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Sea Voyages to Paracel Islands in the South China Sea Under Emperor Minh Mang (1833-1838), the Analyses of Historical Data - Description

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Sea Voyages to Paracel Islands in the South China Sea Under Emperor Minh Mang (1833-1838), the Analyses of Historical Data - Description Sea Voyages to Paracel Islands in the South China Sea Under Emperor Minh Mang (1833-1838), the analyses of historical data - description Ha Minh Hong1, Le Thanh Hoa2, Dai-Long Ngo-Hoang3, Nguy Ngoc Thuy4, Huynh Tam Sang5, Nguyen Thi Thu Thuy6 1,2,3,4,5,6 University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City (VNUHCM-USSH) ABSTRACT The Official Documentation of the Nguyen dynasty is a type of administrative documentation of the House of Nguyen (1802-1945) on which reserved the king's handwritten feedback in red ink. The Official documentation about the implementation of Vietnam's sovereignty over Paracel Islands (Paracel) and Truong Sa (Spratly) archipelagos includes 19 documents, 12 of that (from document no. 5 to no. 16) reflect mission sea voyages of the fleet heading to Paracel Islands archipelagos from late March to late June, from 1833 to 1838. The following are the main features of these activities include: (i) in each sea voyage, they had different tasks such as measuring and mapping; bringing materials to build the temple…; (ii) The activities during this period under King Minh Menh clearly showed the strict management and the responsibility of the national leader to the national territory in general and islands in particular; (iii) the territory acquire the nationality in Paracel Islands from 1833 to 1838, which was the continuity of a process established by the Nguyen Lords from hundreds of years ago. Keywords: Paracel Islands archipelagos, the Nguyen dynasty, mission, voyages The mission of the Nguyen Dynasty (Vietnam) to the two groups of Paracel Islands (Paracel) and Truong Sa (Spratly) archipelagos was carried out soon. This fact was recognized in the early 17th century and lasted until 1838 under the reign of Emperor Minh Mang. In 1816, Gia Long King officially possessed the Paracels, giving instructions to set up flags in the islands and take measurements of the sea routes (Keyuan, 2001). Jules Brevie, the French Resident Superior in Indochina, gave the order to establish an administrative body of the Paracels and place a stele, in which the following words were written: “Republic of France – Kingdom of Annam – Paracels Archipelago, 1816”[16]. In 1835, Minh Mang King gave instructions to build temples, place steles, drive in stakes and plant trees. The Paracel Islands Team and the Bac Hai Team were assigned to undertake the task of exploitation, patrol, tax collection, and national defense over the two archipelagoes. The two teams continued undertaking the task, until the French troops invaded Indochina. Since then, the administrative management of those islands was maintained by the Nguyen Dynasties in order to provide support for sea journeys as well as collect taxes from local fishing residents till 1847-1848 [17]. According to Vu Quang Viet (2020), a researcher, the historical documents on the Paracels possession show that “Vietnam proclaimed clearly and exercised its sovereignty over the Paracels for at least 70 years, from some time before the year of 1770 to the year of 1816, when Gia Long King officially proclaimed the sovereignty. It continued lasting till the time of Minh Mang Emperor, when it was clearly written in the official history (1837) Vietnam’s possession of the Paracels written officially in history, therefore, lasted continually for at least 74 years (since 1774); i.e. from the time of the trip to the Paracels mentioned by Le Quy Don to the time, when Minh Mang Emperor gave instructions to draw the maps. The will and activities of Gia Long King and Minh Mang King for sovereignty affirmation were shown in official documents. Although each trip to the islands lasted at most 6 months, it happened continually year by year. It is really enough to demonstrate this”[18]. Thus, researching historical missions will give us a more general look in the context of ancient history METHODOLOGY This article is part of a project was funded by VNU-HCM under grant number B2017-18b-01 that I started in 2017 in HoChiMinh City, on "Document the specification of Vietnam's sovereignty over the two archipelagos: Paracel and Spratly". I use descriptive research with various methods, including general analytical methods, comparative data, historical critique and statistical data to serve this article. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 1. A summary about mission sea voyages heading to Paracel Islands archipelagos recorded in documentations 1 Paracel Islands (Hoang Sa) is a remote administrative area of the Nguyen Dynasty, therefore, the annual management is a routine (Ramsay, 2008). The statistics below from the collection of the Nguyen Dynasty’s Official Documentation describes the work of recruiting forces to join the fleet: Sea voyages by the year Recruitment and main tasks The sea voyage in 1833 Document 5: The Official document on November 22nd in the fourteenth year of Minh Imperial city: Captain Truong Phuc Si (8,94), envoys. Menh reign (1833) Provinces: 02 marine guides were Vu Van Hung and Pham Van Origin: the Imperial Cabinet Senh, 18 boatmen and sailors. Archive: National Archives Centre I. Notation: Volume 49, page 233 -234 The sea voyage in 1834 Imperial city: Captain Truong Phuc Si [8,94], experienced Document 6: The Official document on envoys, 20 marines ; manoeuvred and renovated 3 large ships. th April 15 in the fifteenth year of Minh Menh Truong Phuc Si drew the map [5, file 4, 120] reign (1834) Province: Marine guide Vu Van Hung, 2 licensed boatmen were Origin: Administration Commissioner and Dang Van Xien and Duong Van Dinh, 09 sailors (labour workers); Surveillance Commissioner of Quang Ngai hired and upgraded 3 quick and light ships, packed with goods. province Each ship carried 8 people. Archive: The National Boundary Commission The sea voyage in 1835 Document 7: The Official document on July 17th in the sixteenth year of Minh Menh reign (1835) Origin: the Imperial Cabinet Imperial city: Captain Pham Van Nguyen, 03 Imperial guards were Tran Van Van, Nguyen Van Tien and Nguyen Van Archive: National Archives Center I. Hoang ( drewthe map), navy soldiers (soldiers, labour soldiers…). Notation: Book No: 54, page 94 (Labour soldiers: erected temples, stone stelae and folding screens [5, vol.4, 673]) Document 8: The Official document of Province: Vu Van Hung and Pham Van Senh were guides, seamen July 17th in the sixteenth year of Minh Menh reign (labour workers) (1835) Origin: Imperial Cabinet Archive: National Archives Center I. Notation : Book No :54, page 94 The sea voyage in 1836 Document 9: the Official document on February 12th sixteenth year of Minh Menh reign Imperial city: Commander Pham Huu Nhat (marker (1836) planting); chose Ô ship to go to Quang Ngai, (Imperial guards surveyed and drew maps [ 5, volume 4, 867]) Origin: Ministry of Construction and Province: employed 4 ships from residents, sailors (labourers), Transportation boatmen Archive: The National Boundary Commission Imperial city: commander – Pham Van Bien, one of 2 The sea voyage in 1837 Imperial guards was Truong Viet Soai (drew map), 22 soldiers 20 Document 10: The Official document of Admirals. July 11th in the eighteenth year of Minh Menh Province: 2 guides were Vu Van Hung and Pham van Senh, 31 reign (1837) sailors (labourer), 2 boatmen Nguyen Van Chom and Tran Van Duc, hired two big ships in Quang Ngai and two big ships in Binh Origin: Ministry of Finance Dinh Archive: National Archives Center (Requested for allowance to provide rice for seamen who travelled to Paracel Islands. ) 2 Notation: volume 57, page 210 Document 11: Official documents on July 13th in the eighteenth year of Minh Menh reign (1837) Origin: Ministry of Construction and Transportation Archive: National Archives Center Notation: volume 57, page 244 Document 12, Official documents on July 13th in the eighteenth year of Minh Menh reign (1837) Origin: Imperial Cabinet Archive: National Archives Center Notation: volume 57, page 245 The sea voyage in 1838 Document 13: The Official document in the leap month of April 2nd in the nineteenth year of Minh Menh reign (1838) Origin: Ministry of Construction and Transportation Archive: National Archives Center Notation: volume 68, page 21 Document 14: The Official document in the leap month of April 6th in the nineteenth year of Minh Menh reign (1838) Imperial city: Royal guards, Admirals, Directorate of Origin: Ministry of Construction and Imperial Observatory officers, Imperial guards (surveyed and drew Transportation map), soldiers; Deputy Director of the Bureau, Royal guards; Archive: National Archives Center maneuvered 2 ships in Binh Dinh. Notation: volume 68, page 40 Province: Guides Vu Van Hung and Pham Van Senh, seamen Document 15: The Official document on June 21st (labourer), boatmen, hired two big ships in Quang Ngai and two in the nineteenth year of Minh Menh reign (1838) big ships in Binh Dinh Origin: Ministry of Construction and (Quang Ngai reported that 4 ships had set off) Transportation Archive: National Archives Center Notation: volume 68, page 215 Document 16, The Official document on July 19th in the nineteenth year of Minh Menh reign (1838) Origin: Administration Commissioner of Quang Ngai Archive: National Archives Center Notation: volume 64, page 146-147 Source: Summarised from The Collection of Nguyen dynasty’s Official Documentation about the implementation of Vietnam's sovereignty over Paracel Islands and Truong Sa archipelagos, supplemented from the "Dai Nam thuc luc" and "Kham Dinh Dai Nam hoi dien su le" (The author still remains the order as in the Collection). - The sea voyages mentioned above indicate the following contents: - Every year / annually / continuously for 6 years, King Minh Menh sent troops to Paracel Islands to explore, manage, and patrol the sea and island regions through various activities, such as: map drawing, border marker planting, temple building, tree planting, collecting commodities and rare seafood .
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