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Lov Og Praksis Bøndenes våpenplikt – Lov og praksis Av Martin Teigen Hanssen Institutt for arkeologi, historie, kultur- og religionsvitenskap Historie/HIS350 2017 Forord Om noen hadde fortalt meg for fem år siden at jeg skulle levere en masteroppgave, er det en påstand jeg ikke ville tatt noe særlig seriøst. Men nå sitter jeg her i dag med et ferdig masterprosjekt. Når jeg flyttet fra det kalde nord til, i min måleskala, storbyen Bergen og skulle begynne på Masterstudiet, virket dette som et uoppnåelig prosjekt. Men iløpet av denne utfordrende prosessen har jeg lært utrolig mye, og har lært at ingenting er umulig så lenge man jobber for det. Å jobbe med kilder som er nesten 1000 år gamle og samtidig gå i dybden på et felt jeg tidligere hadde liten kunnskap om tidligere har vært en utrolig lærerik og interessant prosess, og håper at du som leser kan lære like mye som meg om bøndens våpenplikt og våpenting som jeg har. Jeg vil gi en spesiell takk til min veileder Geir Atle Ersland, som har vært et solid faglig anker, og alltid gitt raske og klare tilbakemeldinger. Jeg vil også takke mine medstudenter for gode diskusjoner og inspirasjon gjennom denne prosessen. Samtidig vil jeg og takke familie og venner som har vært godt støtte og hjelp gjennom denne prosessen. Innhold Forord ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.0 Introduksjon....................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Avgrensinger ........................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Historiografi .................................................................................................................................. 6 1.3 Leidangen som opphav til en fastere skatteordning ...................................................................... 7 1.4 Leidangens organisering .............................................................................................................. 10 1.5 Tidligere forsking på våpenplikten .............................................................................................. 13 1.6 Nærmere omtale av kildene ......................................................................................................... 15 1.6.1 Gulatingsloven ...................................................................................................................... 15 1.6.2 Frostatingsloven ................................................................................................................... 18 1.6.3 Magnus Lagabøtes Landslov ................................................................................................ 19 1.6.4 Diplomatarium norvegicum og Regesta norvegica .............................................................. 20 2.0 Kapittel 1 - Våpentinget i tinglagene ............................................................................................... 24 2.1 Gulatinget .................................................................................................................................... 24 2.1.1 Underordnede ting i Gulatinget ............................................................................................ 24 2.2 Tinglaget i Viken/Borgarsyssel ................................................................................................... 27 2.3 Liden ............................................................................................................................................ 29 2.4 Skipreide ...................................................................................................................................... 30 2.5 Konklusjon .................................................................................................................................. 32 3.0 Kapittel 2 – Når skulle det være våpenting?.................................................................................... 33 3.1 Lovtekstene og tidspunkt for våpenting ...................................................................................... 33 3.2 Konklusjon .................................................................................................................................. 38 4.0 Kapittel 3 – Hvor ble våpentinget holdt? ........................................................................................ 41 4.1 Lokalisering av tingsted .............................................................................................................. 41 4.2 Rett Tingsted ............................................................................................................................... 43 4.3 Konklusjon .................................................................................................................................. 46 5.0 Kapittel 4 - Hvordan foregikk våpentinget? .................................................................................... 48 5.1 Tingets saksgang ......................................................................................................................... 50 5.2 Saker på Våpentinget ................................................................................................................... 52 5.3 Konklusjon .................................................................................................................................. 55 6.0 Hvem møtte på våpenting? .............................................................................................................. 57 6.1 Ombudsmenn............................................................................................................................... 57 6.2 Lagrettemenn og nemndemenn ................................................................................................... 60 6.3 Odelsbønder og leilendinger........................................................................................................ 65 6.4 Konklusjon .................................................................................................................................. 67 7.0 Våpentinget i lovene og praksis ...................................................................................................... 70 7.1 Frostatingsloven og dokumentene ............................................................................................... 70 7.2 Gulatingsloven og dokumentene ................................................................................................. 71 7.3 Landsloven og dokumentene ....................................................................................................... 73 8.0 Konklusjon ...................................................................................................................................... 79 8.1 På hvilket nivå i tinglagene ble våpentinget holdt? ..................................................................... 79 8.2 Når ble våpentingene holdt? ........................................................................................................ 79 8.3 Hvor ble våpentingene holdt? ...................................................................................................... 80 8.4 Hvordan foregikk våpentingene? ................................................................................................ 80 8.5 Hvem møtte på våpenting? .......................................................................................................... 81 8.6 Lovverket og våpentinget i praksis .............................................................................................. 81 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. 83 Litteraturliste ......................................................................................................................................... 84 1.0 Introduksjon I de gamle norske lovtekstene Gulatingsloven, Frostastingsloven og Magnus lagabøtes landslov står det bestemmelser om våpenplikt for de norske bøndene. I disse bestemmelse står det at bøndene var pliktig å holde blant annet sverd, skjold, bue og jernhatt. Om noen av disse manglet, måtte de betale bot for hver av våpnene som manglet. Kontrollorganet som skulle påse at bøndene hadde de våpnene de var pliktig å holde var våpentinget. Beskrivelsen av hvordan dette skulle fungere i praksis finner vi i Gulatingslovens § 309, hentet fra Knut Robberstads oversettelse: Alltid når det ska vera våpenting, skal årmann eller lendmann segja til um hausten og halda tinget um våren. Alle frie og fullmyndige menn skal søkja tinget, elles skal dei bøta 3 øyrar i vite kvar av dei. No skal menn syna våpni sine, som mælt er i lovene. Ein mann skal ha breidøks eller sverd, og spjot og skjold som i det i verste fall skal liggja tri jarnspenger tvert yver, med handtak som er fastklinka med jarnsaum. No er det 3 øyrar i bot for kvart folkevåpen. Bøndene skal yta to tylfter piler og ein boge til kvar tofte; og bøta ein øyra for kvar odd som vantar, men 3 øyrar for bogen.1 Problemstillingen for dette prosjektet er å undersøke om Gulatingsloven, Frostatingsloven og Landslovens bestemmelser om våpenplikt var en realitet eller bare bestemmelser på pergament. I den sammenheng skal jeg undersøke hvem som møtte på våpentinget, hvor våpentinget ble holdt, og hvordan våpentingene foregikk. Først vil
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