My Jsme Albánci, Ne Jugoslávci – Demonstrace 1981
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Student Movements: 1968, 1981 and 1997 the Impact Of
Student Movements: 1968, 1981 and 1997 The impact of students in mobilizing society to chant for the Republic of Kosovo Atdhe Hetemi Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of East European Languages and Cultures Supervisor Prof. dr. Rozita Dimova Department of East European Languages and Cultures Dean Prof. dr. Gita Deneckere Rector Prof. dr. Rik Van de Walle October 2019 i English Summary This dissertation examines the motives and central visions of three student demonstrations, each taking place within different historical and political contexts and each organized by a different generation of Kosovo Albanian students. The years 1968, 1981 and 1997 witnessed a proliferation of student mobilizations as collective responses demanding more national rights for Albanians in Kosovo. I argue that the students' main vision in all three movements was the political independence of Kosovo. Given the complexity of the students' goal, my analysis focuses on the influence and reactions of domestic and foreign powers vis-à-vis the University of Prishtina (hereafter UP), the students and their movements. Fueled by their desire for freedom from Serbian hegemony, the students played a central role in "preserving" and passing from one generation to the next the vision of "Republic" status for Kosovo. Kosova Republikë or the Republic of Kosovo (hereafter RK) status was a demand of all three student demonstrations, but the students' impact on state creation has generally been underestimated by politicians and public figures. Thus, the primary purpose of this study is to unearth the various and hitherto unknown or hidden roles of higher education – then the UP – and its students in shaping Kosovo's recent history. -
Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies Central European Studies Charles W
Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies Central European Studies Charles W. Ingrao, senior editor Gary B. Cohen, editor Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies A Scholars’ Initiative Edited by Charles Ingrao and Thomas A. Emmert United States Institute of Peace Press Washington, D.C. D Purdue University Press West Lafayette, Indiana Copyright 2009 by Purdue University. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Second revision, May 2010. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars’ Initiative / edited by Charles Ingrao and Thomas A. Emmert. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-55753-533-7 1. Yugoslavia--History--1992-2003. 2. Former Yugoslav republics--History. 3. Yugoslavia--Ethnic relations--History--20th century. 4. Former Yugoslav republics--Ethnic relations--History--20th century. 5. Ethnic conflict-- Yugoslavia--History--20th century. 6. Ethnic conflict--Former Yugoslav republics--History--20th century. 7. Yugoslav War, 1991-1995. 8. Kosovo War, 1998-1999. 9. Kosovo (Republic)--History--1980-2008. I. Ingrao, Charles W. II. Emmert, Thomas Allan, 1945- DR1316.C66 2009 949.703--dc22 2008050130 Contents Introduction Charles Ingrao 1 1. The Dissolution of Yugoslavia Andrew Wachtel and Christopher Bennett 12 2. Kosovo under Autonomy, 1974–1990 Momčilo Pavlović 48 3. Independence and the Fate of Minorities, 1991–1992 Gale Stokes 82 4. Ethnic Cleansing and War Crimes, 1991–1995 Marie-Janine Calic 114 5. The International Community and the FRY/Belligerents, 1989–1997 Matjaž Klemenčič 152 6. Safe Areas Charles Ingrao 200 7. The War in Croatia, 1991–1995 Mile Bjelajac and Ozren Žunec 230 8. Kosovo under the Milošević Regime Dusan Janjić, with Anna Lalaj and Besnik Pula 272 9. -
The Yugoslav
