration or functions. Provide opportunities for the sustainable use and possible licensing Middle Head (6) 4 of the cleared sections of the precinct for events, functions and Medium appropriate community uses. Manage inappropriate activities in the bushland behind the clothing- Middle Head (6) 4 optional Obelisk and Cobblers beaches in collaboration with NSW High Police and NSW Department of Health. Investigate the opening and interpretation of the historic military Bradleys Head 4 defensive ditch as part of the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk and as an Medium (7) opportunity for historic interpretation. Continue to lease Athol Hall for the purposes of a café, restaurant and function centre.

In the event that the current lease comes to an end, new adaptive Bradleys Head 4 uses for the buildings will be considered to support sustainable Medium (7) visitor and tourist use and enjoyment.

New picnic structures may be constructed on the grassed areas below the hall and incorporated into the Athol Hall lease. Bradleys Head Investigate the involvement of Taronga Zoo volunteers in 4 Low (7) interpretation / education programs and tours in the precinct. Bradleys Head Install fencing along the walking track between Bradleys Head and 4 Medium (7) Taronga Zoo, for visitor safety and vegetation management purposes. Bradleys Head Investigate the feasibility of connecting the foreshore toilets to the 4 High (7) mains sewer. Bradleys Head 4 Upgrade the existing and formalise a new lookout at Chowder Head. Medium (7)

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 217 Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 4 Provide enriching and memorable experiences in the park Bradleys Head Formalise a new lookout on Bradleys Head at the southern end of 4 Medium (7) Taylors Bay. Bradleys Head Upgrade the informal lookout with city views above the foreshore 4 Medium (7) near Athol Hall. Provide an entry statement at the island’s wharf arrival point Shark Island (8) 4 Medium including interpretation of the island’s features. Replace (after detailed recording) the 1950s picnic shelters with Shark Island (8) 4 updated structures of simple design and orientation, possibly Low including new locations if determined in the masterplanning process. Review the restrictions of visiting hours, activities, visual impacts Shark Island (8) 4 and in particular sound amplification, to minimise impacts generated Ongoing from island visitation on neighbours. Assess the condition of the foreshore walking track in light of Shark Island (8) 4 Medium possible sea level rise impacts and repair or demolish as appropriate. Promote the island as a venue for functions and events, including Shark Island (8) 4 major cultural events such as the Sydney Festival, with numbers Ongoing limited to a maximum of 800 persons on the island at any one time. Permit the provision of infrastructure to support catered functions, Shark Island (8) 4 such as outdoor kitchen facilities. The proposed location is adjacent Medium to the amenities building, where water and power are available. Continue the enhancement of Aboriginal-focused guided Clark Island (9) 4 opportunities with activities such as story telling, star gazing and Medium bush tucker picnics. Continue to promote the island as a venue for functions, with numbers Clark Island (9) 4 Medium limited to a maximum of 250 persons on the island at any one time. Review the restrictions of visiting hours, activities, visual impacts Clark Island (9) 4 and in particular sound amplification, to minimise impacts generated Ongoing from island visitation on neighbours. Camping is permitted on Clark Island subject to formal approval by Clark Island (9) 4 Ongoing NPWS through the issue of consent, licence or lease. Continue the use of Clark Island for special events such as New Clark Island (9) 4 Year’s Eve, Sydney Festival, Crave, Vivacity, Vivid, Sydney Writers’ Ongoing Festival, Biennale and Sydney Film Festival. Pursue harbour-based events, such as Clark Island to Shark Island Clark Island (9) 4 swimming and kayaking events, subject to the acquisition of an Medium aquatic licence from NSW Roads and Maritime Services. Fort Denison Investigate the feasibility of declaring the island a 4 Medium (10) ‘non-smoking’ venue. Daily tours will continue to operate ensuring that day time Fort Denison 4 visitors have the opportunity for face-to-face interpretation of the Ongoing (10) island’s heritage. Fort Denison Ensure that Fort Denison continues to play a key role in special 4 Ongoing (10) events on Sydney Harbour.

218 Sydney Harbour National Park Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 4 Provide enriching and memorable experiences in the park Fort Denison Ensure visitor safety and comfort by limiting numbers to no more 4 Ongoing (10) than 200 visitors at any one time. Fort Denison Ensure visitor safety and comfort by limiting the number of visitors 4 Ongoing (10) in the Martello Tower to a maximum of 20 per guided group. Work with the lessee to ensure that restaurant operations enhance Fort Denison 4 visitor appreciation and experience of the core heritage values of Ongoing (10) the island. Fort Denison 4 Improve the marketing and promotion for Fort Denison. Medium (10) Continue to lease the Fort Denison barracks and forecourt for the purpose of café, restaurant and functions centre. Fort Denison 4 Ongoing (10) In the event that the current lease comes to an end, new adaptive uses will be considered to support sustainable visitor and tourist use and enjoyment. Permit construction of storage sheds in the yard, and other discrete Fort Denison well-designed storage facilities for the operation of the restaurant or 4 Ongoing (10) similar use, if approved after heritage and environmental assessment and consideration of alternative options. Finalise the Goat Island Masterplan and implement its staged and Goat Island (11) 4 integrated approach to the establishment of Goat Island as a key High visitor destination in Sydney Harbour. Develop an innovative education and interpretation program Goat Island (11) 4 including multi-media presentations, temporary and permanent art Medium works, and face-to-face tours. Seek private sector partners to deliver appealing visitor experiences Goat Island (11) 4 associated with the island’s landscape and scenic values, and the High natural, Aboriginal, convict, colonial and maritime heritage. Continue to provide guided tours, dynamic key cultural activities and Goat Island (11) 4 special events such as the annual viewing of the New Year’s Ongoing Eve fireworks. Develop a special events program for the island including key cultural Goat Island (11) 4 activities in Sydney’s events calendar such as the Sydney Writers’ Medium Festival, Crave and Biennale. Consider design and construction of a viewing platform behind the Goat Island (11) 4 Low convict wall to view the magazine and shipyard areas. Visitor facilities such as shade structures, picnic tables, seating, pathways, stairs, access lifts, fences and toilets may be constructed Goat Island (11) 4 High in accordance with the Goat Island Conservation Management Plan 2011 and the Goat Island Masterplan. All buildings on Goat Island will be investigated for new adaptive Goat Island (11) 4 uses to support sustainable visitor or tourist use and enjoyment (see High pages 186-187 for more detail).

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 219 Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 4 Provide enriching and memorable experiences in the park All adaptation and fitout works must be consistent with the Goat Island (11) 4 assessment of significance and compatible uses in the Goat Island Ongoing Conservation Management Plan 2011. Rodd Island Review the landing fee and booking arrangements to encourage 4 High (12) kayakers and others to stop on the island. Partner Sydney Harbour / Parramatta River park management bodies Rodd Island 4 and recreation providers in the development of a kayak heritage trail Medium (12) experience, incorporating Rodd Island. Review the restrictions of visiting hours, activities, visual impacts Rodd Island 4 and in particular sound amplification, to minimise impacts generated Medium (12) from island visitation on neighbours. Buildings on Rodd Island will be investigated for new adaptive uses to support sustainable visitor or tourist use and enjoyment. Rodd Island 4 Medium (12) For example, these buildings may be adapted and leased for purposes such as accommodation, as a restaurant, café, kiosk and other food and drink outlet, conferences and functions. Outcome 5 Improved access to the park for all Provide improved access enhancements at key park locations, including North Head, Goat Island, Nielsen Park, Middle Head and Bradleys Head. The project will focus on including improved access All Park 5 for people of all levels of ability and culturally and linguistically High Key Project 7 diverse communities. It will provide information, education and interpretation for a wide range of visitors, including children and people from a diverse range of cultures. Investigate the provision of multilingual translations when preparing All Park 5 Medium interpretive, promotional and educational materials. Ensure provision of adequate designated disabled parking spaces in All Park 5 Ongoing all carparks in the park. Design and adapt educational and interpretive facilities to be All Park 5 Medium accessible for the mobility impaired. Review the requirements and feasibility of the adaptation of park wharves to allow for improved access for the mobility impaired All Park 5 High in accordance with the Disability Standards for Accessible Public Transport Act 2002. Ensure that information about the availability of park facilities for All Park 5 the mobility impaired is included on the NPWS and other Medium appropriate websites. Implement the NPWS Risk Management System in the park, including regular inspection of high-risk structures such as lookouts, All Park 5 Ongoing fortifications, heritage buildings, bridges and walking tracks along cliffs. Provide opportunities for mobility-impaired persons to participate in All Park 5 Ongoing special events within the park.

220 Sydney Harbour National Park Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 5 Improved access to the park for all Implement the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk Strategy 2010, including the staged upgrade of the sections within the park and the All Park 5 Ongoing negotiation of an interagency agreement for the coordinated implementation of design and signage standards across all tenures. Prepare and implement cyclical maintenance plans for maritime All Park 5 infrastructure in the park including wharves, sea walls, swimming Medium enclosures, weirs and moorings. Implement the DECCW Disability Action Plan 2009 – 2012 as it All Park 5 Ongoing applies to the park. Nielsen Park Investigate new public uses to increase access and opportunities for & Hermitage 5 people with disabilities and those from diverse cultures at Greycliffe Medium Foreshore (1) House and other precinct buildings and structures. Nielsen Park Continue negotiations with Woollahra Council for the acquisition of & Hermitage 5 Greycliffe Ave carpark in exchange for carpark at Watsons Bay and Low Foreshore (1) improve parking and access for those with mobility impairment. Investigate increased disabled access to all current and new Nielsen Park facilities, including additional disabled parking spaces both within & Hermitage 5 Medium the precinct and (in consultation with Woollahra Council) in adjoining Foreshore (1) council facilities. Nielsen Park Investigate the installation of handrails to improve access to the & Hermitage 5 Medium beach from the promenade. Foreshore (1) Nielsen Park Install directional and interpretive signs to Bottle and Glass Point & Hermitage 5 Low and other locations at the extremities of the precinct. Foreshore (1) Nielsen Park Prepare a landscape design plan for the Nielsen Park and Hermitage & Hermitage 5 Foreshore precinct that retains and enhances the precinct as a High Foreshore (1) recreational parkland with rich heritage values. Nielsen Park Prepare a landscape design plan for Nielsen Park precinct that retains & Hermitage and enhances its integrity as a recreational parkland for which the 5 High Foreshore (1) community so passionately fought and which ensures resilience for Key Project 8(i) high seasonal visitation. Investigate improved access arrangements through HMAS Watson to South Head, provide unassisted disabled access to Inner South Head. Consider Camp Cove & 5 Medium modifications at Green Point and Constables Cottages to enhance Green Point (2) access for the mobility impaired. Provide high-quality interpretive and educational material, South Head, considering all methods from static signs to audio and video, Camp Cove & 5 Medium allowing for consideration of diversity amongst visitors and difficult Green Point (2) access to the headland. South Head, Install directional and interpretive signs to and from Watsons Bay Camp Cove & 5 Medium across the precinct. Green Point (2) Work with the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust (SHFT) to design and South Head, construct an access-for-all link through SHFT’s Victoria Street Reserve Camp Cove & 5 Medium across the beach-side elevation of the Marine Biological Station to Green Point (2) Green Point.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 221 Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 5 Improved access to the park for all Gap Bluff (3) 5 Provide disabled parking spaces in carparking areas. Ongoing Install a multilingual package of directional, entry and interpretive Gap Bluff (3) 5 signage, so that visitors to the Watsons Bay Village and the precinct Medium are aware they are visiting a national park and places of significance. Prepare a landscape design plan for the Gap Bluff precinct that takes full advantage of the opportunity to integrate historic and cultural Gap Bluff (3) 5 Medium heritage with native bushland and the excellent city and coastal views. Improve access by developing new opportunities for the mobility impaired. These may include bird hides, accessible walking North Head (4) 5 Medium tracks, lookout platforms, and potentially new improved access opportunities in aquatic reserves. Provide high-quality, well-designed landscape elements at the North Head (4) 5 entrance to North Head at Park Hill Arch to demonstrate pride and Medium excitement at what lies beyond on North Head. Prepare and implement an integrated signage package for the North Head (4) 5 precinct including entry, information, directional, regulatory and High interpretive signage. Construct a visitor viewing platform at the lookout adjacent to North Head (4) 5 the North Fort entrance. Consideration is to be given to a design Low competition for this structure. Dobroyd Head Work with Manly Council to provide additional parking for people 5 Low (5) with disabilities near Tania Park and in harbour viewing areas. Investigate and implement improved presentation of Aboriginal Dobroyd Head 5 engravings at Grotto Point through sensitive assessment of the High (5) context in the landscape. Dobroyd Head Investigate enhancement of the outdoor classroom facility at Reef 5 Medium (5) Beach, involving local schools in the project. Investigate opportunities for access to underground fortifications for Middle Head (6) 5 Medium the mobility impaired. Prepare a landscape design plan for the precinct to ensure continued Middle Head (6) 5 delineation between natural bushland areas and the cultural Medium landscape and high-quality visitor facilities. Provide high-quality, well-designed landscape elements at the Middle Head (6) 5 Medium entrance to the precinct. Develop a cooperative interpretation program for migrants and Bradleys Head 5 culturally diverse members of the community with Taronga Zoo and Medium (7) the Royal Botanic Gardens, utilising the bushland at Bradleys Head. Install a hand basin in the disabled person’s cubicle in the foreshore Bradleys Head 5 toilet block and extend the toilet facility at Athol Hall to include a High (7) disabled access cubicle. Investigate refurbishment of the HMAS Sydney I mast and memorials Bradleys Head and surrounding landscape as part of the centenary celebrations 5 High (7) of the first entry of the Australian Naval Fleet into Sydney Harbour, planned for October 2013.

222 Sydney Harbour National Park Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 5 Improved access to the park for all Bradleys Head Prepare a landscape design plan for Bradleys Head precinct that (7) retains and enhances its integrity as a recreational parkland for which 5 High Key Project the community so passionately fought and which ensures resilience 8(ii) for high seasonal visitation. Seek recognition of the Bradleys Head memorials as a Military Bradleys Head 5 Memorial of National Significance under the Military Memorials of Medium (7) National Significance Act 2008. Design and construct island pathways that provide an accessible Shark Island (8) 5 Medium route from the wharf to the gazebo and amenities block. Prepare a landscape design plan to appropriately balance the island’s Shark Island (8) 5 competing values, maximising cultural landscape elements and their Medium interpretation and achieving high-quality amenity for visitors. Provide high-quality, well-designed landscape elements at the Shark Island (8) 5 island’s wharf entrance to signal the special qualities of the island Medium that lie ahead. Investigate the viability of improved access for the disabled to and Clark Island (9) 5 Low within the Clark Island precinct. Investigate specialist tours for CALD with the not-for-profit Clark Island (9) 5 Medium Aboriginal tour operator. Prepare a landscape design plan for Clark Island to guide the Clark Island (9) 5 provision and maintenance of cleared and bushland areas and Medium amenities for future use of the island. Monitor the condition of and maintain the foreshore walking track on Clark Island (9) 5 the eastern side of the island. A reassessment of the materials used Medium may be required due to sea level rise and wave action. Clark Island (9) 5 Upgrade picnic furniture on the island. Low Develop a detailed design plan for an undercover outdoor dining/ function area that does not compromise the visual presentation Fort Denison of the fort, particularly on arrival at the site, including appropriate 5 Medium (10) lighting for night functions. A new structure for this purpose would be permitted subject to environmental and heritage impact assessment. Fort Denison Develop a system to monitor, assess and address the impact of sea 5 Ongoing (10) level rise, wave action and boat traffic on the fort structure. Fort Denison Provide improvements for the mobility impaired including hand rails 5 Medium (10) in the Martello tower and tunnel. Goat Island (11) 5 Provide wheelchair-accessible toilets on the island. Medium Provide wheelchair access to the Magazine precinct and eastern side Goat Island (11) 5 of the island and investigate the feasibility of providing wheelchair High access to the northern side of the island Remove, when no longer required for commercial shipping, the navigation infrastructure (lead beacons and day markers) from Goat Island (11) 5 Low the island in consultation with Sydney Ports and NSW Roads and Maritime Services.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 223 Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 5 Improved access to the park for all Liaise with Telstra Corporation regarding the removal or adaptation Goat Island (11) 5 of the submarine cable sign intruding on the Water Police precinct’s Low rocky knoll. Rodd Island Upgrade the toilet facilities to improve use for the mobility impaired 5 Medium (12) and to a standard to complement island access levels. Prepare a landscape design plan to appropriately balance the island’s Rodd Island 5 range of values, maximising cultural landscape elements and their Medium (12) interpretation, and achieving high-quality amenity for visitors. Outcome 6 Strengthen and create partnerships Collaborate with tourism authorities in the implementation and All Park 6 Ongoing review of applicable tourism plans and strategies. Continue to work with councils and neighbours over boundary encroachments, management of asset protection zones, household All Park 6 Ongoing garden refuse deposits in the park and education and prevention programs. Seek partnerships with the education and cultural sectors, to encourage use of the harbour islands for small-scale special events All Park 6 under the umbrella of larger programs and festivals such as the Ongoing Sydney Festival, Crave, Vivacity, Vivid, Sydney Writers’ Festival, Biennale and Sydney Film Festival. Partner with park lessees and other harbour land management All Park 6 authorities in the delivery of integrated, high-quality visitor Ongoing experiences across Sydney Harbour. Build partnerships and continue to nurture our relationships with volunteers and other supporters of NPWS. Ensure that volunteers All Park 6 Ongoing have opportunities to contribute meaningfully to park management in ways that meet their personal needs and aspirations. Investigate new ways and continue fostering inter-agency and community-wide cooperation in biodiversity and weed management including the sharing of data, equipment, expertise and training All Park 6 Low opportunities amongst park neighbours, relevant private and public authorities, other protected area management agencies, and members of local communities. Continue to work closely with government agencies and other All Park 6 neighbours to ensure effective cross-boundary management of Ongoing feral animals. Expand the volunteer program by engaging appropriately trained volunteers in roles such as visitor liaison officers, heritage site All Park 6 Medium caretakers, biodiversity surveyors and bush regenerators. Adopt the campground host program where feasible. Prepare a Register of Required Research to encourage the All Park 6 Low involvement of research institutions and individuals in the park. Liaise with local tourism associations, other government agencies and tourism operators to ensure that all relevant promotional All Park 6 Low material provides accurate information concerning the recreational opportunities available in the park.

