Alternative Stable States in Large Shallow Lakes?
Journal of Great Lakes Research 40 (2014) 813–826 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Great Lakes Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jglr Review Alternative stable states in large shallow lakes? Annette B.G. Janssen a,b,⁎, Sven Teurlincx a, Shuqing An c, Jan H. Janse a,d,HansW.Paerle,WolfM.Mooija,b a Department of Aquatic Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), P.O. Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands b Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, The Netherlands c School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China d PBL, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, P.O. Box 303, 3720 AH Bilthoven, The Netherlands e Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA article info abstract Article history: Many lakes worldwide are experiencing great change due to eutrophication. Consequently, species composition Received 16 April 2014 changes, toxic algal blooms proliferate, and drinking water supplies dwindle. The transition to the deteriorated Accepted 10 September 2014 state can be catastrophic with an abrupt change from macrophyte to phytoplankton domination. This has been Available online 16 October 2014 shown repeatedly in small lakes. Whether such alternative stable states also exist in large shallow lakes is less clear, however. Here we discuss the characteristics that give rise to alternative stable states in large shallow Communicated by Robert McKay lakes either in the lake as whole or restricted to specific regions of the lake. We include the effect of lake size, spa- Index words: tial heterogeneity and internal connectivity on a lake's response along the eutrophication axis.
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