1981/No. 35 by Dennison I. Rusinow UNFINISHED BUSINESS: THE Europe [DIR-2-'81] YUGOSLAV'"NATIONAL QUESTION" "Do not forget, the national factor is stronger and potential significance of the trouble were than all others; on this issue history, including our indeed greater than initially admitted. There had history, has not upheldMarx's theory." apparently been more than the officially reported In the first days of April 1981 the Yugoslav 9 dead and 250 wounded during the April riots, regime and public and equally unprepared out- since many in both categories were said to have side observers of the Yugoslav scene were startled been taken into hiding by relatives and clansmen, by reports of widespread and violent nationalist a time-honored Balkan custom. More complete and irredentist disturbances in the Socialist lists of places and incidents made it clear that no Autonomous Province of Kosovo. Constitution- part of Kosovo had been untouched, and trials of ally a sub-unit of Serbia, one of Yugoslavia's six persons with Albanian names were also reported federated republics, the Kosovo region borders on from western Macedonia. The "security situa- Albania and is predominantly inhabited by tion" in Kosovo was ominously being described as Albanians. "still complicated" more than two months later. Spasmodic demonstrations, strikes, and acts of The scale of the disturbances was suggested, violence, usually directed against Serbian graves despite early local attempts to suppress details and monuments and the property of the revealing their seriousness and extent, by refer- Province's Serb and Montenegrin minorities, ences to police reinforcements from other regions continued despite further police reinforcements and territorial militia assisting local police in from other regions and the threatening presence quelling demonstrations in several parts of the of the Army and its tank,,s (reportedly never used). -
European Academic Research
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH Vol. IV, Issue 12/ March 2017 Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF) ISSN 2286-4822 DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+) www.euacademic.org The scientific cooperation between Kosovo and Albania during 1968 KOSOVAR BASHA Independent researcher for XX century Institute of History “Ali Hadri “ – Prishtina Department of Contemporary History Prishtina, Kosovo Abstract: The 60s of the 20th century marked significant events for Albanians in two sides of the border. The improvement of relations between Yugoslavia and Albania, affected Kosovo to start the collaboration for which Kosovo waited for approximately 20 years. The relations after 1968, should be seen from several perspectives between Yugoslavia and Albania. First of all some of the major factors which encouraged a decent beginning were the circumstances created in Czechoslovakia after the Soviet Union invasion. Albania’s reaction was immediate, which supported Yugoslavia during the invasion. The second factor are the Albanians from Kosovo, to whom Albania with Enver Hoxha’s influence had started to play the nationalistic card namely, national-communism. Thirdly, Tito’s attempts were clear after Plenum of Brione, he wanted to balance the politic between Yugoslavia and various clans but also different nations and nationalities. In the meantime, the roots of the relations between Kosovo and Albania date from 1966, the beginning of this relation were the market trades which opened the road for further cooperation in education and culture between Kosovo and Albania. In this research we have been focused on elaborating the scientific collaboration of these two countries, the effects, the results and the cultural activities that were held in this important year for the Albanians in general. -
Međunarodni Pogledi Na Krizu U Jugoslaviji 1980.- 1987