224 Sydney Harbour National Park Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 6 Strengthen and create partnerships Nielsen Park Work with Woollahra Council and neighbours to improve stormwater & Hermitage 6 Ongoing issues in the Hermitage Foreshore area. Foreshore (1) NPWS will liaise with the State Property Authority and other relevant Nielsen Park stakeholders about the future management of Strickland House, and & Hermitage 6 in particular the bushland components of its grounds, for the purpose Low Foreshore (1) of improving the Vaucluse Road entrance to the national park and potentially extending the habitat for Allocasuarina portuensis. Nielsen Park Work closely with precinct lessees to ensure that noise and other & Hermitage 6 Ongoing impacts on the local community are appropriately managed. Foreshore (1) Develop and implement a Memorandum of Understanding with South Head, the University of NSW Faculty of the Built Environment to involve Camp Cove & 6 High students in ’on park’ research and design projects such as the South Green Point (2) Head, Camp Cove and Green Point precinct landscape design plan. Introduce park use fees in the parking area at the Cliff St and Military Gap Bluff (3) 6 High Rd intersection. Maintain liaison with NSW Police and Woollahra Council regarding Gap Bluff (3) 6 operational management of the site and the implementation of the Ongoing Gap Bluff Suicide Prevention Strategy. Strengthen the partnership with Woollahra Council around managing Gap Bluff (3) 6 issues of joint concern such as the Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk Ongoing project, carparks and Gap Park links. Build partnerships when creating a sanctuary for endangered flora and fauna across the whole of North Head. This will involve all North Head stakeholders, volunteers, tertiary institutions, lessees and other North Head (4) 6 land managers. NPWS and other stakeholders will work closely with High Key Project 9 the Department of Primary Industries (DPI) to ensure integration of the terrestrial areas of North Head and Dobroyd Head with the marine protected areas. Investigate opportunities to integrate the visitor services and cultural North Head (4) 6 tourism products offered at the Quarantine Station with other visitor Medium experiences across the park. Manage the little penguin critical habitat area in liaison with the North Head (4) 6 Penguin Wardens, Taronga Zoo, Manly Council, NSW Roads and Ongoing Maritime Services and the NPWS Threatened Species Unit. In collaboration with all North Head land managers, prepare a North North Head Head Masterplan to guide the development and delivery of integrated 6 visitor services, including the walking track network, parking and Medium (4) public toilet facilities. The masterplan will be publicly exhibited and comments invited. Where appropriate, involve all North Head and Dobroyd Head stakeholders, Department of Primary Industries, volunteers, tertiary North Head institutions, lessees and other land and aquatic area stakeholders 6 and managers in the integrated management of the terrestrial areas Low (4) of North Head and Dobroyd Head with the marine protected areas of North (Sydney) Harbour Aquatic Reserve and Cabbage Tree Bay Aquatic Reserve.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 225 Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 6 Strengthen and create partnerships Dobroyd Head Work with the Crater Valley caretakers to expand the volunteer base 6 Medium (5) for the ongoing conservation and interpretation of the huts. Dobroyd Head Work with Manly Council to improve public access and signage at 6 Medium (5) Dobroyd Head. Dobroyd Head Partner with Aboriginal groups to increase understanding of the 6 Medium (5) Aboriginal cultural significance of the precinct. Work with Manly Council and neighbours over boundary Dobroyd Head encroachments, management of asset protection zones, household 6 Medium (5) garden refuse deposits in the park and education and prevention programs in the dog off leash area of Tania Park. Continue to liaise with SHFT and other neighbours to ensure Middle Head (6) 6 reciprocal arrangements are in place to for high-quality presentation Ongoing on boundary areas. Continue to work with SHFT, and Mosman Council in the creation of a Middle Head (6) 6 Ongoing unified Headland Park. Provide and implement strategies for cross-tenure pest management Middle Head (6) 6 in line with NPWS’s role as the lead agency in natural Ongoing area conservation. Work with neighbouring small businesses, such as those operating Middle Head (6) 6 out of Chowder Bay and currently including Land’s Edge and Plunge Ongoing Dive, to integrate operations that will benefit all parties. Bradleys Head Continue to work with the Royal Australian Navy and other agencies 6 High (7) in management of the HMAS Sydney I memorial. Shark Island (8) 6 Provide support for volunteer vegetation management programs. Ongoing Formalise an agreement with the Department of Defence for the Shark Island (8) 6 degaussing station infrastructure on the island and use of the Medium power supply. Seek partnerships with the education and cultural sectors, to Clark Island (9) 6 Medium encourage small-scale special events on the island. Continue to support the island’s volunteer bush regeneration program and seek expansion of the corporate program currently Clark Island (9) 6 operating at Middle Head. This involves volunteer staff from Ongoing corporate entities working under the guidance of NPWS experts to remove weeds and participate in park maintenance activities. Fort Denison Seek appropriate partnerships to continue monitoring and research 6 Medium (10) on the impacts of sea level rise on this important historic site. Fort Denison Include Fort Denison in the wider presentation of Sydney Harbour’s 6 Medium (10) coastal forts. Seek partnerships with the education and cultural sectors, to encourage use of the island for small-scale special events on the Fort Denison 6 island under the umbrella of larger programs and festivals such as Ongoing (10) the Sydney Festival, Crave, Vivacity, Vivid, Sydney Writers’ Festival, book launches and celebrity events.

226 Sydney Harbour National Park Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 6 Strengthen and create partnerships Negotiate with NSW Roads and Maritime Services for assistance with Fort Denison protection of the fort structure by implementing and regulating an 6 Medium (10) ‘irregular manoeuvre prohibited’ zone distance off for commercial adventure vessels (CAV). Fort Denison Work with the restaurant lessee to ensure that visitors to the island 6 Ongoing (10) are supported by high-quality services and experiences. Investigate utilising the island’s colonial heritage for traditional Goat Island (11) 6 trades training and educational purposes in partnership with Ongoing government institutions and the private sector. Negotiate a formal agreement with Telstra Corporation, Sydney Ports Goat Island (11) 6 to manage and maintain major telecommunications and navigation Low infrastructure on the island. Continue to seek a land base to support NPWS operations on Goat Island (11) 6 High the island. Contact the Australian Society for Microbiology to investigate Rodd Island 6 possible partnerships and involvement in the island, given its Medium (12) significant history in the microbiology field. Develop partnerships with Leichhardt and Canada Bay Councils and Rodd Island 6 other community stakeholders, to improve and increase community Medium (12) interest, ownership and use of the island. Outcome 7 Robust management of the park is sustained As part of park wide inter-tidal asset maintenance and heritage protection, NPWS will monitor impacts and implement best-practice All Park 7 maintenance and adaptation for sites directly impacted by rising High Key Project 10 sea levels. Such sites include Fort Denison, inter-tidal ecosystems, Aboriginal middens, sea walls and wharves. Establish and implement strategies to facilitate the systematic collection of floristic and faunal data of bushland areas as base data All Park 7 Medium and establish permanent monitoring sites as a tool for the improved management of fire and weeds. All Park 7 Prepare a cyclical maintenance plan for the park’s walking tracks. Ongoing Disseminate the results of climate change research conducted within All Park 7 Ongoing the park. Follow water sensitive urban design principles where more natural All Park 7 Ongoing solutions to water quality and flow issues are not appropriate. Minimise the carbon footprint of existing and future uses of the park All Park 7 Ongoing through the implementation of energy and water saving initiatives. Monitor the impacts of sea level rise and design new infrastructure All Park 7 High to accommodate projected changes. Undertake a review of signage requirements for the park with a priority for park entry and interpretive signage for high visitation areas. In reviewing signage requirements, look at appropriate means All Park 7 Medium of providing warning and directional signage, for security, baiting, and other routine management programs. Priorities for new entry signs include North Head and Bradleys Head.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 227 Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 7 Robust management of the park is sustained Ensure any upgrades or new facilities incorporate environmentally All Park 7 Ongoing sustainable features and are of high-quality, long-lasting materials. Assess the condition of service infrastructure (ie. power, water, electricity, sewer, telecommunications) and access roads which are All Park 7 Medium critical to inholdings and leases. Prepare cyclic maintenance plans and replacement schedules for these assets. Undertake annual inspections of wharves in accordance with NSW All Park 7 Ongoing Roads and Maritime Services safety audit requirements. All Park 7 Complete licence agreements for all alien uses in the park. Ongoing Develop a framework for the management and maintenance of NPWS All Park 7 Low shared roads and other infrastructure. Work with the Community Fireguard, NSW Fire Brigades and All Park 7 neighbours to provide annual pre-season preparation and assistance High with hazard reduction burning. Nielsen Park Continue to support the excellent work of bush regeneration & Hermitage 7 volunteers in weed control maintenance throughout the precinct’s Ongoing Foreshore (1) remnant bushland. Provide high-quality, well-designed landscape elements at major Nielsen Park entrances to demonstrate pride and quality in presentation. In & Hermitage 7 Medium particular, investigate redesign of the entrance at Greycliffe Ave Foreshore (1) including the relocation of the garbage recycling bays. South Head, Camp Cove & 7 Introduce park use fees in the parking area at Camp Cove. High Green Point (2) Realise the potential for exemplary adaptive re-use of the Gap Gap Bluff (3) Bluff precinct. Through investigation of appropriate community 7 High Key Project 11 and commercial uses, provide increased opportunities for visitor appreciation and access to the site. Utilise the opportunity of a whole-of-headland approach to implement research, education and interpretation programs about North Head (4) 7 Medium the uniqueness of North Head within the urban environment and add to the knowledge bank of the possible effects of climate change. Middle Head (6) 7 Support research into the management of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Ongoing Support volunteers to play a key role in the precinct’s remnant Middle Head (6) 7 vegetation management and in other activities such as Ongoing community gardens. Investigate alternative locations for the NPWS works storage compound away from the highly visible entrance to the park and Middle Head (6) 7 High Cobblers Beach access road. As an interim measure, maintain brush fencing and negotiate landscaping of the entrance with SHFT. Bradleys Head Address the impacts of climate change and sea level rise on the sea 7 Medium (7) walls, historic sandstone jetty and Aboriginal shell midden.

228 Sydney Harbour National Park Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 7 Robust management of the park is sustained Relocate dinghy racks installed at Taylors Bay, as they are in the Bradleys Head 7 wrong location for owners of boats moored in Taylors Bay and are Medium (7) not used. Examine options for energy and water saving and reduce waste Clark Island (9) 7 collection requirements through recycling and visitor Medium education programs. Implement and publicly promote the research and monitoring Fort Denison programs established for the precinct including the DECCW Coastal 7 Medium (10) Unit‘s Sea Level Rise Vulnerability Study for Fort Denison (October 2008). Fort Denison 7 Adapt access to the fort to compensate for predicted sea level rise. Low (10) Fort Denison Implement recommendations to reduce sea water inundation below 7 Medium (10) the floors of the barracks building and other infrastructure. Fort Denison Continue the program of research into materials conservation 7 Ongoing (10) and repair. Investigate the installation of solar power-generating devices on Goat Island (11) 7 Low the island. Progressively replace overhead street lighting with solar lighting where such lighting is demonstrated to be cost effective and Goat Island (11) 7 Low produces a lower carbon footprint over its operational life and install more energy efficient globes. Outcome 8 Contribute to the goal of easy and safe transport to and within the park Work with government agencies and other stakeholders to establish and promote a Sydney Harbour shuttle service. The service would All Park travel at frequent intervals, departing from the city and making a 8 High Key Project 12 range of stops in Sydney Harbour National Park and its islands. The service would also stop at other key harbour destinations and be promoted as a Sydney Harbour tourist experience. Identify routes for bicycle travel to the park consistent with local All Park 8 High government bike plans and, where appropriate, provide bicycle racks. Seek cost-effective ferry transport to provide visitor access to all All Park 8 High harbour islands. Maintain the network of roads and walking tracks in the park to All Park 8 Ongoing provide access for visitors to undertake a wide range of activities. Identify the desired future and character of each road in the park by All Park 8 precinct and manage accordingly, with special emphasis on methods Ongoing to reduce wildlife fatalities. Continue to work with state and local government agencies to ensure All Park 8 clear directional signs outside the park for visitors wishing to access Ongoing the park.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 229 Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 8 Contribute to the goal of easy and safe transport to and within the park Maintain a range of vehicle-based lookouts for the elderly and All Park 8 Ongoing less mobile. Support the implementation of a regular water transport service to All Park 8 High Watsons Bay, Manly, Quarantine Station and Clifton Gardens. Nielsen Park Investigate reinstatement of public water-based access either at or in & Hermitage 8 Low the vicinity of Nielsen Park and the introduction of a transport link. Foreshore (1) Nielsen Park Liaise with Woollahra Council regarding the construction of bus & Hermitage 8 Low shelters at existing bus stops in Vaucluse Road. Foreshore (1) South Head, Investigate transfer of the parking area / road from Woollahra Camp Cove & 8 Council to NPWS in exchange for parking in the Ongoing Green Point (2) Nielsen Park precinct. Investigate and, if agreed, transfer to HMAS Watson, maintenance South Head, responsibilities for the road at the South Head entrance to HMAS Camp Cove & 8 Medium Watson subject to obtaining agreement that this would not lead to Green Point (2) further restrictions to visitor access to the precinct. Install directional and interpretive signs to and from Watsons Bay Gap Bluff (3) 8 Medium public transport locations. Work with SHFT, other North Head stakeholders and transport North Head (4) 8 operators to develop regular, safe and economical transport options Medium for the precinct. Consider a range of options for the movement of visitors within the North Head (4) 8 Medium precinct including access via Quarantine Station wharf. Review the road network and parking options in a North Head (4) 8 Medium whole-of-headland approach. Work with Manly Council on the improvement of parking around Dobroyd Head Tania Park to prevent vehicles from blocking key lookout areas, and 8 Medium (5) improve stormwater management from the road and carparks into the park. Discourage private vehicle use within the Middle Head precinct forts Middle Head (6) 8 Medium area to allow for safe and enjoyable use by pedestrians and cyclists. Support neighbouring organisations in investigating the provision Middle Head (6) 8 of improved transport solutions to the precinct, including public Medium transport and safe bicycle access. Continue to assess the impacts on wildlife of night access on roads Middle Head (6) 8 through bushland areas. Implement strategies to reduce wildlife Ongoing fatalities including along Chowder Bay Road and Middle Head Road.

230 Sydney Harbour National Park Precinct Outcome Management response Priority Outcome 8 Contribute to the goal of easy and safe transport to and within the park Seek partnerships for the development and implementation of a Bradleys Head ferry / zoo / bushwalk tourist package utilising a harbour shuttle 8 Medium (7) service and drop off / pick up at Taronga Zoo wharf and Chowder Bay wharf. Bradleys Head Seal existing unsealed carparking spaces at Rifle Wall and the former 8 Medium (7) Ridge Cottage on Bradleys Head Road. Bradleys Head Liaise with Mosman Council regarding the construction of a bus 8 Low (7) shelter and lay-by at the Bradleys Head Road entrance to the precinct. Continue the regular water-based shuttle service to Shark Island for Shark Island (8) 8 Ongoing independent visitors. Investigate the introduction of a regular low cost option water Clark Island (9) 8 Low transport shuttle service to Clark Island for independent visitors. Fort Denison 8 Ensure continued and improved water transport services to the fort. Ongoing (10) Fort Denison Prepare a feasibility assessment for the provision of disabled access 8 Medium (10) at the Fort Denison wharf. Goat Island (11) 8 Design and implement improved access paths around the island. Medium Continue to seek the most cost-effective water transport to provide Goat Island (11) 8 High visitor access to Goat Island. Rodd Island As part of the proposed improved access for kayaks and other 8 Low (12) personal craft, investigate and identify a suitable landing site.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 231 section 04 Appendices

232 Sydney Harbour National Park PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 233 234 Sydney Harbour National Park LOCATION, GAZETTAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT 236

MANAGEMENT CONTEXT 237 Legislative and Policy Framework 237

Management Purposes and Principles 237

VALUES AND THREATS 238 Geology, Landforms and Hydrology 238

Flora 240

Fauna 247

Pests 255

Fire 257

Climate Change 258

Aboriginal Heritage 259

Historic Heritage 261

Recreation and Tourism 274

Visitation Planning 281

Leasing and Licensing Buildings, Structures and Businesses 282

MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS AND OTHER USES 283

BIBLIOGRAPHY 284

GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS 286

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 235 Location, Gazettal and Regional Context

Sydney Harbour National Park is one of a group of national parks in the Sydney metropolitan area which includes Botany Bay, Ku-ring-gai Chase, Garigal, Lane Cove and Royal national parks. The Commonwealth–State Land Exchange Agreement of 1979 identified a number of other areas Sydney Harbour National Park is In 1968, when the National Trust for inclusion in the park, including one of a group of national parks first proposed the establishment land within the School of Artillery in the Sydney metropolitan area of one national park around at North Head and within 10 which includes Botany Bay, Ku- Sydney Harbour incorporating all Terminal Regiment at Middle Head, ring-gai Chase, Garigal, Lane Cove public foreshore lands, there were directly abutting the park. However, and Royal national parks. These already a number of recreational these lands were transferred to the national parks conserve sections of reserves around the harbour Sydney Harbour Federation Trust, the coastline and river and estuary preserved as a result of local which was established in 2001. foreshores and are the major areas residents’ lobbying. In 1975, conserving Sydney’s sandstone Sydney Harbour National Park was The waters of the harbour, ecosystems. established over parts of North while not within the park, are an Head, Dobroyd Head, Bradleys essential element to understanding Sydney Harbour National Park Head, Shark Island and Clark Island and appreciating Sydney Harbour covers 393 hectares of headlands, to protect the scenic gateway National Park and provide both beaches and islands in and around to the city and the remnant a link and a barrier between the Sydney Harbour. On its boundaries vegetation of Sydney Harbour. In different sections of the park. are aquatic reserves, suburbs 1979, following negotiations with of Sydney, defence reserves, Sydney presently has a the Commonwealth Government, commercial development and population of around 4.4 million land previously used for defence marine facilities. The park also people and the park is a major purposes was added to the park, adjoins a number of conservation recreational resource for the people and various other parcels of land and open space reserves managed of Sydney. With its Sydney Harbour have since been added. The most by local councils and the Sydney location, the park is extremely well- recent additions were Fort Denison Harbour Federation Trust. The park positioned for tourism. and Goat Island, which were includes six headlands on the reserved as part of the park in Sydney Harbour National Park northern side of the harbour (North 1995. Part of Goat Island occupied is within the Woollahra, Mosman Head, Dobroyd Head, Middle Head, by the shipyard is land that is and Manly local government areas Georges Head, Chowder Head and vested in the Minister under Part and the geographical areas of the Bradleys Head) and two on the 11 of the NPW Act. This land is Sydney Metropolitan Catchment south side of the harbour (South not yet gazetted as part of Sydney Management Authority and the Head and Steele Point at Nielsen Harbour National Park. Metropolitan and La Perouse local Park). The five islands within the Aboriginal land councils. park are Shark Island, Clark Island, Fort Denison, Goat Island and Rodd Island.

