CIVIC AND UNCIVIC VALUES IN KOSOVO i6 Civic 00 book.indb 1 2014.09.30. 9:45 i6 Civic 00 book.indb 2 2014.09.30. 9:45 CIVIC AND UNCIVIC VALUES IN KOSOVO History, Politics, and Value Transformation Edited by SABRINA P. RAMET, ALBERT SIMKUS, and OLA LISTHAUG Central European University Press Budapest–New York i6 Civic 00 book.indb 3 2014.09.30. 9:45 © 2014 Sabrina P. Ramet, Albert Simkus, Ola Listhaug Published in 2014 by Central European University Press An imprint of the Central European University Limited Liability Company Nádor utca 11, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary Tel: +36-1-327-3138 or 327-3000 Fax: +36-1-327-3183 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ceupress.com 224 West 57th Street, New York NY 10019, USA Tel: +1-212-547-6932 Fax: +1-646-557-2416 E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Publisher. ISBN 978-963-386-073-1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Civic and uncivic values in Kosovo : history, politics, and value transformation / edited by Sabrina P. Ramet, Albert Simkus, and Ola Listhaug. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-9633860731 (hardbound : alkaline paper) 1. Social values—Kosovo (Republic)—History. 2. Social change—Kosovo (Republic)— History. 3. Liberalism—Kosovo (Republic)—History. 4. Law—Social aspects—Kosovo (Republic)—History. 5. Kosovo (Republic)—History. 6. Kosovo (Republic)—Politics and government. 7. Kosovo (Republic)—Ethnic relations. 8. Kosovo (Republic)—Social conditions. I. Ramet, Sabrina P., 1949- II. Simkus, Albert A. (Albert Andrew) III. Listhaug, Ola. HN634.K6C58 2014 303.3›72094971—dc23 2014029264 Printed in Hungary i6 Civic 00 book.indb 4 2014.09.30. 9:45 For Stefano Bianchini i6 Civic 00 book.indb 5 2014.09.30. 9:45 i6 Civic 00 book.indb 6 2014.09.30. 9:45 Table of Contents List of Figures . ix List of Tables . xi Preface . xiii 1. Civic and Uncivic Values in Kosovo: An Introduction Sabrina P . Ramet . 1 I. History 2. A Short History of Kosovar Albanians’ Struggle for Independence, 1878–1998 Roberto Morozzo della Rocca . 39 3. Historiography in Post-Independence Kosovo Oliver Jens Schmitt . 53 4. British Policy towards the Kosova Liberation Army, 1996–2000 James Pettifer . 75 5. The Uprising and NATO’s Intervention, 1998–99 Zachary T . Irwin . 93 6. The International Presence in Kosovo, 1999–2008 Johanna Deimel . 119 i6 Civic 00 book.indb 7 2014.09.30. 9:45 viii Table of Contents II. Politics 7. The Development of the Political System since February 2008 Altuğ Günal . 145 8. The Serbs of Kosovo Florian Bieber . 177 9. “ Our Men Will Not Have Amnesia”: Civic Engagement, Emancipation, and Gendered Public in Kosovo Nita Luci and Linda Gusia . 201 10. Solving the Issue of Northern Kosovo and Regional Cooperation Dušan Janjić . 223 III. Values and Value Transformation 11. Kosova 1912–2000 in the History Textbooks of Kosova and Serbia Shkëlzen Gashi . 239 12. Civic Values in Kosovo within a European Perspective Kristen Ringdal . 275 13. Differences in Values between and among Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo Albert Simkus and Shemsi Krasniqi . 297 14. Political Support in Kosovo Karin Dyrstad . 325 IV. Conclusion 15. Kosovo as an International Problem Anton Bebler . 347 16. Can Dialogue Make a Difference? The Experience of the Nansen Dialogue Network Steinar Bryn . 367 17. The Roots of Instability and the Prerequisites of Stability in Kosovo: A Conclusion Sabrina P . Ramet and Albert Simkus . 397 Notes on Contributors . 409 Further Reading . 419 i6 Civic 00 book.indb 8 2014.09.30. 9:45 List of Figures Figure 5.1. Levels of analysis—Kosovo, 1996. 95 Figure 5.2. Levels of analysis—Kosovo, 2000. 115 Figure 6.1. Kosovo 1999–2008 under UNMIK . .. 124 Figure 6.3. International Presence in 2008: Pragmatic chaos – between supervised independence and Kosovo / UNMIK 1244 . 139 Figure 6.2. Reporting Line under UNSC 1244 . 139 Figure 7.1. Missing caption here. 169 Figure 12.1. Social trust. 279 Figure 12.2. Pride in being a citizen of one’s country. 281 Figure 12.3. Confidence in political institutions. 282 Figure 12.4. Self-efficacy and life satisfaction. 283 Figure 12.5. Happiness and human development. 285 Figure 12.6. Political interest. 286 Figure 12.7. Participation in voluntary organizations. 288 Figure 12.8. Participation in political activities. 289 Figure 12.9. Attitudes to democracy. 292 Figure 12.10. Cultural and political tolerance. 293 Figure 12.11. Secularization and modern gender roles. 294 Figure 13.1. Three-item scale for ethnic intolerance by age and nationality (SEESSP 2003–04). 304 i6 Civic 00 book.indb 9 2014.09.30. 9:45 X List of Figures Figure 13.2. Three-item scale for ethnic intolerance by completed years of education and nationality (SEESSP 2003–04). .. 