Međunarodni pogledi na krizu u Jugoslaviji 1980.- 1987. Kasalo, Branko Doctoral thesis / Disertacija 2017 Degree Grantor / Ustanova koja je dodijelila akademski / stručni stupanj: University of Zadar / Sveučilište u Zadru Permanent link / Trajna poveznica: https://urn.nsk.hr/urn:nbn:hr:162:006240 Rights / Prava: In copyright Download date / Datum preuzimanja: 2021-10-01 Repository / Repozitorij: University of Zadar Institutional Repository of evaluation works SVEUČILIŠTE U ZADRU POSLIJEDIPLOMSKI SVEUČILIŠNI STUDIJ JADRAN - POVEZNICA MEĐU KONTINENTIMA Branko Kasalo MEĐUNARODNI POGLEDI NA KRIZU U JUGOSLAVIJI 1980.-1987. Doktorski rad Zadar, 2017. SVEUČILIŠTE U ZADRU POSLIJEDIPLOMSKI SVEUČILIŠNI STUDIJ JADRAN - POVEZNICA MEĐU KONTINENTIMA Branko Kasalo MEĐUNARODNI POGLEDI NA KRIZU U JUGOSLAVIJI 1980.-1987. Doktorski rad Mentor Prof. dr. sc. Mithad Kozličić Komentor Doc. dr. sc. Zlatko Begonja Zadar, 2017. SVEUČILIŠTE U ZADRU TEMELJNA DOKUMENTACIJSKA KARTICA I. Autor i studij Ime i prezime: Branko Kasalo Naziv studijskog programa: Poslijediplomski sveučilišni studij Jadran - poveznica među kontinentima Mentor: prof. dr. sc. Mithad Kozličić Komentor: doc. dr. sc. Zlatko Begonja Datum obrane: 13. lipnja 2017. Znanstveno područje i polje u kojem je postignut doktorat znanosti: Humanističke znanosti, povijest. II. Doktorski rad Naslov: Međunarodni pogledi na krizu u Jugoslaviji 1980.-1987. UDK oznaka: 94(497.1)"1980/1987" Broj stranica: 248 Broj slika/grafičkih prikaza/tablica: 0/6/5 Broj bilježaka: 516 Broj korištenih bibliografskih jedinica i izvora: 118 Broj priloga: - Jezik rada: hrvatski III. Stručna povjerenstva Stručno povjerenstvo za ocjenu doktorskog rada: 1. Izv. prof. dr. sc. Ante Bralić, predsjednik 2. Dr. sc. Mario Jareb, znanstveni savjetnik, član 3. Doc. dr. sc. Zlatko Begonja, član Stručno povjerenstvo za obranu doktorskog rada: 1. -
Kosovo Conflict
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by eDoc.VifaPol Conflict in Kosovo: Failure of Prevention? An Analytical Documentation, 1992-1998 Stefan Troebst ECMI Working Paper # 1 ECMI Working Paper # 1 European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) Director: Stefan Troebst In memoriam Alexander Langer (1946-1995) ã European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) 1998. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI). ISSN ### ISBN ###-1 Published in May 1998 by the European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI). Printed and bound by K & W Druck- und Verlagshaus Schleswig, Germany. ECMI Working Paper # 1 Conflict in Kosovo: Failure of Prevention? An Analytical Documentation, 1992-1998 Stefan Troebst European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) Flensburg 1998 CONTENTS Preface and Acknowledgements 7 Map 1: The Central Balkans 9 Map 2: Kosovo 10 Introduction 12 March 1998: Rubicon Crossed? 12 From Kuchuk Kainarji to Dayton: Historical Legacies 15 Turning of the Tide: The Dayton Shock 19 Prishtina and Belgrade: Six Programmes 23 »1974 (Plus)” 23 »Kosova Republika” 24 »Balkania” 24 Partition 24 Regionalisation 25 Ethnic Cleansing 26 Belgrade and Prishtina: Four Scenarios 30 Full-fledged Armed Conflict in Kosovo 28 Montenegrin Uncertainties 29 Tense status quo Continued 30 Dialogue, -
Ban on British Cars to Be Challenged in Court
News: EULEX Officers Caught ‘Smuggling’ Out of Kosovo April 23 - May 6, 2010 Issue No. 38 www.prishtinainsight.com Now on sale for € 1 Pacolli Builds NEWS Poor Mansion Infrastructure Outside Keeps Kosovo Off Prishtina Tourist Map Pacolli’s large villa is sur- > page 4 rounded by a two metre high wall. It is being built by his construction com- pany Mabetex, which has been involved in a number of high profile contracts in BUSINESS the former Soviet Union Kosovo Failing and Kosovo. See Page 6 to Meet Green Energy Targets Ban on British Cars to be > page 5 GUIDE Get the Paintball Challenged in Court Rolling The people of a village where a third of locals own right-hand-drive UK cars have mounted a legal challenge to a July > page 10 2009 ruling which banned such vehicles from the roads. already have a Kosovo-registered 2008, and in 2009 another 1,006 According to article three of the FOOD & DRINK By Petrit Collaku right-hand-drive car have been were brought in, despite the ban Constitution, the principle of Cantina AM-PM: required to make the modification, being introduced halfway though equality before the law was being ban on right-hand-dive cars which can cost up to 7,000 euro, the year. British second-hand cars violated, “because the people I rep- Stylish Mexican in in Kosovo is being chal- when they carry out their yearly are popular in Kosovo as they are resent have paid all the necessary lenged in the constitutional A registration of the car. -
