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INTER. Nb -DE30MM LeMonde Job: WMQ2611--0001-0 WAS LMQ2611-1 Op.: XX Rev.: 25-11-99 T.: 10:13 S.: 111,06-Cmp.:25,10, Base : LMQPAG 23Fap: 100 No: 2043 Lcp: 700 CMYK 0123 FONDATEUR : HUBERT BEUVE-MÉRY 2000-2099 DIRECTEUR : JEAN-MARIE COLOMBANI 21 questions au XXIe siècle b La rédaction du « Monde » vous propose un voyage au cœur du siècle futur b Après le bilan du siècle, paru au premier semestre, une encyclopédie de l’avenir b France Info s’associe à cette enquête auprès des meilleurs spécialistes b Paul Rebeyrolle apporte sa vision de peintre sur chacun des thèmes traités CE NUMÉRO spécial a pour am- bition de traiter les grandes ques- LES GRANDS TÉMOINS tions – environnementales, biolo- giques, géopolitiques – auxquelles le siècle prochain sera confronté. Il Trois est le complément du Siècle, notre supplément paru au premier se- romanciers mestre, où la rédaction du Monde Irons-nous sur Mars ? Un troisième proposait son bilan d’une époque sexe va-t-il naître ? Travaillerons-nous à inaugurée tragiquement par la perpétuité ? Etc. Trois romanciers ré- guerre mondiale de 14-18. Le prin- pondent : Zoé Valdés, d’origine cipe adopté aujourd’hui est simple : cubaine, qui a publié récemment les journalistes sont partis à la ren- Compartiment fumeurs et La Douleur contre des meilleurs chercheurs, du dollar (Actes Sud), l’académicien scientifiques, sociologues, écrivains Erik Orsenna, auteur de L’Exposition sur chacun des thèmes traités. A partir de leurs informations et de coloniale et du Grand Amour (Seuil), et leurs interprétations naît une vision Norman Spinrad, auteur de science-fic- globale du siècle à venir. tion américain, dont En direct (Denoël) On lira successivement des en- est le dernier roman paru en français. quêtes sur l’évolution climatique de la planète ; le poids futur du do- page chez les sportifs ; l’incidence d’Internet sur les valeurs de la dé- mocratie ; l’espérance de vie des hommes ; la naissance d’une hy- perclasse élitaire, fondée sur la maîtrise des nouveaux outils de communication ; l’évolution du concept de ville ; les bouleverse- ments dans le monde artistique, avec l’apparition du virtuel ; l’ave- nir de la notion de travail ; l’érosion de la biodiversité ; l’homogénéisa- tion des cultures et le poids des ré- PARTENARIAT flexes identitaires ; les perspectives démographiques ; les questions liées au masculin et au féminin ; le France Info succès des transcendances sans France Info s’est associé au Monde Dieu ; les richesses des mers ; les pour ce cahier spécial consacré au inquiétudes à l’égard des res- XXIe siècle en interrogeant Axel Kahn, sources en eau douce ; les perspec- directeur à l’Inserm, Antoine Labeyrie, tives de la conquête spatiale ; les directeur de l’Observatoire de Haute- enjeux militaires de demain ; la ma- Provence, Philippe Kourilsky, prochain nière de gérer les déchets produits par les humains et leurs tech- directeur de l’Institut Pasteur, Guy Si- niques ; les possibilités de nourrir mono, spécialiste des énergies renou- tout le monde ; et les potentialités velables, et Jacques Attali, écrivain et de la recherche médicale. consultant. Quatre de ses entretiens A chaque fois, des chiffres-clés seront diffusés sur France Info (105.5). ou un mini-lexique permettent de mieux cerner les questions abor- dées. www.lemonde.fr PEINTURE David Hilbert, le savant qui voulait soulever le voile du futur Paul Rebeyrolle C’EST en pensant au grand mathématicien al- nombres, analyse, problèmes d’axiomatique et de nous en 2099 ? Internet sera-t-il le vecteur de visionnaire lemand David Hilbert (1862-1943) que l’idée de ce fondements...) ne sera pas étonné d’apprendre que nouvelles formes de démocratie ? Une hyper- Le Monde suit le travail de Paul Rebey- supplément consacré au XXIe siècle nous est ve- l’histoire de ces problèmes, des travaux qu’ils ont classe prendra-t-elle le pouvoir ?) ; la culture (Jus- nue. Professeur à l’université de Göttingen, Hil- suscités, ressemble beaucoup à l’histoire des mathé- qu’où ira la métamorphose de Dieu ? Le monde rolle depuis près de quatre décennies. bert avait décidé en 1900, à l’occasion du second matiques au XXe siècle ! » deviendra-t-il métis ? Le travail restera-t-il une Avec attention et passion. On notait, congrès de mathématiques, de « deviner le futur » A notre tour, nous avons voulu sonder le valeur dominante ?). dès 1962, son « refus de tricher avec le de sa discipline en posant au siècle à venir les XXIe siècle en lui posant vingt et une questions, A chaque fois, les journalistes du Monde et de réel ». Nous avons demandé à ce grands problèmes à résoudre. sans sous-estimer les dangers bien connus de France Info se sont tournés vers les spécialistes en peintre fougueux et militant, exigeant FICTION « Qui ne se réjouirait de pouvoir soulever