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La Compréhension De L'expérience De Genre Des Migrant

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La Compréhension De L'expérience De Genre Des Migrant De l’individualité familiale à l’identification composite : La compréhension de l’expérience de genre des migrant.e.s iranien.ne.s en France Tahereh Khazaei To cite this version: Tahereh Khazaei. De l’individualité familiale à l’identification composite : La compréhension de l’expérience de genre des migrant.e.s iranien.ne.s en France. Sociologie. Université de Bordeaux, 2018. Français. NNT : 2018BORD0214. tel-02927771 HAL Id: tel-02927771 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02927771 Submitted on 2 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE PRÉSENTÉE POUR OBTENIR LE GRADE DE DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX ÉCOLE DOCTORALE : « SOCIÉTÉS, POLITIQUE, SANTÉ PUBLIQUE » SPÉCIALITÉ : SOCIOLOGIE Par Tahereh KHAZAEI DE L’INDIVIDUALITÉ FAMILIALE À L’IDENTIFICATION COMPOSITE : La compréhension de l’expérience de genre des migrant.e.s iranien.ne.s en France Sous la direction de : Éric MACÉ Soutenue le 9 novembre 2018 Membres du jury : M. DE SINGLY, François, Professeur émérite de Sociologie à l’Université Paris Descartes, Examinateur M. DUBET, François, Professeur émérite de Sociologie à l’Université de Bordeaux, Président Mme. LADIER-FOULADI, Marie, Directrice de recherche au CNRS, IIAC, Rapporteure M. MACE, Éric, Professeur de Sociologie à l’Université de Bordeaux, directeur, Mme. PAOLETTI, Marion, Maître de conférences en Science Politique à l’Université de Bordeaux, Examinatrice Mme. ZOIA, Geneviève, Professeur d’Anthropologie à l’Université de Montpellier, Rapporteure 1 De l’individualité familiale à l’identification composite : La compréhension de l’expérience de genre des migrant.e.s iranien.ne.s en France Résumé : Cette thèse propose une analyse sociologique compréhensive du travail d’individuation et d’identification de genre des migrant.e.s iranien.ne.s en France et s’inscrit dans la question sociologique plus générale des formes d’adaptation des acteurs à un nouvel environnement social, moral et normatif. C’est particulièrement le cas entre la France et l’Iran en raison des contrastes concernant les identités et les rôles de genre et la sexualité. La thèse a pour objectif de répondre à deux questions. Comment ces personnes migrantes font-elles pour adapter leur travail d’identification de genre forgée en Iran aux nouvelles normes et aux nouveaux attendus propres à une société française, non plus imaginée depuis l’Iran, mais éprouvée socialement ? Symétriquement, quels sont ces attendus et ces normes de genre propres à la société française que doivent découvrir, comprendre et prendre en compte (d’une manière ou d’une autre) ces hommes et ces femmes venus d’Iran ? L’idée qui guide la recherche est que l’appareillage théorique classique (acculturation, intégration, socialisation) ne permet sans doute pas de rendre compte de la dimension composite d’une adaptation au nouvel environnement qui combine à la fois l’adoption de nouvelles normes et pratiques, la conservation de ce qui n’est pas flexible dans l’habitus et/ou les convictions religieuses et la syncrétisation d’une néo-ethnicité irano-française. L’enquête a été réalisée par entretiens et observation au sein des espaces domestiques auprès d’hommes et de femmes ayant été totalement socialisés au sein de la société postrévolutionnaire iranienne et qui, devenus migrants en France, doivent comprendre (en une « ethnologie inversée ») et s’adapter aux normes françaises de féminité par le vêtement, aux interactions entre les hommes et les femmes, et à une sexualité dissociée de la conjugalité, le tout dans un contexte fortement contraint par les stéréotypes négatifs envers les migrants du Sud et les musulmans. Ce travail d’individuation peut se résumer au final par l’articulation sous tension entre deux principales dimensions de leur expérience : une « individualité familiale » issue de leur socialisation en Iran et qui est partie- prenante d’une « identification composite » faite d’un travail continu et réflexif d’ajustement social et subjectif. Mots Clés : Migrants, Iran, France, Genre, Sexualité, Corps, Identification 2 From family individuality to composite identification: Understanding the gender experience of Iranian migrants in France Abstract: This thesis proposes a comprehensive sociological analysis of the work of individuation and gender identification of Iranian migrants in France, as a part of the broader sociological question of the adaptation of actors to a