236 Sydney Harbour National Park Management Context

Legislative and Management Purposes Policy Framework and Principles

The management of Sydney Harbour National parks are reserved under the National Park is in the context of a NPW Act to protect and conserve areas legislative and policy framework, primarily containing outstanding or representative including the National Parks and Wildlife ecosystems, natural or cultural features Act 1974 (NPW Act) and NPW Regulation, or landscapes or phenomena that provide Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 opportunities for public appreciation and (TSC Act) and Heritage Act 1977 and the inspiration and sustainable visitor use. policies of the National Parks and Wildlife Under the Act, national parks are Service (NPWS). managed to: Other legislation and associated »» conserve biodiversity, maintain instruments, international agreements and ecosystem functions, protect geological charters also apply to the management of and geomorphological features and the area. In particular, the Environmental natural phenomena and maintain Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EPA Act) natural landscapes; may require the assessment and mitigation »» conserve places, objects, features and of the environmental impacts of works landscapes of cultural value; proposed in this plan. The Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity »» protect the ecological integrity of one Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) also or more ecosystems for present and applies in relation to actions that may future generations; impact upon migratory species, threatened »» promote public appreciation and species listed under this Act or values of a understanding of the park’s natural and national heritage site. cultural values; A plan of management is a statutory »» provide for sustainable visitor or tourist document under the NPW Act. Once the use and enjoyment that is compatible Minister has adopted a plan, the plan with conservation of natural and must be carried out and no operations cultural values; may be undertaken in relation to the »» provide for sustainable use (including lands to which the plan relates unless adaptive re-use) of any buildings or the operations are in accordance with the structures or modified natural areas plan. This plan will also apply to any future having regard to conservation of natural additions to Sydney Harbour National Park. and cultural values; and Should management strategies or works be »» provide for appropriate research proposed in future that are not consistent and monitoring. with this plan, an amendment to the plan will be required. The primary purpose of national parks is to conserve natural and cultural heritage. Opportunities are provided for appropriate visitor use in a manner that does not damage conservation values.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 237 Values and Threats

This plan aims to Geology, Landforms and Hydrology conserve both the natural and cultural values of Sydney Sydney Harbour formed about The cliffs and beaches within 6,000 years ago when the sea the park, with their vegetation Harbour rose to its present level, drowning of heath, scrub and woodland, the Parramatta River valley. The provide a contrast to the grassed National Park. Hawkesbury Sandstone terrain of picnic areas and surrounding urban steep hills, long narrow ridges, and industrial areas. Much of the deep rocky valleys and intricately vegetation is regrowth which has This plan aims to conserve both eroded cliffs typifies the landscape followed the cessation of defence the natural and cultural values of in the park. Older series activities, while other areas are Sydney Harbour National Park. The formations can be seen at the base dominated by cultural plantings. location, landforms and plant and of North Head, while the central Both the native vegetation and animal communities of an area ridge of North Head consists of major cultural plantings are now have determined how it has been aeolian sand dunes overlaying an important part of the park’s used and valued by both Aboriginal sandstone. Remains of basalt landscape. dykes which intruded through the and non-Aboriginal people. Historic structures are sedimentary rocks are visible at These values may be attached to important parts of the landscape. Bottle and Glass Point, Bradleys the landscape as a whole or to Fortifications, monuments, Head and North Head. individual components, for example navigational aids and buildings to plant and animal species Most of the soils in Sydney are visible from both the land and used by Aboriginal people. For Harbour National Park are the water. Their form and scale reasons of clarity and document highly erodible, shallow, stony, provides a contrast to the natural usefulness, individual values and infertile quartz sands derived environment and the other built issues are dealt with separately, from Hawkesbury Sandstones. elements around the harbour. however, their inter-relationships On the plateaus where drainage Large areas of the foreshore are recognised. Included in the is impeded, organic matter have been modified by landscape values are references to relevant accumulates to produce dark peaty reclamation and the construction legislation important for the soils. On the sides of ridges and of seawalls. Many of the seawalls management of these values. hills, clayey subsoils develop. The in the park are now old and subject soils are phosphorus deficient and to erosion. Seawall repair and hence an increase in nutrients restoration is required in a number from urban run-off has detrimental of areas to prevent foreshore impacts on native vegetation, erosion. which is adapted to low nutrient levels. High nutrient levels Generally, the park is located encourage weed invasion. down-slope of urban areas and is consequently affected by nutrient- rich run-off. Of particular concern are areas where stormwater has been directed into the park, resulting in gullying, siltation, pollution and the introduction of weeds. Negotiations with local councils have resulted in some stormwater being redirected into stormwater drains, but in other areas this is still a problem. 238 Sydney Harbour National Park Sydney Regional Environmental Plan In addition, Schedule 4 of the Harbour (Sydney Harbour Catchment) 2005 (Harbour SEPP lists the following as heritage items: SEPP) covers all the waterways and islands »» Stone Wharf, Bradleys Head (item 25); of the Harbour, the foreshores and entire »» Green Point Obelisk (item 48); catchment. It establishes a set of planning principles to be used by councils for the »» Shark, Clark, Goat islands and preparation of planning instruments, Fort Denison. for the hydrological catchment of the The Harbour SEPP’s Section 38: Harbour. It also zones the waterways into Development on land in waterways nine different zones to suit the differing adjoining national parks states: environmental characteristics and land uses of the harbour and its tributaries. Development for any purpose for which development is authorised to be carried The Harbour SEPP includes a range out under the National Parks and Wildlife of matters for consideration by consent Act 1974 may be carried out without authorities assessing development within development consent in the waterway the ‘Foreshores and Waterways Area’. These adjoining land that is reserved under are aimed at ensuring better and consistent that Act, where the development spans development decisions and include such the mean high water mark and is part of issues as ecological and scenic quality, built any other development or activity being form and design, maintenance of views, carried out on that land. public access and recreation and working harbour uses. The SEPP includes provisions Section 39: Development and activities relating to heritage conservation and in vicinity of national parks states: wetlands protection and provides planning A consent authority must not grant controls for strategic foreshore sites. consent to development in any part of Clauses in the SEPP that are of the waterway that would be likely to particular relevance to this plan of affect land that is reserved under the management include: National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 if it is of the opinion that the proposed »» objectives of Zone No 8 (a) National development is not consistent with the Parks; provisions contained in the Guidelines for »» Zone W2 Environmental Protection developments adjoining National Parks and Zone provides protection for the North Wildlife Service land (as in force on the (Sydney) Harbour Aquatic Reserve; day on which this clause, as substituted »» development control within National by State Environmental Planning Policy Parks (clause 19); (Repeal of Concurrence and Referral Provisions) 2008, commenced). »» matters for consideration (clauses 20–27); Management of stormwater entering »» Section 38 and 39; the national park is the subject of local environmental plans and development »» heritage provisions (clauses 52–60); and control plans created under the EPA Act, »» wetland protection provisions (clauses and local government policy. 61–63).

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 239 Flora

Sydney Harbour National Park includes the SIGNIFICANCE OF SYDNEY spectacular sandstone headlands at the HARBOUR NATIONAL PARK FLORA entrance to Sydney Harbour being North The flora of the park is part of the Sydney Head, South Head and Dobroyd Head, as coastal Hawkesbury Sandstone vegetation well as the harbour foreshore headlands which is significant for its diversity, high of Middle Head and Bradleys Head, and degree of endemism and its relationships Nielsen Park. The park also includes a with sclerophyll vegetation elsewhere in number of islands being Shark, Clark, Goat the Southern Hemisphere (Benson 2009). and Rodd islands and Fort Denison. This range of landscapes has allowed a wide A number of vegetation communities range of vegetation and flora to survive, are spread over four geographically providing the bushland backdrop for the separate headlands and five islands within iconic Sydney Harbour setting. the park. They include:

Since European settlement, much of the »» Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub (ESBS), vegetation has been modified with some an endangered ecological community areas having been completely cleared listed under the TSC Act and the EPBC for military or other purposes. This is in Act. A significant area of ESBS occurs contrast to the other coastal national parks on North Head, straddling land in the around Sydney, where there has been a national park and the Sydney Harbour shorter time period of exposure to urban Federation Trust lands. ESBS was once development and lesser degrees of urban extensive in the eastern suburbs but impact. Since gazettal as a national park has almost all been cleared. The largest in 1975, most areas have been allowed remaining area is on North Head. The to regenerate and the park now contains Recovery Plan for ESBS (DEC 2004) a wide range of plant communities and provides strategies for the recovery of habitats, particularly those associated this community (Table A). with Hawkesbury Sandstone. Sydney »» Extensive areas of coastal sandstone Harbour National Park’s natural soils plateau heath on North Head and and biodiversity are not reproducible in Dobroyd Head including wet heath the human-made and contrast with the and sedgeland. replanting and reconstruction of semi- »» Coastal sandstone headland scrubs with natural environments, such as those at coastal banksia Banksia integrifolia on and Darling Harbour. While Bradleys Head and Dobroyd Head. these parks provide pleasing aesthetic »» Coastal sandstone gully forest with landscapes, they lack Sydney Harbour smooth-barked apple Angophora National Park’s links with the natural costata, grey gum Eucalyptus punctata past. As such, the presence and ongoing and forest red gum Eucalyptus maintenance of the natural attributes of tereticornis near creeklines on sheltered Sydney Harbour National Park need high sandstone slopes such as on the overall priority. western side of North Head and at Bradleys Head. »» Coastal sandstone ridge-top woodland with A. costata and bangalay Eucalyptus botryoides on more exposed sandstone slopes. 240 Sydney Harbour National Park Rocky foreshores and cliff faces, and sandy beaches provide more localised habitats for a range of plant species such as ferns and mosses. Most of the islands have been cleared, although Goat and Clark islands still have remnants of their original flora. The lawns and old gardens in many places include specimens of exotic trees and shrubs which may have heritage significance.

Ecological features of regional significance include coastal sclerophyll heath on low nutrients soils, foreshore woodlands, fire-dependent vegetation and foreshore to intertidal zones.

The TSC Act lists threatened species, Sydney Harbour National Park is endangered populations and endangered floristically rich with 300 native plant ecological communities in NSW. The TSC species recorded on North Head, the Act also lists key threatening processes largest single precinct of the park. There (KTPs), which are identified as having or are up to an additional 100 native plant likely to have significant impacts on the species elsewhere in the national park conservation of threatened native flora (Benson 2009). Three native plant species and fauna. found in the national park are of national The NSW Office of Environment and conservation significance. The Nielsen Park Heritage (OEH) has prepared a priorities she-oak Allocasuarina portuensis and a action statement (PAS) to promote the form of sunshine wattle Acacia terminalis recovery of threatened species and the subsp. terminalis are listed as endangered abatement of KTPs in New South Wales. species under the TSC Act and the EPBC The PAS outlines the strategies for Act. A recovery plan (NPWS 2000) provides ameliorating threats listed under the TSC strategies for recovery of A. portuensis. Act including the preparation of threat Camfield’s stringybark Eucalyptus camfieldii abatement and recovery plans. The PAS is listed as vulnerable under the TSC is based on 34 unique recovery and Act and the EPBC Act. Strategies for the threat abatement strategies. Under each recovery of A. terminalis subsp. terminalis strategy, several actions may be listed, and E. camfieldii are set out in the PAS and these are further categorised into (Table A). high, medium and low priority actions, There are records for several other and, where feasible, are assigned to the listed species in the park, however their broad geographic area where they are best current occurrence in Sydney Harbour placed to occur. A large number of actions National Park needs to be confirmed. have been identified for implementation within Sydney Harbour National Park.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 241 TABLE A: SIGNIFICANT COMMUNITIES AND FLORA SPECIES RECORDED IN SYDNEY HARBOUR NATIONAL PARK AND PAS ACTIONS SCIENTIFIC PRECINCTS NAME STATUS ACTIONS NEEDED* RECORDED State/national significance Eastern Suburbs Endangered »» Implement feral animal control programs. North Head Banksia Scrub Ecological »» Determine and apply appropriate fire management practices. Community »» Consider off-site impacts in the assessment of nearby NSW TSC Act developments. »» Prevent stormwater run-off from entering sites. »» Install fencing, gates, formal tracks (where appropriate) and signs to manage access and prevent rubbish dumping. »» Implement weed control programs. »» Protect remnants from clearing and further fragmentation. »» Restore degraded habitat using bush regeneration techniques. »» Prepare site specific management plans. Acacia Endangered »» Ensure personnel involved in track and road maintenance North Head, terminalis Species are able to identify the sub-species and are aware of Nielsen Park, subsp. NSW TSC their locations. Gap Bluff terminalis Act, National »» Ensure appropriate fire regime so as to avoid frequent fire EPBC Act and long absences of fire. »» Manage threats at known sites. »» Undertake appropriate weed control activities when necessary. »» Protect known sites from clearing and degradation. »» Establish an appropriate monitoring program for known sites. »» Undertake research into the biology and ecology of the sub-species, in particular its response to fire. »» Conduct surveys of all areas of suitable habitat within Sydney Harbour and Botany Bay National Parks. Allocasuarina Endangered »» Maintain ex situ collection. Nielsen Park portuensis Species »» Implement appropriate fire regimes. NSW TSC »» Undertake weed control. Act, National »» Undertake habitat restoration. EPBC Act »» Assist natural regeneration eg after ecological burns. »» Monitor sites. »» Assess hybridity status of planted individuals. »» Undertake research into biology and ecology of species. »» Continue translocations where appropriate.

242 Sydney Harbour National Park SCIENTIFIC PRECINCTS NAME STATUS ACTIONS NEEDED* RECORDED Eucalyptus Vulnerable »» Measures should be taken to reduce the impact of arson eg. North Head camfieldii Species buffer zones around arson-prone areas to prevent spread of NSW TSC fire, as well as buffers around populations. Act, National »» Where fuel reduction is required to protect human life and EPBC Act property, mechanical means that leave populations intact should be pursued in preference to burning. »» Protect areas of known and potential habitat from clearing and disturbance. »» Prevent further loss and fragmentation of habitat. »» Investigate appropriate fire intervals and management practices. »» Undertake surveys within potential habitat. Persoonia Endangered »» Search for as part of baseline audit. North Head hirsuta Species 1967, needs NSW TSC confirmation Act, National EPBC Act Pimelea Vulnerable »» Search for as part of baseline audit. South Head, curviflora Species needs NSW TSC confirmation var. curviflora Act, National EPBC Act Syzygium Vulnerable »» Search for as part of baseline audit. Crater Cove paniculatum Species 1987, needs NSW TSC confirmation Act, National EPBC Act Regional significance Guringalia Reg signif »» Assess regional significance North Head dimorpha Melaleuca Reg signif »» Assess regional significance Dobroyd hypericifolia Head Eucalyptus »» Assess regional significance obstans Hibbertia nitida Rs 2RC local »» Assess regional significance North Head pop Pultenaea »» Assess regional significance La Perouse dentata

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 243 SCIENTIFIC PRECINCTS NAME STATUS ACTIONS NEEDED* RECORDED Darwinia Local disjunct »» Assess regional significance North Head leptantha pop to Cronulla Erythrorchis 3RC local disj »» Assess regional significance North Head cassythoides pop Rulingia Regionally »» Assess regional significance North Head hermanniifolia signif Old records (last recorded) Botrychium 1914 »» Search for as part of baseline audit Middle Head australe Cassinia 1903 »» Search for as part of baseline audit Bradleys denticulata Head Conospermum 1880 »» Search for as part of baseline audit Middle Head tenuifolium Dipodium 1903 »» Search for as part of baseline audit Bradleys roseum Head Gompholobium 1903 »» Search for as part of baseline audit Bradleys grandiflorum Head Melaleuca 1900 »» Search for as part of baseline audit Middle Head linariifolia Muellerina 1918 »» Search for as part of baseline audit Nielsen Park celastroides Muellerina 1918 »» Search for as part of baseline audit Nielsen Park eucalyptoides Notothixos 1918 »» Search for as part of baseline audit Nielsen Park subaureus Orthoceras 1912 »» Search for as part of baseline audit Middle Head strictum Velleia lyrata 1903 »» Search for as part of baseline audit Bradleys Head Stylidium 1903 »» Search for as part of baseline audit Bradleys graminifolium Head Podolobium 1802 »» Search for as part of baseline audit Middle Head ilicifolium

* actions are not confined to Sydney Harbour National Park.