le voile l’exercice : la prétention à une exhaustivité im- les faisant réagir, que leurs points de vue plaisent qui cache le futur, de jeter un regard sur le déve- possible, le risque de prédictions qui se veulent ou irritent. Ainsi se dégage la photographie para- et amoureux d’une matière généreuse, e o Les vestiges loppement des mathématiques, ses progrès ulté- définitives, les ridicules du catastrophisme. doxale du siècle prochain. Les pessimistes se per- d’apporter sa vision à ce numéro. Pein- rieurs, les secrets des découvertes des siècles pro- Quatre domaines de réflexion se sont imposés. suaderont du destin tragique de notre planète, à tures et dessins inédits, ainsi que ta- 55 ANNÉE – N 17055 – 10 F - 1,52 EURO FRANCE MÉTROPOLITAINE d’Internet chains ? » demandait-il alors avec ardeur. Ainsi L’environnement (Un nouvel ordre climatique va- l’image de Flaubert, qui confiait : « Nous sommes bleaux récents et anciens, donnent VENDREDI 26 NOVEMBRE 1999 formula-t-il, en 1900, vingt-trois questions en t-il s’installer ? Quelle eau boirons-nous demain ? condamnés à rouler dans les ténèbres et dans les toutes leurs couleurs à nos vingt et une Un jour viendra. Un jour de nostalgie, forme de problèmes que l’on n’aura pas, ici, la La diversité du monde vivant subira-t-elle une larmes. » Les optimistes, sur le point de faire leurs e questions sur le siècle à venir. La pein- où les citoyens du XXI siècle éprouve- présomption de vouloir résumer en quelques érosion sans retour ?) ; la biologie (L’allongement adieux à un siècle de fer, répondront avec René ront le besoin de revivre leurs émotions mots. L’Encyclopædia universalis, à laquelle on de la durée de la vie connaîtra-t-il une limite ? Char « par une salve d’avenir ». ture de Paul Rebeyrolle (galerie Jeanne de pionniers sur Internet. Ce jour-là... peut se reporter, précise : « Le lecteur qui connaît Quels seront les progrès de la médecine ? Le mas- Bucher, Paris) fera l’objet d’une grande Daniel Schneidermann nous en propose la diversité des domaines mathématiques où Hilbert culin et le féminin finiront-ils par se Pascal Delannoy (France Info) exposition en 2000, à la Fondation la fiction. a laissé de profondes marques (algèbre, théorie des confondre ?) ; la géopolitique (Combien serons- et Laurent Greilsamer (Le Monde) Maeght. Violence La France dopée par la croissance mondiale Un cahier spécial à l’école de quarante pages b L’activité économique en France augmenterait de 2,7 % en 1999 au lieu des 2,3 % annoncés a Le bilan d’un an b L’Union européenne prévoit 3 % pour les Quinze en 2000 et 2001 b La baisse du chômage de plan Allègre : devrait s’accélérer b Aux Etats-Unis, la croissance a atteint 5,5 % au troisième trimestre une stabilisation LE NOUVEAU MINISTRE de taires, l’Espagnol Pedro Solbes, a UN DIRECTEUR de journal qui, l’économie, des finances et de l’in- présenté, à Bruxelles, des prévisions en 1899, s’apprêtait à présenter à trompeuse dustrie, Christian Sautter, succes- très optimistes pour l’ensemble de ses lecteurs un supplément consa- seur de Dominique Strauss-Kahn à l’Union : la croissance devrait passer cré au XXe siècle se serait sans Bercy, hérite d’une conjoncture de 2,1 % en 1999 à 3 % en 2000 et doute dit que la tâche était facile ! a Les violences économique exceptionnelle. Les 2001, ce qui devrait permettre la Car au tour- chiffres rendus publics par l’Insee, création de 5,5 millions d’emplois. nant du siècle s’enracinent jeudi 25 novembre, confirment Pour les Quinze, le taux de chômage précédent, en qu’après le « trou d’air » du début devrait passer de 9,2 % en 1999 à 8 % cette année dans les collèges de l’année l’activité économique est en 2001 (de 11,1 % à 9,8 % en 1900 qui se en forte reprise en France. Grâce à France). Les Européens profilait dans et lycées sensibles une consommation et à des inves- consomment et investissent massi- une certaine tissements soutenus, le pays a enre- vement, leurs exportations sont en fébrilité, le a gistré, au troisième trimestre (juillet outre favorisées par la faiblesse ac- scientisme et Paris à septembre), une croissance de son tuelle de l’euro, tombé, mercredi à l’optimisme historique connais- activité de 1 %, après 0,8 % au New York, au-dessous du seuil de saient leur apogée. Nos pays vi- et sa banlieue deuxième trimestre. Pour l’année 1,02 dollar. Aux Etats-Unis, la crois- vaient alors la généralisation de la continuent 1999, la progression du produit inté- sance, soutenue depuis 1992, reste grande révolution industrielle qui, rieur brut (PIB) dépassera les 2,3 % forte. Le PIB a crû, au troisième tri- à travers la colonisation, paraissait à se dégrader prévus dans le budget et pourrait mestre, à un rythme annuel de devoir atteindre les endroits les avoisiner les 2,7 % envisagés il y a 5,5 %.
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