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July 2021 e-ISSN: 1857-8187 p-ISSN: 1857-8179 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5121994 Research Article History Keywords: Yugoslav, Albanian, KOSOVO: SPRING OF 1981 Serbian, federal unit, Josip Broz Tito, A HERALD OF CHANGE IN YUGOSLAVIA The Constitution of 1974, demonstrations, Autonomous Provinces. Ministry of Education Science Technology and Innovation Arbër Salihu Republic of Kosova Abstract This article argues that a number of factors, both internal and international were the cause of the 1981 demonstrations in Kosovo. There were three internal factors: Yugoslav, Serbian and Albanian. External factors include the international context at the time of the events and the influence coming from Albania. Among the internal factors, the Yugoslav factor in itself is quite complex. Josip Broz Tito, an incomparable balancer, had managed to put under control inter-ethnic relations and encourage any initiative for economic development of the country. But since the beginning, the economy faced a number of problems, the foreign debt had gone up, and the gap between the Republics and the Autonomous Provinces had deepened. Kosovo had remained the most underdeveloped region all the time. The Constitution of 1974 marked an important step towards national equality; however, this caused dissatisfaction among Serbs due to the increased level of rights of the two provinces controlled by Serbia. Albanians were also dissatisfied with the new degree of federal element, while their demand was a federal unit, i.e. for a republic. The Serbs had tried to regain their “rights” they had been deprived of, but Tito prevented them. Among Albanians, the Kosovo leadership considered the constitutional changes as part of an evolutionary process, a process which could lead to a republic for Kosovo. -
Civic and Uncivic Values in Kosovo
CIVIC AND UNCIVIC VALUES IN KOSOVO i6 Civic 00 book.indb 1 2014.09.30. 9:45 i6 Civic 00 book.indb 2 2014.09.30. 9:45 CIVIC AND UNCIVIC VALUES IN KOSOVO History, Politics, and Value Transformation Edited by SABRINA P. RAMET, ALBERT SIMKUS, and OLA LISTHAUG Central European University Press Budapest–New York i6 Civic 00 book.indb 3 2014.09.30. 9:45 © 2014 Sabrina P. Ramet, Albert Simkus, Ola Listhaug Published in 2014 by Central European University Press An imprint of the Central European University Limited Liability Company Nádor utca 11, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary Tel: +36-1-327-3138 or 327-3000 Fax: +36-1-327-3183 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ceupress.com 224 West 57th Street, New York NY 10019, USA Tel: +1-212-547-6932 Fax: +1-646-557-2416 E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Publisher. ISBN 978-963-386-073-1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Civic and uncivic values in Kosovo : history, politics, and value transformation / edited by Sabrina P. Ramet, Albert Simkus, and Ola Listhaug. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-9633860731 (hardbound : alkaline paper) 1. Social values—Kosovo (Republic)—History. 2. Social change—Kosovo (Republic)— History. 3. Liberalism—Kosovo (Republic)—History. 4. Law—Social aspects—Kosovo (Republic)—History. 5. Kosovo (Republic)—History. 6. Kosovo (Republic)—Politics and government. 7. Kosovo (Republic)—Ethnic relations. -
Civil Resistance in Kosovo