244 Sydney Harbour National Park STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND THREATS AND PRESSURES »» Deposition of nutrients from INFORMATION GAPS ON FLORA stormwater drains and run-off, making the soil more suitable There has been general collecting Native plants and vegetation for exotic weed species than for of plants around Sydney Harbour communities in Sydney Harbour native plant species. since specimens were sent back to National Park face a range of England by the First Fleet officers, threats. A large number of these »» Dieback of trees and other so the general flora is well known. threats are listed as KTPs under the species in a number of precincts More recently there have been local TSC Act. caused by the soil pathogen surveys, mostly confined to single Phytophthora cinnamomi. The most widespread threat to precincts, particularly North Head, Responses may include flora is degradation and alteration or islands. There are a few student keeping visitors to tracks as of native vegetation. Threats which research projects but many of far as possible, and upgrading contribute to habitat degradation these take the form of unpublished tracks to boardwalks in wet or include: reports or theses, and are often periodically wet sites, providing inaccessible to park managers. »» Weed invasion from a variety shoe-cleaning stations at major of sources including garden track entrances and providing However, there has been no escapes, with around 100 general education about not systematic collection of floristic exotic species recorded across bringing soil in on shoes and data for any part of the park the park. Major weed species boots. P. cinnamomi is likely to except for North Head in 1986. include Lantana camara, become an increasing issue in As a result, there is no database Ligustrum spp. and Asparagus bushland further afield, such as on which to assess changes in spp. Various weed species Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park species abundance or indeed loss are listed as KTPs. There is and Blue Mountains National of species. There needs to be a concern about native species Park, so an education program flora survey across all sections becoming weedy, for example in Sydney Harbour National Park of the park to provide a baseline sweet pittosporum Pittosporum is very relevant. database. This database should undulatum and coastal tea-tree »» Inappropriate fire regimes include the current floristic Leptospermum laevigatum, due with low and high frequency composition together with the to changed conditions such as fire resulting in changes to location of permanent monitoring lack of fire. Weeds pose a major habitat including altered sites, including species recorded threat to biodiversity when vegetation structure and species historically but not seen recently they out-compete and displace composition, weed invasion, (Table A). Such survey work will also native plant species, and may senescent vegetation and loss provide material for use in park place threatened species under of species. Responses required interpretation programs. increased pressure. Weeds can include experimental burns at The significance of black rat replace entire components (e.g. North Head, Bradleys Head and seed predation is unknown in ground layers) of communities, Middle Head with appropriate endangered ecological communities including endangered ecological pre-fire and post-fire recording. such as Eastern Suburbs Banksia communities, and decrease This will need to be followed up Scrub, and investigation of these ecological integrity. Many weed with weed control to facilitate impacts where high density rat species have the potential to native regeneration. populations occur (particularly form monocultures if post-fire) are needed. left uncontrolled.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 245 »» Grazing and predation of seeds MANAGEMENT OF FLORA FLORA MONITORING and seedlings by the European Critical priorities have been PROGRAMS rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus identified for both single species There is no ongoing flora and the introduced black rat weed control and integrated bush monitoring program occurring Rattus rattus, which may result regeneration which targets a across the park. Flora monitoring in the poor recruitment of some suite of weeds. Critical priorities at individual sites occurs as part plant species, soil erosion and for control largely aim to protect of bush regeneration projects. weed dispersal. Grazing by endangered ecological communities Detailed weed mapping was rabbits can also have effects on and populations and the habitat of undertaken in the national park in the structure and composition other threatened species. Critical 1996 and sections of the park were of endangered ecological priorities relating to native flora re-mapped in 2008. Weed mapping communities and can prevent include: revealed large numbers of weeds, recruitment of threatened but not all of these have significant plants. The significance of black »» Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub impact. For example, 179 species of rat seed predation is unknown EEC (North Head); weed were recorded during weed in endangered ecological »» Littoral Rainforest EEC mapping in Nielsen Park/Hermitage communities such as Eastern (North and Dobroyd heads); Foreshore alone, but probably Suburbs Banksia Scrub. »» Allocasuarina portuensis (Nielsen less than 50 of these may pose »» Physical trampling of Park, South Head and Hermitage significant threats. vegetation by off-track walkers Foreshore); and vehicles. »» Acacia terminalis subsp. »» Illegal removal of bush rock terminalis (Nielsen Park, and of dead wood for firewood, Hermitage Foreshore, Bottle and both of which provide important Glass Point and South, North, habitat elements for a variety of Middle, Georges and Bradleys fauna. heads); »» Climate change increasing »» Eucalyptus camfieldii saltwater intrusion into low- (North Head); lying fresh habitats and »» Syzygium paniculatum changing climate conditions (Dobroyd Head). resulting in species shifts A Feral Rabbit Management or extinctions. Plan and has been implementing integrated control across North Head (with neighbours) since 2004. More recently, an integrated rabbit control program has been implemented with two neighbouring landholders at Middle Head. Black rat control is carried out in heritage buildings when necessary.

246 Sydney Harbour National Park Fauna

The park’s native fauna are protected »» Draft Recovery Plan for the Endangered under the NPW Act (excluding fish North Head Long-nosed Bandicoot and invertebrates). The TSC Act also Perameles nasuta Population; applies to threatened fauna species »» Recovery Plan for Large Forest Owls; and and endangered fauna populations in »» Draft Recovery Plan for the Barking Owl NSW (as above). Under the Threatened Ninox connivens. Species Conservation Regulation 2002, little penguin Eudyptula minor critical The NPWS Park Management Policy habitat was declared at North Harbour. Manual also guides management of Critical habitat is an area that is crucial fauna in reserves, and includes specific to the survival of an endangered species, policies which relate to the management population or ecological community. The of overabundant wildlife, release and declaration of critical habitat provides rehabilitation of fauna, translocation of greater protection and stricter controls threatened fauna and pest management. over activities in the area. In addition, there are two species conservation plans which guide the This declaration of critical habitat was management of two threatened species based on the biological requirements within Sydney region. These are: of the little penguin population and the potential impacts of known and suspected »» Conservation Plan for the Eastern threats. The declared critical habitat Bentwing-bat Minopterus schreibersii contains areas known for to be used for oceanensis; and penguin nesting and for travelling to »» Conservation Plan for the Red-crowned their nests. If these areas were lost, there Toadlet Pseudophyrne australis. is a chance the population would not More than 233 species of vertebrate survive. The critical habitat declaration fauna have been recorded within Sydney is designed to help the penguins breed Harbour National Park (this figure includes successfully and protect them from attacks historical records, vagrants, occasional by predators. visitors, migrants and sea/shore birds). This In addition to the PAS, four threatened includes seven frog, 31 reptile, 167 bird fauna species recorded in Sydney Harbour and 28 mammal species. However today, National Park have recovery plans, the existing resident fauna is probably far although only the first two listed below are less with at least 33 of these species (birds) specific to Sydney Harbour National Park: not having been recorded in the last 20 years and many other birds being irregular »» Recovery Plan for the Endangered visitors to the park. Population of Little Penguins Eudyptula minor at Manly;

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 247 Much of the vegetation within Although each of these habitats The park also plays a key role the park been severely modified supports characteristic fauna, much in resource provision for wider- since European settlement with of the fauna occurs within more ranging fauna species. Significant many areas completely cleared for than one habitat type within the resources include: military or other purposes. However, park. Even the man-made lawns »» Tree hollows for bird and since gazettal as a national park in provide important foraging habitat micro‑bat species. 1975, most areas have been allowed at North Head for the endangered »» Nectar resources for the to regenerate and the national park long-nosed bandicoot Perameles threatened grey-headed now contains a wide range of fauna nasuta population. In general, flying‑fox Pteropus poliocephalus habitats, supporting a variety of the diversity of vertebrate fauna and a suite of nomadic and fauna characteristic of the Sydney groups is highest in the forest and migratory nectar feeding- Basin, particularly those associated woodland habitats, but maintaining honeyeaters. with Hawkesbury Sandstone. the suite of fauna found in the Available fauna habitats within the national park is dependant upon »» Over-wintering sites for the park can be broadly divided into maintaining all habitat types. threatened eastern bentwing- eight main types: bat Miniopterus schreibersii SIGNIFICANCE OF SYDNEY oceanensis in various »» Rocky foreshores and cliff faces. HARBOUR NATIONAL PARK fortifications. »» Beaches. TO FAUNA »» Potential foraging sites for »» Coastal sandstone plateau Despite being a series of isolated species of migratory shore, heath. islands of vegetation on the heath, forest and woodland bird. »» Coastal sandstone foreshores of Sydney Harbour, the Six species of birds are regular headland scrub. park provides significant fauna summer-breeding migrant birds, »» Coastal sandstone gully forest. habitat in the regional context, normally arriving in September »» Coastal sandstone ridge-top since these areas represent most of or October and leaving in March woodland. the largest fragments of remnant or April. A further six species »» Lawns and planted gardens. vegetation around the harbour. are regular winter migrants and As such, Sydney Harbour National include the white‑fronted tern »» Buildings, particularly the Park provides refuge for common from New Zealand Sterna striata, fortifications which provide fauna species that were once more golden whistler Pachycephala habitat for at least one widespread around the harbour, pectoralis, rose robin Petroica rosea threatened micro-bat species and has an important role to play and yellow-faced honeyeater as a reference area for what the Lichenostomus chrysops from the harbour foreshores and islands mountain ranges west of Sydney might once have looked like. and the spangled drongo Dicrurus bracteatus from the north.

248 Sydney Harbour National Park Seven bird species are regular migrants In addition to threatened fauna species, from the northern hemisphere and others the park also provides habitat for more are irregular migrants that are listed on the than 46 regionally significant fauna, many China-Australia-Migratory-Bird Agreement of which are thought to be declining across (CAMBA) or the Japan-Australia-Migratory the Sydney Basin or are poorly recorded in Bird Agreement (JAMBA). More than sixteen other reserves. Also conserved in Sydney species of pelagic seabirds can be readily Harbour National Park are two species seen from the various scenic lookouts over of fauna that are endemic to the Sydney the harbour and Pacific Ocean. Basin bioregion. These are the red-crowned The park also provides habitat for toadlet Pseudophyrne australis and the rock threatened fauna species and two warbler Origma solitaria. threatened fauna populations (see Table Of particular scientific interest is the B). Over 15 threatened fauna species have type locality for the brown antechinus been recorded, although many of these Antechinus stuartii at Spring Cove, North may no longer occur in the park or make Head. The specimen collected from here rare visits and have not been recorded by J. Stuart in 1837 was the basis for the in many years. Two endangered fauna description of both the genus Antechinus populations occur within the park. The and the species Antechinus stuartii by Perameles nasuta long-nosed bandicoot William Sharp Macleay in 1841. This small population at North Head and the little dasyurid is one of the most common small Eudyptula minor penguin population in the mammals along the east coast of Australia, Manly Point area are listed as endangered but there have been no confirmed records under the TSC Act. In addition, critical in Sydney Harbour National Park since the habitat has been declared under the TSC late 1980s. Another significant specimen Act for the endangered little penguin collected was the eastern quoll Dasyurus population which includes known nesting viverrinus found dead on the road in burrows, possible foraging areas (seagrass Nielsen Park in 1963. This was the last beds within Spring Cove) and also known locality on mainland Australia for identifies potential nesting areas (Dobroyd this species, although it still survives Head, Cannae Point and parts of Little in Tasmania. Manly Point). The terrestrial areas of critical habitat are typically situated in the first 50 metres from the water and the aquatic areas extend 50 metres out from the mean high water mark.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 249 TABLE B: THREATENED FAUNA SPECIES AND POPULATIONS RECORDED WITHIN SYDNEY HARBOUR NATIONAL PARK Common Name Scientific Name Status Last Precincts recorded recorded Species Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia Critically Endangered Species Pre-1900 Dobroyd Head NSW TSC Act, Endangered Species National EPBC Act Swift Parrot Lathamus discolour Endangered Species NSW TSC 1973 Bradleys Head Act, National EPBC Act Grey-headed flying-fox Pteropus Vulnerable Species NSW TSC Act, Recent Goat Island, Bradleys, Dobroyd & poliocephalus National EPBC Act North Heads, but probably other precincts Superb Fruit Dove Ptilinopus superbus Vulnerable Species NSW TSC Act 1968 Bradleys & Dobroyd heads Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata Vulnerable Species NSW TSC Act 1972 Bradleys Head Diamond Firetail Stagonopleura Vulnerable Species NSW TSC Act 1985 South Head guttata Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus Vulnerable Species NSW TSC Act 1987 Hermitage Foreshore & South fuliginosus Head Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus Vulnerable Species NSW TSC Act 1987 Shark Island longirostris Red-crowned Toadlet Pseudophryne Vulnerable Species NSW TSC Act Recent Bradleys, Dobroyd & North australis Heads Barking Owl Ninox connivens Vulnerable Species NSW TSC Act Recent North Head Powerful Owl Ninox strenua Vulnerable Species NSW TSC Act Recent Nielsen Park, North, Dobroyd & South heads Eastern False Pipistrelle Falsistrellus Vulnerable Species NSW TSC Act Recent Tentatively identified from tasmaniensis echolocation calls on Goat Island Eastern Bentwing-bat Miniopterus Vulnerable Species NSW TSC Act Recent Fortifications at Middle Head schreibersii & Georges Head (May to oceanensis September), recorded foraging at North Head & Goat Island, but probably also forages elsewhere Eastern Freetail-bat Mormopterus Vulnerable Species NSW TSC Act Recent Goat Island norfolkensis Large-footed Myotis Myotis macropus Vulnerable Species NSW TSC Act Recent Tentatively identified from echolocation calls on Goat Island New Zealand Fur Seal Arctocephalus forsteri Vulnerable Species NSW TSC Act Recent Occasionally (but relatively infrequently) use the rocky foreshores as haul out resting sites Australian Fur Seal Arctocephalus pusillus Vulnerable Species NSW TSC Act Recent Occasionally (but relatively doriferus infrequently) use the rocky foreshores as haul out resting sites Population Long-nosed bandicoot Perameles nasuta Endangered Population NSW TSC Current North Head population at North population at North Act Head Head Little penguin Eudyptula minor Endangered Population NSW TSC Current Manly Point (Eudyptula minor) population in the Act population in the Manly Manly Point area Point area

250 Sydney Harbour National Park STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND THREATS AND PRESSURES INFORMATION GAPS ON FAUNA There have been many vertebrate fauna Fauna in Sydney Harbour National Park face surveys of Sydney Harbour National Park, a wide range of threats. A large number of with the most recent multi-species survey these threats are listed as key threatening being conducted in 2004 at Dobroyd Head. processes (KTP) under the TSC Act. Most of the surveys are of single precincts As a series of isolated headlands, or islands, so the fauna of individual the park is vulnerable to catastrophic headlands is relatively well known. Other events, such as extreme wildfires or arson surveys have focused on a single group attacks, because most headlands lack of species e.g. reptiles at Dobroyd Head connectivity with other native vegetation or birds across the entire park. Perhaps which supports similar animal populations. the best known fauna taxa are birds Hence, the potential for recolonisation, which have received much attention from particularly of non-flying ground-dwelling bird‑watching groups and individuals, and animals, is low. This isolation may make professional ornithologists. Conversely, some fauna populations susceptible to two vertebrate groups, micro-bats and ‘inbreeding depression’ where harmful nocturnal birds, have received little survey genes increase in frequency, reducing the attention and it is likely that further vigour and viability of the population and survey work will detect more species or potentially leading to extinction. more widespread distribution of known species. Almost nothing is known of the Probably the most widespread threat invertebrate fauna of the park. to fauna populations is degradation and alteration of native vegetation, which Most of the detailed fauna studies results in loss or changes to key fauna have focused on the two threatened habitat elements. Threats which contribute fauna populations. Being surrounded by to habitat degradation include: Australia’s largest urban population and its proximity to many of Sydney’s universities, »» weed invasion from a variety of sources the park has been utilised as a research including garden escapes causing site. There have been a large number of habitat degradation by altering shelter student research projects on topics other and food availability (positively and than threatened fauna, many of these in negatively) for fauna. Various weed the form of unpublished reports or theses species are listed as KTPs; often inaccessible to park managers. »» deposition of nutrients from stormwater drains and run-off which make the soil Further investigation is also needed to more suitable for exotic weed species determine whether predation by the black than for native plant species; rat on juvenile bandicoots in nests and penguin eggs, is having a significant impact »» dieback of trees in a number of on the two endangered populations at precincts caused by the pathogen North Head. Phytophthora cinnamomi sometimes resulting in the loss of hollow- bearing trees;

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 251 »» low and high frequency fire resulting Dumping of unwanted pets may in changes to habitat (such as altered also pose a potential threat through vegetation structure and species introduction of diseases, such as composition, weed invasion, senescent toxoplasmosis, and establishment of vegetation and loss of species); feral populations which predate upon or »» grazing and predation of seeds and compete with native species for food and seedlings by rabbits and the introduced habitat. A wide range of pet animals have black rat which may result in the poor been dumped in the national park in the recruitment of some plant species; past including the domestic cat and dog, guinea pig Cavia porcellus and chicken »» physical trampling of vegetation by Gallus gallus. Some of these have managed walkers and vehicles off-track; and to at least temporarily establish »» illegal removal of bush rock and of feral populations. dead wood for firewood, both of which provide important habitat elements for The introduced black rat Rattus rattus a variety of fauna. has been linked with extinction and range reduction of a number of bird species on Predation by non-native carnivores islands, although there is little evidence to such as the European red fox Vulpes vulpes, suggest that this has occurred on mainland feral and domestic cat Felis catus and Australia. However, since many of the domestic dog Canis lupus familiaris also precincts in the park resemble islands pose significant threats to native fauna, surrounded by urban development, impacts particularly the endangered long-nosed on native fauna are likely. Predation by the bandicoot and little penguin populations. black rat on juvenile bandicoots in nests Mortality from collision with motor and of penguin eggs is affecting the two vehicles is also a threat to many animal endangered populations at North Head. species, and is considered a major threat Extremely high numbers of black rat have to the endangered long-nosed bandicoot been recorded at North Head during long- population at North Head, as shown by nosed bandicoot population monitoring. population viability modelling. Although The degree of impact this species is having currently a relatively minor threat to fauna, on biodiversity is unknown. competition and predation by aggressive and overabundant native and exotic bird species such as the common myna Acridotheres tristis, common starling Sturnus vulgaris, pied currawong Strepera graculina and noisy miner Manorina melanocephala have the potential to impact on other bird populations, particularly at bushland edges.

252 Sydney Harbour National Park MANAGEMENT OF FAUNA foxes and rabbits. Black rat control Critical priorities for weed The recovery plans for both the is also carried out in heritage control largely aim to protect endangered little penguin and buildings when necessary. Feral endangered ecological communities long-nosed bandicoot populations cat control has not been identified and populations and the habitat detail management actions for the as a critical priority, but cage of other threatened species. Weed recovery and maintenance of these trapping occurs to remove problem control priorities related to native populations. A variety of these cats when they are observed. The fauna include: impact of hunting by domestic cats actions have been implemented for »» Entrances to fortifications and from neighbouring properties is a number of years. associated flyways utilised by unknown, but is probably large. With the exception of the two the eastern bentwing bat (Middle endangered populations, most fauna Under the European Red Fox and Georges heads); and population management within Threat Abatement Plan, North »» The habitat of endangered Sydney Harbour National Park has Head precinct is an identified long-nosed bandicoot and been through habitat management site for the protection of the little penguin populations at and pest animal control. Habitat endangered population of North Head, noting that in little management is achieved through little penguins at Manly and penguin critical habitat, this will weed management and bush the endangered population of require preparation of species regeneration activities. A number long-nosed bandicoots at North impact statements as removal of targeted weed and bush Head. The PAS for the vulnerable of some woody weeds may regeneration programs have been eastern bentwing-bat Miniopterus actually constitute a threat. implemented, aimed at improving schreibersii oceanensis also requires habitat for both threatened and control of foxes at important non‑threatened species and roosting sites. The Middle Head populations and maintaining / Georges Head fortifications are endangered ecological communities. significant over-winter roosting Habitat management is also sites for this species in Sydney. achieved through ecological burns, NPWS participates in a co- which aim to keep the frequency operative, cross-tenure fox control of fire events within the ecological program coordinated by the thresholds determined for each Urban Feral Animal Action Group community in the Sydney Harbour (UFAAG) – Sydney North Fox Control National Park Fire Management Program. This involves 17 other Strategy. Fire management aims land management agencies. to maintain a mosaic of habitats, suitable for the varied habitat requirements of resident fauna. Pest animal control primarily targets

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 253 FAUNA MONITORING PROGRAMS OPPORTUNITIES Monitoring of the endangered little The flora and fauna habitats of penguin population has been occurring Sydney Harbour National Park provide since 1996. Formal monitoring of the opportunities for awareness raising and endangered long-nosed bandicoot education of the general public on: population has been occurring since 2002. »» the importance of bushland remnants; There has also been sporadic »» the diversity of fauna conserved in monitoring of the eastern bentwing bat these urban remnants; population roosting in the fortifications »» threats faced by fauna; and and red-crowned toadlets, but there is a »» management challenges in an urban need for both the monitoring protocols and environment. their implementation to be formalised. In addition, there are a number of monitoring Proximity of the national park to a requirements as part of the conditions large number of universities provides attached to the lease of Quarantine opportunities to develop and build Station, some of these include specific upon existing research partnerships. fauna monitoring. Development of a research prospectus, particularly focusing on issues that No other native fauna monitoring would aid management, would programs have been conducted in the undoubtedly improve opportunities. Of national park, and unlike western Sydney primary importance in strengthening NPWS reserves, no baseline monitoring this partnership is the need to better sites have been established. capture, and make available to managers, unpublished research such as past fauna surveys.