304 Figure 13.3. Three-item scale of ethnic intolerance by size of place of residence and nationality (SEESSP 2003–04). 305 Figure 13.4. Three-item scale of “Gender role traditionalism I” by age and nationality (SEESSP 2003). .. 312 Figure 13.5. Three-item scale of “Gender role traditionalism I” by years of completed education and nationality. .. 312 Figure 13.6. Three-item scale of “Gender role traditionalism I” by urban–rural residence and nationality. 313 Figure 13.7. Sex more conservatism by age and by nationality (SEESSP 2003–04). 318 Figure 13.8. Sex more conservatism by years of education and by nationality (SEESSP 2003–4). 318 Figure 13.9. Sex more conservatism by urban–rural residence (SEESSP 2003–04). 319 Figure 14.1. Support for the national community among Albanians and Serbs, 2008 and 2011. 332 Figure 14.2a. Evaluation of different regimes, 2008. 333 Figure 14.2b. Support for democratic principles, 2008. .. 333 Figure 14.3. Support for regime performance, 2008. 334 Figure 14.4. Satisfaction with regime performance, 2008. 335 Figure 14.5. Trust in regime institutions and actors, 2003 and 2008. 336 Figure 14.6. Electoral participation, 2008 and 2011. 338 Figure 16.1. Divided Communities. 371 Figure 16.2. The Differences between Debate and Dialogue. .. 376 Figure 16.3. The Four Dimensions of Peacebuilding . 383 Figure 16.4. Joint Activities between Macedonian and Albanian pupils in 2008 . 388 Figure 16.5. A Model for Multiethnic State-building . 391 i6 Civic 00 book.indb 10 2014.09.30. 9:45 List of Tables Table 8.1. Serb population in Kosovo, 1948–2011. 182 Table 13.1. Multiple regression models for scales and individual questionnaire items with nationality, gender, age, education, and rural residence as predictors (SEESSP data 2003–04). 323 Table 14.1. Measurement of political support. .. 330 Table 15.1. The Kosovo governance in 2012. 362 i6 Civic 00 book.indb 11 2014.09.30. 9:45 i6 Civic 00 book.indb 12 2014.09.30. 9:45 Preface This volume is the sixth in the series “Civic and Uncivic Values in the Yugoslav Successor States.” Previous volumes in the series are: • Sabrina P. Ramet and Danica Fink-Hafner, eds., Democratic Transition in Slovenia: Value Transformation, Education, and Media (Texas A&M University Press, 2006); • Sabrina P. Ramet and Davorka Matić, eds., Democratic Transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education, and Media (Texas A&M University Press, 2007); • Ola Listhaug, Sabrina P. Ramet, and Dragana Dulić, eds., Civic and Uncivic Values: Serbia in the Post-Milošević Era (Central European University Press, 2011); • Sabrina P. Ramet, Ola Listhaug, and Albert Simkus, eds., Civic and Uncivic Values in Macedonia: Value Transformation, Education, and Media (Palgrave, 2013); • Ola Listhaug and Sabrina P. Ramet, eds., Bosnia-Herzegovina Since Dayton: Value Transformation, Education, and Media (Longo editore, 2013). We are grateful to the Centre for the Study of Civil War of the Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) for providing funding in support of a con- ference held in Oslo in November 2012 at which most of the chapters included herein were originally presented. We would especially like to i6 Civic 00 book.indb 13 2014.09.30. 9:45 xiv Preface thank Andrew Feltham at PRIO for his superb administrative support of the conference. We also wish to thank David Kanin and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript, and Krisztina Kós, the chief editor at Central European University Press, for her efficient processing of the work. Kosovo, as it is called in English, is written Kosovë or Kosova in Albanian. Although only the English spelling is standard in British and American media, we have decided to allow all three spellings in this volume. We have also allowed three alternative spellings of the coun- try’s capital city: Pristina (English), Prishtina (Albanian, but increasingly accepted for English usage), and Priština (Serbian). The standard adjective derived from the noun Kosovo is Kosovar, as used in The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Guardian, and The Daily Telegraph, among other media. However, a few of the contributors to this volume have preferred to use the noun Kosovo as an adjective and, again, we have decided to permit linguistic pluralism. Sabrina P. Ramet Albert Simkus Ola Listhaug Trondheim, Norway i6 Civic 00 book.indb 14 2014.09.30. 9:45 CHAPTER 1 Civic and Uncivic Values in Kosovo: An Introduction SABRINA P. RAMET 1 The region which today comprises the Republic of Kosovo (spelled Kosovë or Kosova in Albanian) has enjoyed self-rule only since 2008. Conquered by Rome in 168 BCE, the region—which was included within a province which the Romans called Illyricum—passed under East Roman (Byzantine) rule when the empire split in the third century CE.