Civil Resistance in Kosovo Howard Clark Pluto P Press LONDON • STERLING, VIRGINIA First published 2000 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA and 22883 Quicksilver Drive, Sterling, VA 20166–2012, USA www.plutobooks.com Copyright © Howard Clark 2000 The right of Howard Clark to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Clark, Howard. Civil resistance in Kosovo / Howard Clark. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–7453–1574–7 1. Kosovo (Serbia)—History—1980– 2. Albanians—Yugoslavia—Kosovo (Serbia)—History. 3. Passive resistance—Yugoslavia—Kosovo (Serbia) 4. Kosovo (Serbia)—History—Civil War, 1998– I. Title. DR2086 .C58 2000 949.71—dc21 00–008501 ISBN 0 7453 1574 7 hardback ISBN 0 7453 1569 0 paperback 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Disclaimer: Some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. Designed and produced for Pluto Press by Chase Production Services Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton Printed in the European Union by TJ International, Padstow To those who work for peaceful co-existence in Kosovo ‘If I were free, I would have much work, I would help those that are suffering more now. Now it is not Albanians that are suffering the most, now it is others, and I would work with all my strength in order to help them. -
Interview with Shkëlzen Maliqi
INTERVIEW WITH SHKËLZEN MALIQI Pristina | Date: October 20, 21 and 22, 2018 Duration: 361 minutes Present: 1. Shkëlzen Maliqi (Speaker) 2. Kaltrina Krasniqi (Interviewer) 3. Aurela Kadriu (Interviewer) 4. Donjetë Berisha (Camera) Simbolet e komenteve në transkriptë te komunikimi jo-verbal: () - komunikim emocional {} - i intervistuari shpjegon me gjeste Simbole të tjera në transkriptë: [ ] - shtesë e tekstit për të lehtësuar kuptimin Fusnotat janë shtesa editoriale që japin informacion mbi vendbanime, emra apo shprehje. [This part of the interview was conducted on October 20, 2018] Part One Kaltrina Krasniqi: Shkelzen, start with an introduction, first where were you born? When? Where? Then tell us a bit more about the place where you were born and your family. Shkelzen Maliqi: I was born on October 26, 1947 in Rahovec. It was a strong winter with a lot of snow. My father was there on duty and I lived there for two months. Otherwise, my father is from Prizren, his family is from Prizren, whereas my mother’s family is from Gjakova, so I was born kind of in the middle. Back then, Rahovec was more like a village, a town, big village or a town with houses that were covered with planks…houses were covered with planks. I was very proud [Eng], I mean, I was very proud of my birthplace, until I turned five, when I turned five, they took me there to see it and I lost enthusiasm because it seemed like a village. My family is from Prizren. A step-step grandfather of mine had come to Prizren from the Kukës region sometime in the late 18th century. -
Albanian Language Management and the Generation of Kosovo Albanian National Identity Since 1945
ALBANIAN LANGUAGE MANAGEMENT AND THE GENERATION OF KOSOVO ALBANIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY SINCE 1945 JUSTIN GREGORY HAMILTON ELLIOTT University College London Doctor of Philosophy 2017 I, Justin Gregory Hamilton Elliott, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. 2 ABSTRACT This thesis is about the development of a national identity through the means of language, both as a terrain and a vehicle. This thesis argues the modern intellectuals’ sense of moral mission in colonial nation-building was a response to exogenous modernization, and involved imagining the people as Albanians separated from Albania. This was most clearly encapsulated in the adoption of the same standard language as Albania in 1968 and the intellectuals’ subsequent management and reaction to external constraint, which was imposed in such a way as to prove counterproductive and enhance the intellectuals’ status still further. Yet, because there are limits to the way in which imagination of a society can conflict with reality, the standard language has failed to bring political or linguistic unity. In arguing this, the thesis provides a new interpretation of the development of Kosovo Albanian national identity. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 4 Chapter One How the Modern Kosovo Albanian intellectual 57 became possible Chapter Two Writing as they hear: the Standardization of 95 Albanian in the People’s Republic of Albania Chapter Three Standard Albanian