Opportunities may also exist to develop partnerships with other land managers around Sydney Harbour in fauna monitoring programs. An example would be a monitoring program on over-winter use by the threatened eastern bentwing bat in fortifications and heritage buildings managed by Sydney Harbour Federation Trust or other agencies.

254 Sydney Harbour National Park Pests

Pest species are plants and animals that The Noxious Weeds Act 1993 declares have negative environmental, economic noxious plants in four categories, W1 and social impacts and are most commonly to W4, according to the specific action introduced species. Pests can have impacts required to control them. Weeds are across the range of park values, including classified on a local government area basis. impacts on biodiversity, cultural heritage, The objects of this Act are: catchment and scenic values. »» To identify noxious weeds in respect of The Metropolitan North East Region which particular control measure need Pest Management Strategy identifies pest to be taken; species across the region’s parks and »» To specify those control measures; details priorities for control (including actions listed in the PAS and threat »» To specify the duties of public and abatement plans (TAPs) prepared under the private land holders as to the control of TSC Act). The pest management strategy those noxious weeds; and also identifies where other site or pest »» To provide a framework for the state- specific plans or strategies need to be wide control of those noxious weeds developed to provide a more likely to spread. detailed approach. The Pesticides Act 1999 and the The pest management strategy Pesticides Regulation 1995 regulate the identifies high priority pest species use of all pesticides in NSW, and include occuring in the park including four specific requirements for record keeping, significant vertebrate pest species and training and notification of use. eight noxious weed species, together with The NPWS Park Management Policy ten exotic perennial grasses. Manual contains specific policies which The overriding objective of the pest guide pest management. An example is management strategy is to minimise the state-wide policy directive requiring adverse impacts of introduced species on conservation risk assessments for the biodiversity and other park and community application of pesticides on park, to ensure values whilst complying with legislative that an appropriate level of environmental responsibilities. assessment is carried out prior to application. The Rural Lands Protection Act 1998 requires land managers to eradicate (continuously suppress and destroy) declared pest animals to the extent necessary to minimise the risk of the pest causing damage to any land. Rabbits are a declared pest animal.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 255 »» Invasion of native plant communities by bitou bush and boneseed Chrysanthemoides monilifera; »» Invasion of native plant communities by exotic perennial grasses; »» Invasion, establishment and spread of lantana Lantana camara; and »» Predation by plague minnow Gambusia holbrooki.

The NSW Threatened Species Priorities Action Statement (PAS) outlines the strategies for ameliorating threats listed under the TSC Act, including the preparation of threat abatement plans (TAPs) for key threatening processes. The European Red The main pest-related key threatening Fox TAP is one that is applicable to Sydney processes listed under the TSC Act that Harbour National Park. apply to Sydney Harbour National Park are: The NPWS Metropolitan North East »» Predation by the European red fox Regional Pest Management Strategy Vulpes vulpes; prioritises and provides guidance for the »» Predation by the feral cat Felis catus; management of pest (plant and animal) species in a selection of Sydney’s national »» Competition and grazing by the feral parks including Sydney Harbour National European rabbit Oryctolaus cuniculus; Park. In addition to the regional pest »» Invasion and establishment of exotic management strategy, there is a Predator vines and scramblers; and Pest Animal Plan 2008 for North Head »» Infection of native plants by Quarantine Station. Phytophthora cinnamomi;

256 Sydney Harbour National Park Fire

The primary fire management The management of fire within NPWS maintains cooperative objectives of NPWS are to Sydney Harbour National Park is arrangements with surrounding protect life and property and particularly challenging. This is landowners, Fire and Rescue NSW community assets from the adverse due to the small and fragmented and the Rural Fire Service (RFS) and impacts of fire, whilst managing nature of these foreshore areas and is actively involved with the Manly, fire regimes to maintain and islands and the range of cultural Mosman, North Sydney Bush Fire protect biodiversity and cultural sites, all adjacent to densely Management Committee (BFMC). heritage. Fire is a natural feature populated Sydney suburbs. Cooperative arrangements include of many environments and is fire planning, fuel management The 2004 fire management essential for the survival of some and information sharing. Hazard plan requires updating and / or a plant communities. However, reduction programs, ecological Type 2 map-based FMS prepared inappropriate fire regimes can burning proposals and fire trail for unique precinct areas. This lead to loss of particular plant and works are submitted annually to update / rewrite is required due animal species and communities, the BFMC. to both planned and unplanned and high frequency fires have been fire incidents that have occurred in A number of recovery plans listed as a key threatening process the park since 2004. Other drivers recommend experimentation under the TSC Act. for the update / rewrite include burns for determining optimal A fire management plan was significant asset upgrades, both fire frequencies for species prepared for Sydney Harbour within and adjacent to the park. / vegetation community National Park in 2004. More Examples are increased tourist management. This ongoing recently, a Type 2 or map-based accommodation / visitation at the research, together with mapping of fire management strategy (FMS) Quarantine Station, infrastructure new plant species and communities was prepared for North Head upgrades and visitation increases within the park, also necessitates precinct (DECC 2008). These fire at sites managed by the Sydney fire management strategy management plans guide fire Harbour Federation Trust at updating. The improved mapping management within the park and North Head and Middle Head and of the occurrence of the pathogen should be consulted for all fire- upgrades to the sewage treatment Phytophthora cinnamomi also has related matters. plant and Australian Institute of implications for fire management. Police Management at North Head. Additional, high-standard walking track infrastructure has been constructed in the park and there has been, and will continue to be, increased park visitation, warranting revised fire protection strategies.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 257 Climate Change to tidal waters, the frequency, The potential impact of height and extent of flooding in climate change is difficult to low lying areas are expected to assess since it depends on the increase due to the combined compounding effects of other effects of changes to rainfall pressures, particularly barriers and sea level rise. to migration and pressure from Anthropogenic climate change has »» Rising sea level – Sea levels weeds and feral animals. In Sydney been listed as a key threatening along the NSW coast are Harbour National Park, species process under the Threatened projected to rise by 40 cm and ecosystems are already Species Conservation Act 1995 and by 2050 and 90 cm by 2100, under significant pressure (see the Environment Protection and although higher rates of sea Flora and Fauna sections in these Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 level rise cannot be ruled out. Appendices) making potential (Commonwealth). To the year 2050, Higher sea levels will lead to impacts particularly difficult to Sydney’s expected climate change increased tidal inundation, assess. While programs to reduce and associated impacts (NSW flooding of low–lying land, and pressures arising from such threats Department of Planning 2010) beach recession. Changes in will help reduce the severity of include: tides caused by sea level rise the effects of climate change, they »» A hotter climate – Sydney falls will affect coastal ecosystems, will need to be tailored to the park within an area of NSW projected access to and use of public in consideration of the significant to be 1–3°C hotter by 2050. and private lands, historical pressures already occurring. »» More frequent and intense and cultural heritage values, NPWS will be informed by the bushfires – The expected and public and private most up-to-date climate change increases in temperature, infrastructure. research and projections to assist evaporation and high fire risk More broadly, climate change impact mitigation and adaptation days are likely to influence will increase pressures on within the park. A particular focus bushfire frequency and biodiversity. The rate and extent for Sydney Harbour National Park intensity across Sydney. The of predicted warming is likely to will be on rising sea level impacts. bushfire season is likely to exceed the ecological tolerances The park includes culturally be extended as a result of of many species. Individual significant infrastructure at the warmer temperatures, and fire species have two possible survival land / water interface such as frequency is likely to increase. mechanisms in response to changes Fort Denison, Goat Island and sea »» More rain in spring and summer in climate – adaptive evolution or walls. In addition to inundation of – Although within an area of migration. Evolutionary responses historic heritage items, Aboriginal NSW where summer and spring are likely to be too slow for most middens may also become rainfall are projected to rise species to adapt in the short term. inundated or eroded through wave by 10–20%, Sydney’s autumn Shifts in distribution, behavioural action. These cultural heritage rainfall is expected to be changes, and local extinction are sites are also visitation precincts, unchanged and winter rainfall is therefore more likely responses supporting a range of highly expected to decline by 20–50% but the ability of species to shift significant recreation and tourism by 2050. These changes would their range may be compromised opportunities. Shifting of intertidal affect the amount of water by loss, fragmentation and isolation zones will threaten ecosystems reaching rivers and creeks with of natural habitats. So although with expected impacts such as soil the greatest change projected to species may have a wide tolerance, salinity increases and resulting be in summer. Major increases the real problem may be that they pressures on flora and fauna. in run-off are likely to impact are out-competed by other species. In relation to other expected on the stormwater system and, climate change impacts, NPWS will where capacity is reached, respond by adaptive management cause flooding. In areas close in programs such as those for fire, pest and weed management.

258 Sydney Harbour National Park Aboriginal Heritage

Sydney Harbour National Park lies important as evidence of Aboriginal »» Bradleys Head and Middle within the traditional Country of history and as part of the culture of Head precincts. These precincts the Darug and Guringai linguistic local Aboriginal people. contain part of the exceptional groups comprising the Cannalgal, collection of Aboriginal Within Sydney Harbour National Kay-ye-my and Cammeragal archaeological heritage found in Park, more than 70 Aboriginal peoples on the northern side of the Mosman local government sites have been recorded. There the Harbour and the Birrabirragal, area, a concentration not have been systematic surveys of Wangal and Cadigal peoples on found elsewhere in the parts of the park including North the southern side. The park was metropolitan area. Head, Bradleys Head and Chowder the location of first contact sites Head. Unrecorded sites may exist. »» Land at Middle Head, given between Aboriginal people and Site types recorded include rock to Bungaree by Governor Europeans at North Head, Camp engravings, middens, shelters Macquarie in an attempt to Cove and Middle Head in the late with middens, shelters with art, break the nomadic habits 1700s. Almost half of Sydney’s shelters with deposits, open camp of Sydney’s Aboriginal Aboriginal population died in sites, axe grinding grooves, burial communities. Bungaree was the smallpox epidemic of 1789. sites, contact sites and mission the first Aboriginal person to The following decades saw the sites. Features found at these sites circumnavigate the continent alienation of Aboriginal peoples include artefacts such as edge- with Flinders and acted as a from the area, although small ground axes and stone flakes, mediator between the British groups continued to live in places earth mounds, shells, art (pigment and Aboriginal people. such as the wider Woollahra area or engraved), grinding grooves, »» Goat Island where Bennelong, throughout the 19th century and burials, Aboriginal ceremony and who is believed to have been a continued some of their dreaming, habitation structures and Wangal man, claimed hereditary traditional practices. ochre quarries. ownership of the island and was The land, water, plants and often seen with his Sites of particular significance in animals within a landscape are wife Barangaroo. the park include: central to Aboriginal spirituality Most precincts contain evidence and contribute to Aboriginal »» North Head precinct. This of Aboriginal life, however the identity. Aboriginal communities precinct was a place for more an area has been disturbed associate natural resources with Aboriginal ceremony. Evidence from its natural state, the lower the use and enjoyment of foods of Aboriginal use of North Head the number of sites recorded. and medicines, caring for the land, has been recorded in at least For example, Gap Bluff precinct passing on cultural knowledge, 35 separate locations across and Clark Island contain few or kinship systems and strengthening this landscape. At least one no Aboriginal sites. The use of social bonds. Aboriginal heritage burial has been located in a rock shells for lime-making, foreshore and connection to nature are shelter on North Head and the reclamation and development inseparable and need to be precinct contains a declared on Rodd Island have together managed in an integrated manner Aboriginal Place. obliterated any significant evidence across the landscape. »» Dobroyd Head precinct, of Aboriginal culture. containing an Aboriginal reburial Aboriginal sites are places with site which has been declared Some midden sites have been evidence of Aboriginal occupation an Aboriginal Place and rock disturbed, particularly in rock or that are related to other aspects engravings at Grotto Point and shelters, due to modern visitation. of Aboriginal culture. They are Reef Beach. A range of management responses

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 259 are proposed in this plan of Aboriginal Places are protected NPWS has legal responsibility for management, to address such under s.90 of the NPW Act. the protection of Aboriginal sites impacts and better-protect the and places under the NPW Act, it Two sections of Sydney Harbour park’s Aboriginal heritage. acknowledges the right of Aboriginal National Park have been declared people to make decisions about While NPWS has legal an Aboriginal Place. their own heritage. It is therefore responsibility for the protection of »» Guringai Resting Place – policy that Aboriginal communities Aboriginal sites and places under Quarantine Station Manly. be consulted and involved in the the NPW Act, it acknowledges the »» Guringai Resting Place – management of Aboriginal sites, right of Aboriginal people to make Reef Beach Balgowlah. places and related issues, and the decisions about their own heritage. promotion and presentation of It is therefore policy that Aboriginal Part 6 of the NPW Act provides Aboriginal culture and history. communities be consulted and specific protection for Aboriginal involved in the management of objects and places by making it The individual precincts in Aboriginal sites, places and related an offence to harm them. If harm this plan of management describe issues, and the promotion and to Aboriginal objects and places is Aboriginal culture and Aboriginal presentation of Aboriginal culture anticipated, an Aboriginal Heritage heritage features of the park in and history. Impact Permit should be applied more detail. for under s.87 and s.90 of the NPW The park lies within the Act. Any permit issued would be geographical area of the subject to conditions towards optimal Metropolitan and La Perouse local Aboriginal heritage protection in Aboriginal land councils. the context of the activity. While The Metropolitan Local Area Land Council’s (LALC) area of interest is the north side of the harbour whilst the La Perouse LALC’s area of interest is the south side. Traditional custodians such as the Darug and Guringai peoples and other Aboriginal people, have a role to play in the management of sites and their heritage.

Sydney Harbour National Park contains two Aboriginal Places declared under s.84 of the NPW Act. An Aboriginal Place is an area of special significance to Aboriginal culture and declaration provides recognition of the significance of the area and its heritage values which relate to traditions, observances, customs, beliefs or history of Aboriginal people.

260 Sydney Harbour National Park Historic Heritage

Whilst all historic sites in Sydney Harbour A number of sites in the park are of National Park are protected under the NPW special significance and are listed on the Act, their management is based on the NSW State Heritage Register: principles of the ICOMOS (International »» North Head Quarantine Station and Committee on Monuments and Sites) Reserve (item # 1003); Burra Charter, which NPWS has adopted. »» Fort Denison (item #985); Conservation is based on respect for the existing fabric and setting of a place and »» Goat Island (item #989); involves the least possible intervention. »» Middle Head Military Fortifications (item #999); and North Head – Sydney, of which Sydney Harbour National Park is a part, has been »» Georges Head Military Fortifications assessed by the Australian Heritage Council (item #987). and included as a place on the National These items are listed as they are of Heritage List (EPBC Act). It has outstanding particular importance to the people of heritage value to the nation because of its: NSW and enrich understanding of our »» Importance in the course, or pattern, of history and identity. Under the Heritage Australia’s natural or cultural history. Act 1997, all items listed on the State Heritage Register must have a conservation »» Possession of uncommon, rare or management plan prepared and be endangered aspects of Australia’s maintained in accordance with best- natural or cultural history. practice management principles, including »» Potential to yield information that maintenance to at least the minimum will contribute to an understanding of standards required under that Act. Australia’s natural or cultural history. The Heritage Act 1977 also gives »» Importance in demonstrating the statutory protection to relics that form part principal characteristics of: (i) a class of archaeological deposits. of Australia’s natural or cultural places; or (ii) a class of Australia’s natural or Section 170 Register cultural environments. Under s.170 of the Heritage Act, each »» Importance in exhibiting particular government instrumentality is required aesthetic characteristics valued by a to establish and keep a Heritage and community or cultural group. Conservation Register that details each item of environmental heritage the agency Management principles for National owns or occupies. NPWS maintains HHIMS Heritage places are established under (Historic Heritage Information Management regulations to the EPBC Act. These System), which identifies individual principles state that the primary objectives buildings and sites within NPWS parks, for the management of National Heritage many of which are worthy of inclusion places are to identify, protect, conserve, on the State Heritage Register. The s.170 present and transmit National Heritage register is a subset of the data on the values to future generations. HHIMS register.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 261 Woollahra Local Environmental Watsons Bay Heritage includes guidelines for appropriate Plan 1995 Conservation Area Development alterations and additions to The Gap Bluff precinct of the Control Plan 2003 significant items and for new park is zoned 8 National Park The Watsons Bay HCA buildings if such changes are and Nature Reserve under the Development Control Plan 2003 proposed. Woollahra Local Environmental (DCP) provides principles for National Heritage Listing Plan 1995 (LEP). The LEP includes development in the public domain http://www.environment.gov.au/ heritage protection clauses and and guidance for those areas heritage/laws/publicdocuments/ a heritage schedule identifying administered by government pubs/105759_01.pdf heritage items and conservation agencies including NPWS. The areas. A number of this precinct’s DCP has a detailed statement of This link provides the gazettal items are listed on Schedule 3 significance generally consistent notice for the 2006 National including: with that developed by the South Heritage Listing of North Head. Head Conservation Management »» Gap Bluff area (Watsons Sydney Harbour National Park Plan 2010 (CMP). However, the Bay) – Gunnery school group, contains a large suite of heritage DCP identifies the coral trees on comprising: former Officers Mess buildings, sites and collections, Cliff Street as a cultural planting, (part of representing multiple layers recommends their retention and Conference Centre); of history often overlooked by states that new development Sydneysiders and tourists alike. »» Former battery workshop should not include flat-roofed The national park landscape (Ranger’s Cottage); buildings. The coral trees are being allows visitors to discover the »» Former armoury (part of actively removed due to public reality of the city’s development, Conference Centre); safety issues associated with their including the struggle to survive »» Former School of Gunnery brittle and unstable nature. A 2006 in a hostile environment. This is latrine (toilets); and arborist’s report recommends evidenced in the layers of cultural »» Practice battery at removal of all coral trees within sites within the national park and seaward cliffs. the next five years. The CMP allows adjoining lands. These places for replacement of the coral trees, illustrate the first contact sites The LEP also defines heritage when they become senescent, with with Aboriginal people at North conservation areas. This precinct alternate species and allows for Head, Camp Cove and Middle Head, is part of the Watsons Bay pavilion-type additions if necessary the story of immigration at the Heritage Conservation Area to the Gap Bluff cottage. Flat- Quarantine Station and Australia’s (HCA). Whilst under the EPA Act, roofed additions (if required) would defence history at the nine Woollahra Council has no formal be acceptable to the Gap Bluff composite defence installations role in the statutory approval of Centre as it originally had a flat (fortifications). Table C lists the proposed works within Sydney roof. The CMP allows for enhanced historic sites and features found in Harbour National Park, this plan of disabled access. the park, their level of significance management is prepared so that and conservation applicable wherever possible, it is consistent This DCP also analyses views, management plans. The park’s with local government plans. and includes a map of views that should be protected by vegetation exceptional historic diversity is management in this precinct of evident in the 34 NSW Historical the park. Of further relevance Themes represented (Table D) to the precinct, the DCP also (Heritage Office 2006).