new social, moral and normative environment. This is particularly the case between France and Iran because of the contrasts concerning identities and gender roles and sexuality. The thesis aims to answer two questions. How do these migrant people adapt their gender identification forged in Iran to the new norms and expectations of a French society, no longer imagined from Iran, but socially experimented? Symmetrically, what are these expectations and norms of gender specific to the French society that must discover, understand and take into account (in one way or another) these men and women from Iran? The idea that guides the research is that the classical theoretical apparatus (acculturation, integration, socialization) probably does not allow to account for the composite dimension of an adaptation to the new environment that combines both the adoption of new norms and practices, the preservation of what is not flexible in habitus and / or religious convictions and the syncretization of an Iranian-French neo-ethnicity. The survey was conducted through interviews and observation in domestic spaces with men and women who have been fully socialized in the post-revolutionary Iranian society and who, having become migrants in France, must understand (through an "inverted ethnology" ) and adapt to French norms of femininity through clothing, interactions between men and women and a sexuality divorced from conjugality, all in a context strongly constrained by negative stereotypes towards migrants from the South and Muslims. This work of individuation can be summed up in the end by the tension between two main dimensions of their experience: a "family individuality" stemming from their socialization in Iran, which is a complicated part of a new "composite identification" made through a continuous and reflexive work of social and subjective adjustments. Keywords : Migrants, Iran, France, Gender, Sexuality, Body, Identification Unité de recherche [Centre Emile Durkheim, UMR 5116, Université Bordeaux 3 ter place de la Victoire 33076 Bordeaux CEDEX] 3 از فردیت خانواده گرا تا هویت سازی چندوجهی: فهم تجربه ی جنسیتی ایرانیان مهاجر در فرانسه چکیده این پژوهش به تحلیل تفهمی جامعهشناسانه ی فرایند فردیت یابی و هویت سازی جنسیتی مهاجران ایرانی در فرانسه می پردازد که در سنت عمومیتر جامعهشناسی شکلهای سازگاری کنشگران با محیط جدید اجتماعی، اخﻻقی و هنجاری تعریف میشود. این سازگاری به ویژه میان ایران و فرانسه به دلیل تقابلهای موجود میان هویتها، نقش های جنسیتی و سکسوالیته قابل توجه است. در این پایاننامه به دو پرسش پاسخ داده خواهد شد؛ نخست اینکه، مهاجران آزمون سازگاری در ساختهویتجنسیتی خود را که در جامعه ی ایرانی شکلگرفته و تثبیتشده، در حرکت به سوی هنجارها و انتظارهای جدید جامعه ی فرانسه چگونه تجربه می کنند؟ و دوم اینکه، انتظارها و هنجارهای جنسیتی جامعه ی جدید که توسط مردان و زنان ایرانی مهاجر کشف و فهمیده و در شیوه های گوناگون بکار گرفته میشوند کدام هستند؟ ایدهی هدایت کننده آن است که دستگاه نظری کﻻسیک )مبتنی بر مفاهیم فرهنگسازی مجدد، ادغام و جامعهپذیری( بیتردید نمیتواند نشاندهنده ی »چندوجهی« بودن سازگاری با محیط جدید باشد که ترکیبی از پذیرش هنجارها و پراتیکهای جدید، محافظهکاری نسبت به آنچه که بر اساس عادتوارهها و عقاید مذهبی قابل مذاکره نیستند، و همچنین سنتزی هارمونیک از هنجارهای نامتجانس در قالب یک قومیت نوین ایرانی-فرانسوی است. این پژوهش بر پایهی مصاحبه ها و مشاهده های صورتگرفته بر روی زنان و مردان مهاجر ایرانی که در جامعه ی ایران پساانقﻻبی جامعهپذیر شده و می بایست )به واسطه ی یک مردم شناسی معکوس( در زمینهای به شدت متاثر از استریوتیپهای منفی نسبت به مهاجران کشورهای جنوب و مسلمان، با هنجارهای فرانسوی زنانگی در پوشش، در کنشهای متقابل میان زنان و مردان، و همچنین در سکسوالیته ای منفکشده از رابطه زناشویی سازگار شوند، انجام شده است. بطور کلی، فرایند فردیت یابی را میتوان در مفصلبندی مبتنی بر تنش میان دو وجه اصلی تجربه ی آنها، یعنی » فردیت خانواده گرا« که ثمره ی جامعه پذیری ایرانی آنها است و همچنین » هویتپذیری چند وجهی« به عنوان انجام فرایندی بازاندیشانه و مداوم در قالب سازگاری ذهنی و اجتماعی خﻻصه کرد. کلید واژه: مهاجران، ایران، فرانسه، جنسیت، سکسوالیته، بدن، هویت سازی. 4 Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 7 Partie 1 : Migration et genre : le cas des Iranien.ne.s ............................................................... 14 Chapitre 1 : Transformations et paradoxes des rapports de genre en Iran et dans la migration ............................................................................................................................. 15 Les changements de la société iranienne post révolutionnaire ..................................... 15 Les rapports et les identités de genre comme enjeux des discours ...............................
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