262 Sydney Harbour National Park TABLE C: SYDNEY HARBOUR NATIONAL PARK HISTORIC SITES LIST AND SIGNIFICANCE CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PRECINCT NAME AND FEATURES SIGNIFICANCE PLAN Nielsen Park and Nielsen Park and Steele Point State Draft Hermitage Foreshore »» 11 buildings »» Steele Point Cottage and garage »» Greycliffe and Margaret Harper Wing »» Halbert pavilion »» toilet blocks »» change rooms »» café and garage »» surf lifesaving club »» gardeners cottage »» associated gardens and landscape (plantings, paths etc) »» small movable collection Nielsen Park and Steele Point rock cut gun battery State Draft Hermitage Foreshore South Head and Camp Inner South Head: Hornby Head State Draft Cove/Green Point »» 3 buildings »» Hornby Head Lightkeepers Cottage »» Assistant Lightkeepers Cottage »» associated paths and landscaping South Head and Camp South Head defence installations State Draft Cove/Green Point »» engine room and collection »» gun emplacement »» searchlight shelter around Hornby Head »» Lady Jane beach search light shelter and defensive structures South Head and Camp Green Point Cottage nil Draft Cove / Green Point »» 1 building »» 33 Pacific Street house »» garden South Head and Camp Arthur Phillip monument, Green Point nil Draft Cove / Green Point South Head and Navigation obelisk nil Draft Camp Cove / Green Point South Head and Camp Cove defence installations State – as part Draft Camp Cove / Green of collection of »» gun emplacement Point defence sites »» rifle walls »» cobblestone walls »» anti-submarine and torpedo boom

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 263 CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PRECINCT NAME AND FEATURES SIGNIFICANCE PLAN South Head and Camp Cove Constables Cottage Draft Camp Cove / Green »» 1 building Point

Gap Bluff Gap Bluff buildings State Draft »» 3 buildings including Officers Mess, armoury, cottage »» Associated landscaping and gardens Gap Bluff Upper Gap Bluff defence installations State Draft »» Practice battery

North Head Quarantine Station State* and Y National# »» 67 timber buildings »» 2 cemeteries »» rock engravings »» Aboriginal sites »» landscape elements »» 12 000 movable objects North Head and North Head anti aircraft installations State* – as part Y Aquatic Reserves of fortification »» Concrete defence installation assemblage Dobroyd Head Crater Cove Local (State as N part of NPWS- »» 8 huts wide hut/cabin »» associated landscaping collection) Middle Head Georges Head military fortifications State* Y »» 3 buildings »» armoured and rock-cut (beehive) casemates »» observation tower

Middle Head Middle Head military fortifications State* Y »» 2 separate complexes consisting of various elements including cobblestone roads, defensive walls and ditches, gun emplacements, search light shelters etc Middle Head Middle Head buildings State* Y »» 6 timber buildings including houses, stores and outbuildings »» fencing, archaeological sites

264 Sydney Harbour National Park CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PRECINCT NAME AND FEATURES SIGNIFICANCE PLAN Middle Head Obelisk Beach State N »» 1801 rock cut defence installation

Bradleys Head Bradleys Head State N »» HMAS Sydney I mast Bradleys Head Bradleys Head fortifications State Y »» gun emplacements, guns, loop-holed wall Bradleys Head Athol Hall Local Y »» 2 buildings »» Athol Hall and early outbuilding »» associated paths, gardens, landscaping Shark Island »» 6 buildings Local Not required »» picnic shelters, toilet block »» associated landscape and paths, water tank Clark Island »» 1 building Local Not required »» toilets »» associated landscape and paths, water tank Fort Denison »» 1 building State* and Y National »» fort installation with 7 guns Requires an »» movable collection of approximately 200 items update Goat Island »» 31 buildings State* and Draft »» shipyard precinct, powder magazine precinct, residences, National water police building etc »» movable collection of approximately 400 items. Multiple archaeological sites, remains of 6 wharves, 4 slipways and landscape elements Rodd Island »» 6 buildings Local and State Y »» dance hall, residence, picnic shelters, change rooms. »» associated landscape, grotto and paths * indicates that the site is listed on the State Heritage Register

# indicates the site is included on the National Heritage List (EPBC Act)

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 265 TABLE D: STATE HISTORIC THEMES IN SYDNEY HARBOUR NATIONAL PARK NSW STATE HISTORIC THEME SITES AND PLACES IN SYDNEY HARBOUR NATIONAL PARK THAT DEMONSTRATE THIS THEME Environment – naturally evolved »» Sydney Harbour National Park Aboriginal cultures and interaction »» Axe grinding grooves with other cultures »» open camp sites »» coastal middens and shelter »» shelters with art work »» Goat Island »» Fort Denison »» Shark Island »» 2 Aboriginal Places Convict »» Goat Island »» 1801 fort, Middle Head »» early stages of construction Fort Denison Ethnic influences »» Quarantine Station Migration »» Quarantine Station Agriculture »» Bungaree’s Farm, Middle Head »» Rodd Island Commerce »» Nielsen Park kiosk »» Athol Hall »» Goat Island shipyard Environment-cultural landscape »» Nielsen Park »» Athol Hall and landscape »» North Head »» South Head Events »» HMAS Sydney I mast, Bradleys Head »» Bradleys Head amphitheatre »» coastal fortifications »» Green Point boom net remains »» Fort Denison and mini-submarine attack Exploration »» North Head Fishing »» coastal areas of the park Health »» Greycliffe and Margaret Harper Wing, Nielsen Park »» Quarantine Station »» Rodd Island quarantine Industry »» fortifications, lime kiln, Goat Island Mining »» quarry, Goat Island Pastoralism »» Bungaree’s Farm, Middle Head Science »» Quarantine Station »» Rodd Island rabbit extermination program Technology »» tide gauge, Fort Denison »» fort design and associated ordnance »» magazines, Goat Island

266 Sydney Harbour National Park NSW STATE HISTORIC THEME SITES AND PLACES IN SYDNEY HARBOUR NATIONAL PARK THAT DEMONSTRATE THIS THEME Transport »» Wharfs and slipways, harbour islands »» South Head »» Bradleys Head »» cobblestone roads, Middle Head »» Camp Cove Towns, suburbs and villages »» Quarantine Station »» Middle Head »» South Head »» Nielsen Park Land tenure »» Nielsen Park Utilities »» Water storage, Fort Denison Accommodation »» Quarantine Station »» Middle Head buildings »» Steele Point Cottage »» Greycliffe House and Estate, Nielsen Park »» Gardeners Cottage, Nielsen Park »» Green Point Cottage »» Cliff St residences »» South Head Lightkeepers Cottage and Assistant Lightkeepers Cottage »» Gap Bluff Cottage »» Crater Cove huts »» Goat Island Labour »» Goat Island »» Fort Denison »» harbour tracks Defence »» North Head WWII anti aircraft installations »» Middle Head outer and inner fort complexes and associated residential/mess buildings »» Obelisk Bay 1801 battery »» Bradleys Head »» Chowder Bay casemates »» Fort Denison »» Steele Point »» South Head battery »» Gap Bluff »» Green Point Government and administration »» Harbour Masters house, Goat Island »» Quarantine Station

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 267 NSW STATE HISTORIC THEME SITES AND PLACES IN SYDNEY HARBOUR NATIONAL PARK THAT DEMONSTRATE THIS THEME Law and order »» Water Police Station, Goat Island »» Andersons Couch, Goat Island »» Fort Denison, gibbet Welfare »» Greycliffe and Margaret Harper Wing, Nielsen Park Domestic life »» Greycliffe Estate Creative endeavour »» Scratchley and Jervois (coastal defences) »» James Barnett (designer Steele Point) »» JF Hillly (architect Greycliffe, Gardeners Cottage, Nielsen Park) »» colonial and government architect office (Cable Station, Rodd Island) »» FR de Wolski (engineer in chief of Defence Works) »» Mortimer Lewis (water police station, Goat Island) Leisure »» Nielsen Park »» Bradleys Head »» Shark Island »» Clark Island »» Rodd Island »» Athol Hall »» Nielsen Park dressing sheds, toilets, swimming enclosure, café and pavilion Social institutions »» Dance Hall, Rodd Island »» picnic shelters, Shark Island Sport »» tennis courts, Middle Head Birth and death »» Nielsen Park – Margaret Harper Wing and Tresillian mothers and babies home »» Cape Banks cemetery »» Fort Denison, gibbet Persons »» Bennelong, Goat Island »» Bungaree, Middle Head »» (Greycliffe Estate, Nielsen Park) »» Arthur Phillip (Green Point) monument »» Sarah Bernhardt, Rodd Island (used to quarantine her dogs)

268 Sydney Harbour National Park STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND Extensive historical research THREATS AND PRESSURES INFORMATION GAPS into the history and development ON HISTORIC HERITAGE of Sydney Harbour has been All of the significant historic sites The historic heritage of Sydney undertaken by a number of within Sydney Harbour National Harbour National Park survives historians over many years. However Park have site-specific planning within the hostility of the salt- historical research related to the documents. These documents laden harbour environment and heritage places within Sydney provide a brief history, specify with the threat of climate change- Harbour National Park has tended to why the place is significant induced sea level rise. Fire and be less comprehensive, and usually and identify appropriate future vandalism are also considerable associated with the preparation of management and conservation threats to the condition and management documents, rather actions to be taken at the place. ‘in some instances’ survival than with specific research projects. Some of these documents have of structures. Some areas that might warrant been professionally prepared and further research in the future Conservation issues are endorsed. Others, especially sites include: the development of 19th largely associated with the of less significance, have been and 20th century recreational effects of exposure to a marine prepared by graduate students, and landscapes in conjunction with environment, including water a small number are still in draft the early harbour conservation ingress, salt migration and spalling form waiting completion. The plans movements; the history of track of masonry. Physical deterioration for Fort Denison, Middle Head construction and access around is particularly evident in the and Bradleys Head will all shortly the harbour; and the surviving sandstone buildings (Fort Denison, require updating. ordinance of Sydney Harbour’s forts. Goat Island, rock-cut (beehive) The collection of harbour casemate) and sea walls (Rodd The movable collection fortifications is covered by the Island, harbour islands) as well as in associated with the park, which NPWS Fortifications of Sydney the concrete fortifications (Middle is primarily located at Quarantine Harbour and Botany Bay Strategic Head, South Head, Georges Head). Station, Goat Island, Fort Denison, Plan 2007, which identifies and Nielsen Park, is apart from Whilst many of the sites are well priorities for conservation work, Quarantine Station, generally maintained, a number have serious public access and interpretation. In not well documented. There is maintenance liabilities related to addition, there are individual site no accessible list of items from their age, original construction conservation plans for most of the these sites and no systematic methods and limited maintenance fortification complexes. conservation, documentation over a period of years. Sandstone A number of the key sites or research program associated and concrete stabilisation works within the park are in need of with them. In addition, there is are generally of a high cost. These conservation and repair work. In no centralised database for site sites include: the rock-cut (beehive) particular, major conservation records such as maps, plans, casemate; Georges Head; Goat programs are in progress at the historic photos, oral history Island barracks and magazine Quarantine Station, Goat Island recordings, and no centralised precinct; Middle Head fortifications; and Fort Denison. Further research repository for these. and most of the sea walls. Wharf and on-site work is required at the repairs are required on Clark Island, concrete and stone forts at Middle Shark Island and Fort Denison. Head and Georges Head to address the issues of concrete cancer.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 269 Many of the parks sites of state heritage Weeds readily invade disturbed or built significance are not listed on the State areas and can cause significant damage to Heritage Register. In some instances, this cultural heritage sites. High priority weed may affect the ability to apply for grant- control programs largely target protection funded programs. of cultural heritage sites including:

Parts of the movable heritage collection »» Listed Aboriginal heritage places are scattered without suitable storage, and (including middens, burials, and rock significant parts of it are not recorded on a engravings at North Head, Reef Beach, centralised database. Work has commenced Tania Park and Milk Beach in on the development of a database, with Nielsen Park); the lessee responsible for recording the »» Fortifications and gun emplacements collection at the Quarantine Station. (The Gap, Middle, Georges, Bradleys A detailed study of sea level rise and and South heads). its impact on Fort Denison and Goat Island Rabbits can disturb the foundations of (Watson & Lord 2008/2009) indicates historically significant sites. Control of feral that climate change-induced sea level pigeons and common starlings roosting in rise projections range between 20cm and or on buildings at Nielsen Park, has been 100cm over the next 100 years and that this identified as a high priority in the damage- will have a significant impact on the park’s prevention of historic heritage. harbour islands and beaches. Long range planning and priority setting will have to MANAGEMENT OF HISTORIC take these studies into account. HERITAGE Lease conditions aim to protect historic The historic heritage sites, buildings heritage values while providing successful and movable heritage within Sydney visitor opportunities. Points of potential Harbour National Park have generally tension with heritage values commonly been conserved and maintained to a include changes to building fabric, outdoor high standard in line with conservation seating, storage and rubbish disposal. management plans. The Nielsen Park and Middle Head building complexes, Fort Denison and Rodd Island are some of the many examples of well-conserved and presented sites that meet current conservation and maintenance standards and have ongoing maintenance and conservation programs in place.

270 Sydney Harbour National Park TABLE E: HISTORIC HERITAGE BUILDINGS WITH CURRENT LONG OR SHORT TERM USES Funding and project partnerships SITE NAME TYPE OF USE have been a key component of Quarantine Station Head lease for cultural heritage heritage conservation programs tourism facility with restaurant, around the harbour. Joint funding accommodation, tours and is currently in place for the Fort education programs Denison stone conservation Crater Valley Volunteer maintenance program. program. A multi-agency No overnight stays approach to the presentation Middle Head NPWS offices, staff and volunteer and interpretation of the harbour accommodation fortifications has been in progress Athol Hall Café/restaurant and functions for two years; and corporate Fort Denison Café/restaurant and functions programs in place at Middle Rodd Island Function bookings for hall + staff Head assist in the fortification accommodation conservation work at this site. Goat Island Staff accommodation Steele Point Cottage, Nielsen Park Short stay accommodation Leases operating the park’s Greycliffe House, Nielsen Park NPWS office, accommodation in historic heritage buildings or Margaret Harper Wing, Nielsen Park Staff accommodation precincts could be more successful Gardeners Cottage, Nielsen Park Staff accommodation in achieving positive conservation Halbert Pavilion, Nielsen Park Functions (part of café lease) outcomes through raising funds Kiosk Café/restaurant and functions for conservation and management. Green Point Cottage Short stay accommodation Other buildings are used for park Constables Cottage, Camp Cove Short stay accommodation management purposes or staff South Head Gap Bluff Centre Function centre accommodation (Table E). Short Assistant Lighthouse Keepers Staff accommodation stay accommodation in harbour- Cottage, South Head side heritage cottages (Steele Point Cottage, Constables Cottage and Green Point Cottage) has proved to be a successful strategy for achieving both conservation and a satisfying visitor experience.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 271 Some of the key historic heritage Nielsen Park achievements of the past five years The Nielsen Park Dressing Pavilion include: change rooms and Greycliffe House were Quarantine Station the subject of significant conservation works in 1999 and 2000. Notting Parade The 27-hectare site encompassing 67 tunnel was repaired and re-opened in buildings is leased for cultural tourism 2004 and major repairs on the swimming purposes. Under the lease, the site has and life saving club were completed undergone extensive conservation and at this time. Steele Point Cottage was adaptation works to buildings, artefacts repaired and fitted out for short-term and landscape features. Conservation and holiday accommodation in 2006. Apart adaptation works are approximately 70% from these projects, the park has required complete. Major achievements include very little maintenance work as the site the adaptation of the former luggage and buildings, with few exceptions, are store into a visitor centre and the boiler in excellent condition. Minor works are house into a harbour-side restaurant. now required to the Gardeners Cottage, Carparking on the site has been upgraded promenade and Greycliffe House. and formalised, garden beds and historic pathways rejuvenated and the extensive Fortifications moveable heritage collection conserved A strategic plan for the management and re-housed. NPWS undertook the of Sydney Harbour National Park and reconstruction by of two large timber Botany Bay National Park fortifications buildings, a hospital ward and an was prepared in 2007, representing a accommodation block, both of which had major milestone in coastal fortifications burnt down in recent years. management. Fort Denison, Middle Head, Goat Island and Bare Island (the latter in Botany Bay) are the key conservation priorities for the Between 2005 and 2010, the Goat Island next five years. project has achieved the provision of safe public access and substantial conservation A program of stone works and major works on the majority of the island’s periodic maintenance is underway on most significant buildings and structures. Fort Denison. NPWS has funding partners A draft masterplan and the Goat Island for the program, being the Department Conservation Management Plan 2011 have of Commerce Centenary Stonework also been prepared to establish a vision Program (CSP) and the National Heritage for the island and to guide all future works. Investments Initiative. And will implement Whilst substantial progress has been made a Stonework Strategy developed in in securing Goat Island’s future, significant partnership with the CSP over this time. works are still needed and will be confirmed The Fort Denison museum display was with the finalisation of the masterplan. upgraded in 2008 and a series of regular guided tours and occasional events (for example ‘chip and chat’ talks explaining the stoneworks) are a feature of the site.

272 Sydney Harbour National Park A three-year program of HISTORIC HERITAGE An interpretation strategy for works to the timber military MONITORING PROGRAMS the cultural and natural heritage buildings at Middle Head has just assets of the park is a key planning A park-wide condition monitoring been completed. In addition to document that is critical to the system has not been established the building work, a successful development of visitor programs for Sydney Harbour National Park. corporate volunteer program has and facilities related to the park’s The Quarantine Station has its own been established which includes cultural heritage assets. Some condition monitoring processes in conservation work to some of the sites have individual interpretation place, associated with the lease fortifications. Current proposals plans, however better integration is arrangements. Generally, condition include uncovering a cobblestone required across the park. Currently, monitoring and compliance are road, excavating the entrance much of the on-site interpretation informally determined through tunnel to one of the fortifications is delivered through a successful implementation of the various which has been previously tour program. It is especially conservation management plans. backfilled, and the excavation of a important that this program An audit of these plans, including back-filled gun emplacement. continues for sites with limited the degree of compliance and access (some of the fortifications The fortifications are a key implementation, would be an for example), however the program component of the Discovery visitor effective way to determine both the needs to be enhanced with programs run within the park. Tours efficacy of the plans and the current self-guided tour opportunities, are available to North Head, Middle condition of the heritage assets. downloadable information and Head, Georges Head, Fort Denison on‑site signage or pamphlets. and South Head. NPWS has been OPPORTUNITIES working with the Sydney Harbour Several key precincts within the Further opportunities exist Federation Trust and require a more detailed level throughout the park for creating Harbour Foreshore Authority to of landscape planning to resolve more visitor accommodation develop joint interpretive products key issues such as circulation, and function venue facilities. In for the suite of coastal pedestrian and vehicle access general, short stay accommodation harbour fortifications. and interpretation. These include and functions are considered to Middle Head, Nielsen Park, North be a suitable means of funding Head and South Head. conservation work on the park’s significant former residential A small number of conservation buildings and providing additional planning documents for key sites visitation opportunities. need to be finalised (Nielsen Park Athol Hall, Rodd Island, Crater Further partnerships need Valley Huts and South Head) and to be developed to facilitate a number of others need some conservation of the park’s heritage updating (Fort Denison and Middle places. Volunteer programs, Head fortifications). together with corporate funding and sponsorship opportunities, need further development.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 273 Recreation and Tourism

Visitor opportunities provided in national regular basis for fitness activities such as parks are generally those that are walking and swimming. Other Sydneysiders ecologically sustainable and which directly from further afield visit less frequently but contribute to the visitor’s understanding for longer periods for special occasions and appreciation of the area. and activities such as New Year’s Eve and Boxing Day celebrations, festivals, school With its spectacular views of Sydney excursions and iconic half day to day Harbour, the coast and the city, Sydney walks. International guests seek authentic Harbour National Park shares the high experiences that enable them to immerse visitation levels common to Sydney’s themselves in the character and culture of other iconic national parks including Blue a place. Mountains, Ku-ring-gai Chase and Royal national parks. Sydney Harbour National NPWS aims to ‘develop a greater and Park receives over 1.5 million visits each more diverse constituency for parks and year (NPWS 2005, Veal 2006, Roy Morgan conservation by encouraging existing park 2009). Although Sydney Harbour National visitors to spend more time in parks and Park attracts a higher visitation level from making a parks experience more accessible domestic visitors, the park is especially and attractive to a wider range of people’ well-suited to international visitation (DECC 2008). A tourism taskforce set up to with its global city and iconic harbour identify enhancements for nature tourism location. Domestically, it is the fifth most in NPWS parks identified Sydney and visited national park by Australians in surrounds as a ‘product enhancement focal NSW. Its location within greater Sydney, point’ and ‘iconic experiences’ in Sydney’s a city of around 4 million people, and its national parks as a priority for product strong interface with both residential and development, marketing and promotion commercial areas makes it accessible to a (DECC 2008). large population. As such, the majority of The demand and supply considerations visits to Sydney Harbour National Park are below guide the application of these goals by domestic visitors and mostly Sydney to Sydney Harbour National Park and this residents. plan of management: Visitors to Sydney Harbour National Park cross the entire range, from neighbours, and Sydneysiders to intrastate, interstate and international travellers. Neighbours visit the national park’s precincts on a

274 Sydney Harbour National Park NEIGHBOURS Residents of greater Sydney, The study found that those living The local residential population when recreating close to home, near to bush, parks or waterways will continue to grow. In 2006, predominantly engage in outdoor are more likely to engage in their the population of the three local recreation on a regular basis for preferred regular activity in or government areas closest to the health and fitness reasons in near these areas than on streets national park was 120,300. This activities such as walking, jogging and footpaths, provided they could population is projected to grow / running, swimming, cycling and be accessed easily from home. by 8.4% to 130,400 by 2021 other exercise-based activities This is because these areas were (Department of Planning 2009). (Ipsos Eureka 2010). It is suggested considered more picturesque, safer This indicates that demand for that residents in the vicinity of and more comfortable to recreate public open space, including Sydney Harbour National Park in, yet were still very convenient. Sydney Harbour National Park, will are no different. This study found This is applicable to Sydney Harbour continue to increase. that other motivations such as National Park precincts that are within enjoyment are seen more as easy reach of neighbourhoods. For Compared with Australian secondary benefits or by-products those living in locations near water, averages, in 2006, the population of knowing one was doing engaging in activities on, in or near of Manly, Mosman and Woollahra something to improve one’s health water were seen as an essential local government areas had: and wellbeing. The overwhelming part of their lifestyle. majority of study participants across »» A high proportion of Implications for Sydney Harbour regional and metropolitan areas cite professionals and managers; National Park with regard to walking as their preferred method of »» Higher than average incomes; neighbours are: regular outdoor recreation because »» A higher than average population it is the easiest form of exercise to »» An increased number of visits of families without children; and undertake. Younger participants are by the local populations to »» A higher proportion living in more likely than older participants Dobroyd Head and North Head units / apartments and a lower to engage in the more active fitness precincts; proportion living in attached / pursuits such as jogging, cycling, »» A slightly increased number of detached housing. swimming and team sports. Older visits by the local population to Growth is projected to be participants were more likely to Middle Head and Bradleys Head highest in the 65+ age group. obtain their regular exercise through precincts; walking. In 2018, the most popular »» An increased number of visits Alternate passive open space forms of regular outdoor recreation by the local population to areas in the vicinity of Sydney for fitness and health, in descending Nielsen Park and Hermitage Harbour National Park include order, are projected to be: Foreshore, South Head and council-managed beaches, bays Camp Cove / Green Point and and parks, North Head Sanctuary 1. Walking on roads or footpaths Gap Bluff precincts; and Headland Park managed by the for recreation; Sydney Harbour Federation Trust 2. Water sports; »» Generally strong local community support for the and , managed by 3. Running or jogging outdoors the Centennial and Moore Park national park’s values and 4. Cycling on a sealed bike path or Trust, adjacent to the south of the support for conservation; and track ie off road; and Woollahra LGA. »» Greater demand for health 5. Cycling on roads or footpaths and fitness recreation in the for recreation. precincts that are located amongst neighbourhoods.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 275 SYDNEYSIDERS or on holidays. Such outdoor recreation The Sydney metropolitan area’s population includes bushwalks and hiking, picnics, is growing. Sydney had a population fishing, camping, scenic driving, trips to of 3,977,200 in 2006. It is projected to the beach, taking kids to the park, visiting grow by 19% to 4,751,900 in 2021. The scenic or historical locations, boating population of Sydney is ageing. Whilst all and other water sports, snow sports and other age brackets are projected to grow adventure sports’. by between 14% and 17% between 2006 The ‘day out’ was found to be the most and 2021, the 65+ age group is projected common form of occasional nature-based to grow by 50.5%. Sydney has a higher outdoor recreation because it usually proportion of overseas-born people than involves one or more particular outdoor the Australian average. activities over an extended period of time The predominant reason that out of the house. Bushwalking was most Sydneysiders choose a particular national commonly engaged in on days out such park to visit over another is ‘convenience as these, and activities based around and closeness to home’ (NPWS 2005). An the water were also a preferred form effective way to address this need is to of occasional outdoor recreation. Such provide opportunities in locations that meet activities included going to the beach, demographic demands for activities. This boating, fishing, surfing and swimming. is mostly possible given the distribution Other activities incorporated into a day of major parks, including national parks, out include scenic driving or visiting a scattered across greater Sydney. scenic spot or historical location, a picnic or barbecue, swimming at a beach or However Sydney Harbour National waterhole, bike riding, and informal ball or Park’s popularity with wider Sydney other sports. Such days out are particularly residents is expected to continue, even popular among those with children, with the enhancement of park experiences extended family groups and groups of in other parts of Sydney. Its special friends, where a range of activities are qualities and the staging of major events available that appeal to all members of the in and around the harbour will remain group. Water activities, particularly going to popular with Sydneysiders for ‘occasional the beach, were seen as something people experiences’ (Ipsos Eureka 2010). This of all ages could enjoy. Water was also study found that occasional nature-based considered by most to be a desirable scenic outdoor recreation is seen as ‘more of an component for a hike or bushwalk. These experience than an activity, affording a types of outings generally required some chance to escape, to bond or socialise, or planning in terms of selecting a location and an opportunity to do something different, preparing and packing food and / or other fun, challenging and / or adventurous. This equipment, and the selected location was form of recreation often requires planning, almost always accessible by car. can take from half a day to multiple days and is typically undertaken on weekends

276 Sydney Harbour National Park Of high importance, for the majority of Higher classes of naturalness were occasional nature-based outdoor activities, considered most important for adventure was having somewhere to park the car pursuits such as hiking, caving and and toilet facilities. Study participants canyoning, or activities that were who also liked having somewhere to eat undertaken to seek out isolation, time- or to purchase food, somewhere safe for out or peace and quiet. However, this was children to play, and barbecues. For some related more to a perceived acceptable participants who engaged in outdoor level of naturalness, rather than a desire activities to socialise with family and for completely untouched surroundings. friends, it was important that the chosen Very few study participants location have a range of activities that preferred a totally untouched, natural appeals to all members of the group. environment. While the preservation Study participants who commonly of untouched environments was seen engaged in fishing, suggested that cleaning as important from an environmental tables and bins could be provided at conservation perspective, such places appropriate locations. Some participants were not commonly seen as environments pointed to opportunities for more bike tracks. within which to recreate. Entering such naturalness classes represented With regard to the preferred level of the potential for getting lost, and for setting modification in which to recreate encountering danger and harm. Some in a natural area, more modified settings feared for their safety where there were were preferred for fitness activities and no other people present, while others were those involving social or family interaction, apprehensive about encountering only one such as picnicking and barbecues. In or two strangers in a remote location. these situations, naturalness is often happily traded for convenience. Man-made In 2018, the most popular forms structures that are useful were welcomed of occasional nature-based outdoor for most types of outdoor recreation, recreation, in descending order, are particularly for families with children and projected to be: older participants. 1. Water sports; Mid-level classes of naturalness were 2. Nature study; preferred for most outdoor nature-based experiences, with the vast majority of 3. Bushwalking for <2 hrs; those interested in bushwalking preferring 4. Picnicking; then trails and boardwalks, for their own comfort as well as to protect the natural 5. Visiting landmarks, lookouts environment from damage. and scenery.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 277 DOMESTIC TOURISTS INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS After a decline in 2009, domestic While comprising a very small proportion overnight travel in the Sydney tourism of NSW national parks visitation, region grew by 5% on 2009 figures to international tourists are significant in 7.2 million visits in 2010. Over the same some destinations and have the potential period, the number of visitor nights in to become more significant in Sydney Sydney Region grew by 6% to 20.3 million Harbour National Park. Although a fall of in 2010. The annual growth rate for this international tourist arrivals in Australia tourism sector is forecast to be 3.9% to (2.1% and 2.2% in Sydney) in 2008 2017 (TNSW 2011) concurrent with the global financial crisis occurred, in the longer term, it is forecast Sydney attracts a higher proportion that international tourist numbers will of the ‘pampadour’ holiday traveller increase at an annual rate of 1.7% to 2017 mindset, or ‘luxury seekers’ than NSW the (Tourism Forecasting Committee 2008). average across NSW tourist regions. This Sydney Harbour National Park is extremely travel mindset has steadily increased as a well-positioned to capture these visitors proportion of domestic overnight travellers with 94% of NSW’s international visitors rising from 18.8% in 2006 to 29% in 2009. spending time in Sydney. Despite the decline in domestic There was an average annual growth overnight travel in Australia per se, rate of 3% in international visitors to domestic overnight travellers’ visits to Australia’s national parks between 2001 Australia’s national parks increased at an and 2007 (Tourism Research Australia average annual rate of 7% between 2001 2007). This further reflects findings that and 2007. Visiting national parks / state nature / national park tourism is a growth parks and whale / dolphin watching have area in global tourism. shown the largest growth of all nature tourism activities. This reflects that nature / national park tourism is regarded as a growth area in global tourism.

278 Sydney Harbour National Park NATURE TOURISM TRENDS Nature tourists can also be divided into Nature and national park tourism is ‘skilled in nature’ or ‘comfort in nature’ regarded as a growth area in global categories (Tourism Victoria 2008). Skilled tourism. In Australia, despite recent overall in nature tourism participants tend to have declines in tourism growth, participation a high level of interest and knowledge of in park visitation, and related nature and the activity; actively seek out physical cultural heritage tourism, appears to have challenges; are prepared to stay in more remained strong. remote locations with limited or no facilities; will travel to destinations solely Globally, there have been changes in to undertake the activity; and are more holiday and travel attitudes resulting in likely to be self-guided. Skilled in nature changed expectations about experiences participants represent 15% of nature in parks. More visitors are motivated tourism visitors and overall are lower yield by a desire to gain new and ‘authentic’ (Tourism Victoria 2008). Such visitors are experiences which enable them to likely to already be committed to nature immerse themselves in the character conservation goals. and culture of a destination. They are interested in understanding new people ‘Comfort in nature’ tourism visitors and places, in personal development, and have a more casual interest but do seek in engaging in activities which provide a out immersive experiences in the natural contrast to their everyday life. There is a environment that provide learning high interest in iconic destinations and opportunities (Tourism Victoria 2008). experiences. There is also a growth in These participants will undertake activities participation in volunteer tourism such as for shorter durations; many lack the skills wildlife monitoring, conservation program to undertake the activities without a guide; support and other activities which offer an require appropriate accommodation and immersive and engaging experience that facilities; and make up a large proportion contributes to the environment. (85%) of the market for nature tourism. They seek out a broader range of tourism New markets are seeking more experiences, including food and wine packaged park experiences with ‘soft and cultural heritage. Comfort in nature adventure’ options (catering for a range of participants are a higher yielding market fitness levels and budgets) for tourists who (Tourism Victoria 2008). are less experienced in outdoor pursuits and / or with limited time. Cultural tourism, It is considered that Sydney Harbour whilst traditionally recognised as of National Park is more suited to the ‘comfort greatest interest to international markets, in nature tourism’ visitor. is becoming increasingly important to domestic visitors and the local community.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 279 The implications in Sydney Harbour »» A niche market has developed for National Park with regard to tourists are: iconic overnight walking trails for both independent walkers and those »» Demand for traditional park activities, seeking softer options, such as such as walking, remains high. However, guiding and accommodation services there is also demand for a range of provided by commercial partners. associated infrastructure and services The Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk, such as well-designed trails and trail optionally packaged with overnight information. There is also increasing use accommodation and cultural heritage of ‘soft adventure’ and higher comfort and water-based experiences, options such as roofed accommodation could meet the preferences of the and luxury camping. Sydney Harbour ‘international experience seeker’ and a National Park is ideally suited to range of domestic park visitors. ‘comfort in nature’ tourists, with its location in a city with a plethora of »» Sydney Harbour National Park, with other activities to engage in over its outstanding heritage, stunning a short time period, and its easily landscapes and ‘stand alone’ precincts, accessible location. Its significant built is ideally configured for delivery of heritage assets, often in spectacularly these experiences. Visiting the park can beautiful settings, can provide for ‘soft become a key Sydney experience. adventure’ experiences and packages. »» High-quality, actively-experiential »» The ‘pampadour / luxury seeker’ recreational opportunities, visitor holiday traveller mindset is significant facilities and sustainable tourism and is increasing in Sydney, such product suited to both the international that opportunities for boutique and domestic markets, is well-matched accommodation in special places of the to the park. national park could capture this market.

280 Sydney Harbour National Park Visitation Planning

A number of strategies and policies around visitation Tourism NSW Strategies and tourism inform this plan of management. The 2008 NSW Tourism Strategy (Tourism NSW 2008) This plan of management will contribute towards aims to increase domestic and international visitation a number of goals in NSW 2021 – A plan to make NSW to NSW through a collaborative approach between number one, with those relating to park visitation government and industry. Key strategies include: including: »» increased promotion of Sydney (which includes »» Goal 23 – Increase Opportunities for People to Look Sydney Surrounds); After their Own Neighbourhoods and Environments, »» expansion of regional tourism; through support for bush regeneration programs »» stronger industry and government agency on the park and surrounding bushland, and joint partnerships and collaboration; and education programs with Council and community »» addressing of supply-side infrastructure and organisations; services, including those related to national parks, »» Goal 26 – Fostering Opportunity and Partnership aviation services, accommodation and business with Aboriginal People, through recognition development for tourism operators. of cultural values, community involvement, Sharing Sydney Harbour Access Plan encouraging Aboriginal culture tours; and The plan’s vision is to improve public access to, »» Goal 27 – Enhance Cultural, Creative, Sporting and and enhance the recreational enjoyment of, Sydney Recreation Opportunities, through maintenance of Harbour and its tributaries for the people of Sydney visitor facilities and provision of interpretation. and visitors to the city. Public access enhancements in NPWS Living Parks Strategy (2006) this plan of management, to Clark Island for example, Living Parks – A Sustainable Visitation Strategy (DECC align with this vision. 2006) sets strategic directions, principles and actions Projects proposed under the Sharing Sydney aimed at protecting the natural and cultural values Harbour Access program must align with the planning of parks, while offering a variety of quality visitor principles set out in clauses 14(b) and 14(c) of the experiences; environmentally sustainable facilities, Harbour SEPP. These planning principles are concerned infrastructure and services; enhanced community health with improving public access to the Sydney Harbour and well-being; and community economic benefits. foreshore.

NSW Taskforce on Tourism and National Parks Disability Standards for Accessible Public Transport The Taskforce on Tourism and National Parks was 2002 (in force under subsection 31 (1) of the appointed by the NSW Government to provide advice Disability Discrimination Act 1992) on practical methods to expedite the NSW State Plan The access wharf on the south south-western tourism objectives and to report on an enhanced level section of Goat Island has been upgraded to meet of sustainable nature and cultural based tourism on these requirements. NSW public lands. This included identification of ways to increase management resources and conservation benefits from tourism in parks and reserves.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 281 Leasing and licensing buildings, structures and businesses

NATIONAL PARKS AND Secondly, the amendment criteria are supported by guidelines WILDLIFE AMENDMENT requires that the Director-General and templates for the preparation (VISITORS AND TOURISTS) adopt Sustainability Assessment of sustainability assessments. Criteria that detail how these ACT 2010 The requirement to undertake a matters are to be considered, and sustainability assessment will apply Changes to the NPW Act, that these criteria may not be to all proposals requiring a lease or introduced through the National varied in the future unless the licence under s.151, and to projects Parks and Wildlife Amendment Chief Executive has consulted with of a similar kind being undertaken (Visitors and Tourists) Act 2010, the National Parks and Wildlife by NPWS. In deciding whether a seek to clarify but not broaden the Advisory Council and the Council NPWS project should be subject range of lease and licence purposes has agreed that any variation, on to the criteria, a general ‘rule-of- possible in NSW national parks. balance, maintains or improves thumb’ is to consider whether it The amendment strengthens the environmental outcomes. In is the type of proposal that an checks and balances in the Act addition, the amendment increases external party would be likely to relating to environmental impacts public scrutiny of our leasing and seek a lease or licence for. of visitor facilities and activities licensing arrangements through by introducing new sustainability providing more opportunities for As an example, a proposal by measures that aim to better-protect the public to have a say in what NPWS to build new cabins for the reserve system’s natural and happens in their parks. visitor accommodation would cultural values. clearly need to apply the criteria. The amendment creates a single, SUSTAINABILITY In comparison, stand-alone works simpler provision that sets out ASSESSMENT CRITERIA by NPWS to improve a picnic area, such as new shade shelters, toilet the purposes for which leases and Lease or licence proposals upgrade and barbecues, or to licences can be granted in a park under s.151 of the NPW Act construct a new walking trail, would and significantly raises the bar in must demonstrate that they likely not need to apply the criteria terms of environmental standards are compatible with natural as these are not projects that an for those leases and licences. The and cultural values, provide for external proponent would typically amendment does this, first, by sustainable use of resources, and consider seeking a lease or licence establishing that the Minister must demonstrate high-quality design. for (except as part of a related not grant a lease or a licence unless These requirements apply to the visitor or tourism proposal). satisfied that it is compatible with range of activities and uses listed the natural and cultural values in s.151A of the Act, including In most cases, sustainability of the land and its surroundings; visitor accommodation, emergency assessments for visitor and tourism provides for the sustainable and services buildings, research projects will need to be completed efficient use of natural resources, facilities, recreation and sporting and submitted together with energy and water; and any new facilities, and the undertaking of existing environmental assessment or modified structures are of an events and conferences. documentation, namely a Review appropriate built form and scale, of Environmental Factors (REF) or The Director-General has including bulk, height, footprint, Conservation Risk Assessment (CRA). adopted Sustainability Assessment setbacks and density. Criteria which are to be used to inform consideration of projects requiring a lease or licence. The

282 Sydney Harbour National Park Management Operations and Other Uses

There are two NPWS park NPWS utilises access roads »» sewerage pipelines from HMAS management offices and works through Sydney Harbour Federation Watson and Garden Island to depots located in the park. Harbour Trust (SHFT) land at Middle Head Fort Denison; South Area office and works and through HMAS Watson at South »» power lines and light poles on depot is located at Nielsen Park, Head. This access is required for North Head, South Head and Vaucluse and Harbour North Area park management purposes and to Bottle and Glass Point; office and works depot is located access staff accommodation. »» an electricity sub-station on at Middle Head. These two NPWS There are a number of leases, Gap Bluff; management Areas have recently licences and other occupancies »» light poles on Middle Head and been amalgamated into one to within Sydney Harbour National Morella Road; become Harbour Area. Park held by other service »» a gas pipeline on North Head; Additional offices are located at authorities, with some pre-dating »» a sewerage pumping station at the Quarantine Station and on Goat the reservation of the park. This Taylors Bay; Island, where workshop facilities property interest is considered are located for the islands. to be an existing interest under »» the Navy degaussing station on the NPW Act and, as such, may Shark Island; Most of the park is connected continue. Where appropriate, NPWS »» the main cross-harbour to mains power, gas, water and may seek to amend the conditions telephone cable which crosses sewerage services. Much of the of the existing interest or replace Goat Island; and sewerage and water infrastructure in it with a lease, licence or easement the park is old and requires renewal »» the NSW Police Department granted under the NPW Act. or upgrading to meet acceptable radio shed and mast on standards. Recent upgrades of These include: Middle Head. services have included sewerage »» navigational aids on North Head, Negotiations will be initiated connections for the islands, Reef Middle Head, Fort Denison and to either license easements or Beach and Athol Hall facilities and Goat Island; develop formal management an electrical upgrade for supply to agreements for those which do »» access roads to the SHFT North the Quarantine Station. not have current agreements, or to Head Sanctuary (Former School remove redundant services. As part of the sewerage of Artillery), the Australian upgrade, electricity has been Institute of Police Management Utilities and management provided to Clark Island, Rodd Centre (AIPM) , North Head facilities in the park require regular Island and Fort Denison. Electricity Sewerage Treatment Works, maintenance. These facilities is supplied to Shark island via the SHFT land (former Army have been incorporated into Royal Australian Navy degaussing Maritime School) at Chowder an assets maintenance system, station, a component of which is Bay, the Navy degaussing so that their number, extent, located on the island. station at Steele Point, HMAS condition, replacement and annual Garbage collection and recycling Watson and the Hornby Light; maintenance costs is quantified, is provided in all precincts other »» the NSW Roads and Maritime and appropriate levels of funding than the islands, by either park Services tidal gauging station sought and acquired for staff or contractors. There is a and Bureau of Meteorology their management. policy of ‘take your garbage with anemometer on Fort Denison; you’ for all islands except Fort »» power lines to various Denison. This policy does not apply light stations; for major events, where a rubbish removal service is provided. PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 283 Bibliography

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PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 285 Glossary and Acronyms

Glossary

Adaptive re-use Modification of a building or its existing curtilage to suit an existing or proposed use. Can only occur if the modification is undertaken in a sustainable manner; the modification and use are not inconsistent with the conservation of the natural and cultural values of the land; and the modification is compatible with the retention of the cultural significance of the building or structure. Adventure activities A variety of self-initiated activities utilising an interaction with the natural environment that contains elements of real or apparent danger, in which the outcome, while uncertain, can be influenced by the participant and circumstance. (relates to clause 21 of the NPW Regulation) Allowed The activity is permissible and is allowed under current OEH policy and the plan of management, without further consent being required. Amenities building A public building that is usually constructed in a visitor area for toilet facilities, showers and maybe laundry facilities. Appropriate recreation Recreation that is in accordance with the essential nature and spirit of the management principles for the relevant park, does not substantially interfere with implementation of management objectives, is culturally appropriate and does not have an unacceptable degree of environmental or social / cultural impact. Appropriate uses Those activities that are consistent with legislation and OEH policies. Approval Includes a consent, licence, permission or some form of authorisation. Barbecue shelter A structure that provides shade and shelter over a barbecue for park visitors to cook and prepare food. Normally a roof supported by posts but may have one or more walls for additional protection. Burra Charter The Burra Charter provides guidance for the conservation and management of places of cultural significance (cultural heritage places), and is based on the knowledge and experience of Australia ICOMOS members. Café A building or part of a building with indoor and / or outdoor seating used for the sale of light meals and refreshments. May be dine in but may also provide a take- away service. Camping area A visitor facility area providing for overnight accommodation, mostly in the form of tent camping but can also include permanent on-site tents. Carpark An area set aside for the safe parking of cars, may have a sealed or unsealed surface, may have formed parking bays (usually for more than one or two vehicles) or not. Does not include road pull-off areas. Conference / Education / A centre that provides training, conference, education or meeting facilities. Would Field studies centre typically include a large room with seating capacity of 20 people or more. May also include catering and dining facilities and in some instances, accommodation may be attached. May be used for staff, holiday or other accommodation. Cottage / House A dwelling that provides accommodation, typically for one family. Normally includes bedrooms, bathroom, kitchen, dining, laundry and living areas. Critical habitat Habitat declared under Part 3 of the TSC Act that is critical to the survival of species or populations listed under the TSC Act. Critically endangered An ecological community listed under Part 2 of Schedule 1a of the TSC Act, that is ecological community at an extremely high risk of extinction in NSW in the near future. Critically endangered A species listed under Part 1 of Schedule 1a of the TSC Act, that is at an extremely species high risk of extinction in NSW in the near future.

286 Sydney Harbour National Park Day use area An outdoor space used by visitors providing for day use, as distinct to overnight use. The most common activity in day use areas is picnicking although some day use areas provide for other visitor uses. (see also ‘Picnic area’)

Basic day use area Small area with minimal facilities.

Medium day use area Area which includes basic toilets and picnic tables.

Major day use area Area that includes defined parking sites, water, picnic shelters (barbecues optional).

Major / Intensive day use Large area with extensive and developed facilities including playgrounds, area barbecues and, in some cases, recycling facilities. Disabled access / Access constructed in accordance with AS1428 ‘Design for Access and Mobility’ Access for people with for use by people with restricted mobility. disabilities Ecologically sustainable ESD requires the effective integration of economic and environmental development (ESD) considerations in decision-making processes. It can be achieved through implementing the following principles: the precautionary principle; intergenerational equity; conservation of biological diversity and ecological integrity; and the inclusion of environmental factors in the valuation of assets and services. (Protection of the Environment Administration Act 1991 s.6(2)) Ecotourism Nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to have minimal environmental impact on the sites visited. The definition recognises that the natural environment includes cultural components and that there should be an appropriate return to the local community and the long-term conservation of the resource (Commonwealth Department of Tourism 1994). Endangered ecological An ecological community listed under Part 3 of Schedule 1 of the TSC Act, that is community facing a very high risk of extinction in NSW in the near future. Endangered population A population listed under Part 2 of Schedule 1 of the TSC Act, that is facing a very high risk of extinction in NSW in the near future. Endangered species A species listed under Part 1 of Schedule 1 of the TSC Act, that is facing a very high risk of extinction in NSW in the near future. Fire ring Wood-fuelled communal fire place, with or without a barbecue plate, which may be surrounded by seating. Historic building A building that has heritage value and may be either over 25 years old, or listed on the relevant council list (local significance), state heritage register (state significance) Commonwealth EPBC Act (national significance) or international (world heritage property). May have, currently, or have had previously, a range of uses. Historical / Cultural Any plantings, either native or introduced, that have been historically planted at garden or plantings that location. This definition does not include plants which have spread significantly beyond the original plantings or seedlings of original plants, but may include replacement plantings. Examples of historical planting include, but are not limited to, stands of trees and flowers planted along roads or access routes, ornamental gardens and plants at historic sites, cultural plantings at cemeteries, orchards and hedges. May have heritage significance, but may also be a potential weed source.

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 287 Historic precinct / A landscape area that is of historic significance. All elements of the precinct, such curtilage as landscaping, fences and gates, lamp standards, paving, garden furniture and outbuildings, may all make their own contributions to the heritage significance of the place. Interpretation Programs, activities and facilities aimed at giving visitors greater awareness, understanding and appreciation of the features and significance of the park. Key threatening process A process listed under Schedule 3 of the TSC Act that adversely affects threatened species, populations or ecological communities, or could cause species, populations or ecological communities that are not threatened to become threatened. Kiosk A building or part of a building used for the sale of light take-away refreshments. No formalised seating is provided. Landscape design plan A graphic illustration of the aesthetic and functional layout of the built outdoor environment, including visitor facilities, access routes, heritage and conservation assets and park infrastructure. It may draw upon detailed technical documentation such as conservation management plans or financial viability assessments, but this will depend on a range of contextual matters (physical, social, economic, political and cultural factors) including the quality of existing background information. Lookout A high place or structure used for observation and viewing. Management response The actions or strategies which are documented in a park plan of management. Management principles A set of principles set out in the NPW Act for each category of land reserved under the NPW Act. Modified natural area An area of land where the native vegetation cover has been substantially modified or removed by human activity (other than activity relating to bushfire management or wildfire) and that is identified in a plan of management as not being appropriate for, or capable of, restoration. (Section 151B) Monitoring Ongoing review, evaluation and assessment to detect changes in condition, with reference to a baseline condition. Motor vehicle A motor car, bus, motor cycle or other apparatus propelled on land, snow or ice wholly or partly by volatile spirit, steam, gas, oil or electricity. Nature-based recreation A recreational activity in which the experience of the natural environment forms a major motivation. Park All ‘protected area’ tenures managed by NPWS. Permissible An activity which can occur under legislation, but which may require approval. Pets ‘Pet’ means an animal generally kept in a domestic situation for the benefit of the animal and its owner. Pets may be native or non-native animals including (but not limited to) dogs, cats, other small mammals, reptiles and birds but not horses and other livestock.

‘Assistance animal’ has the same meaning as in the Companion Animals Act 1998 and the Commonwealth Disability Discrimination Act 1992. That is, a guide dog, a dog trained to assist a disabled person in activities where hearing is required, and any other animal trained to assist a disabled person to alleviate the effect of their disability. Picnic area A maintained visitor area set aside for outdoor food preparation, consumption and general recreation for groups and individuals. Tables, shelters, barbeques and toilet facilities may be provided. No camping allowed.

288 Sydney Harbour National Park Picnic shelter A structure that provides shade and shelter for park visitors for seating and food consumption. Normally a roof supported by posts but may have one or more walls for additional protection. May or may not have picnic tables, barbeques and/or other facilities. Playground A designated area consisting of constructed play equipment such as swings, climbing structures and slides designed for children’s recreation. Priorities Action A statement under Part 5A of the TSC Act that sets out strategies to promote Statement (PAS) the recovery of threatened species, populations and communities and sets out priorities and performance indicators for each species. Prohibited An activity that cannot be undertaken under legislation and / or a plan of management. Public access road An access road open for vehicle use by the general public. May also be available for walking, cycling etc. Regenerate A process where ecological communities that have been subject to some form of disturbance such as clearing, logging or weed invasion, are restored to a good condition or natural state. This process can occur through natural processes or management intervention. Rehabilitate To restore an ecological community to a good condition or former state using management intervention. Restaurant A building or part of a building with indoor and / or outdoor seating that serves prepared food and beverages to be consumed on the premises. Typically, a more formalised atmosphere with table service provided. Generally, no take-away service is available. Restoration Returning the existing fabric of an historic place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material. (Burra Charter) Restricted public access An access road generally closed to use by the public, however access via locked road gates may be permitted by permit. Threatened species, Species, populations and ecological communities listed under Schedules 1 or 2 of population and ecological the TSC Act. community Tower A tall framework or structure, the elevation of which is functional. Vehicle Includes:

(a) a boat or other object that, while floating on water or submerged, whether wholly or partly, under water, is wholly or partly used for the conveyance of persons or things;

(b) an apparatus that, while propelled, or directed or controlled, in the air by human or mechanical power or by the wind, is wholly or partly used for the conveyance of persons or things;

(c) a motor vehicle;

(d) an apparatus propelled, or directed or controlled, upon land, snow or ice by human or animal power or by the wind; and

(e) a trailer or caravan, whether or not it is in the course of being towed. (NPW Act)

PLAN OF MANAGEMENT 2012 289 Viewing platform A structure for viewing scenic values of an area while maintaining a high level of visitor safety. Visitor centre A place that provides information on the area’s attractions and is often a retail outlet for maps, brochures, souvenirs and items relevant to the local area. Provides displays that interpret the natural and cultural features of the local environment. Visitor facility Any form of infrastructure or development undertaken on a park for the use and enjoyment of visitors. Vulnerable ecological An ecological community listed under Part 2 of Schedule 2 of the TSC Act, that is community facing a high risk of extinction in NSW in the medium term. Vulnerable species A species listed under Part 1 of Schedule 2 of the TSC Act that is facing a high risk of extinction in NSW in the medium term. Walking track classes An accessibility and difficulty grading as defined by AS2156 Walking Tracks.

Class 1 ‘All access track’ All access track with a hard surface, and moderate to high level of interpretation / signage, suitable for a large number of visitors including those with reduced mobility. The width is a minimum 1200mm and the gradient complies with AS1428 Design for Access and Mobility.

Class 2 ‘Graded track’ Graded track generally with a hard surface dependent on usage, and moderate to high level of interpretation / signage suitable for large numbers of visitors. The width is a minimum width of 900mm and the gradient is a maximum of 1:10 with minimal steps.

Class 3 ‘Walking track’ Walking track generally with a modified surface, requiring a moderate level of fitness where interpretation / signage is not common. The width is variable and generally less than 1200mm. The gradient is generally 1:10 but may be exceeded for short lengths. Steps may be common.

Class 4 ‘Hiking track’ Generally distinct surface without major modification to the ground, with no interpretive signage. The width is variable and the gradient is limited by

environmental and maintenance considerations.

Class 5 ‘Marked route’ Marked route with limited modification to the natural surface and track alignment may be indistinct in places. Suitable for visitors with advanced outdoor

knowledge and skills in finding their own way along indistinct tracks in remote

locations. Width is variable and the gradient may include steep sections of

unmodified surfaces.

Class 6 ‘Unmarked route’ No modification of the natural environment. Suitable for highly experienced walkers to explore remote and challenging natural areas without reliance on management tracks. The gradient is likely to include steep sections of unmodified surfaces.

290 Sydney Harbour National Park Acronyms

AHIMS Aboriginal Heritage Information Management System CALD Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (community) DCP Development Control Plan DECCW Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water DPI Department of Primary Industries EEC Endangered Ecological Community ESBS Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub GIRG Goat Island Reference Group ICOMOS International Committee on Monuments and Sites KTP Key Threatening Process LEP Local Environmental Plan LGA Local Government Area MOU Memorandum of Understanding MSB Maritime Services Board NAIDOC National Aborigines and Islanders Day Observance Committee NPWS National Parks and Wildlife Service OEH Office of Environment and Heritage PAS NSW Threatened Species Priorities Action Statement RAN Royal Australian Navy SEPP State Environmental Planning Policy SHFA Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority SHFT Sydney Harbour Federation Trust SHNP Sydney Harbour National Park SHSW Sydney Harbour Scenic Walk SMCMA Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority SREP Sydney Regional Environmental Plan TAP Threat Abatement Plan

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